Spice, Market, Oil And Colonialism In East Asia

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Spice, Opium, Oil, andColonialism in East AsiaMin ShuWaseda University2019/11/51

Outline of the Lecture A brief history of colonialism in East Asia Participating in East Asian trade networks Spice trade in the early colonial era In search for market in East Asia The Opium Wars Competing for the cotton/ textile market Securing essential natural resources Oil and the origin of the Pacific War The economics and politics of colonialism in East Asia2019/11/52

A brief history of colonialism in East Asia Three waves of colonialism in East Asia 16c 18c: Early European engagement with maritime East Asia 19c early 20c: Western competition for mainland East Asia and directadministrative controls Early mid-20c: Japanese imperialism Background of colonialism in East Asia The discovery of new maritime trade routes Industrial revolution and mass production Competition for interests and influences in East Asia2019/11/53

Early European engagement with maritime East Asia Key events of the first wave of colonialism in East Asia Portugal conquered Malacca in 1511Spain arrived at the Philippines in 1521Treaty of Saragossa between Spain and Portugal in 1529The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established Batavia (present-dayJakarta) in 1619, and captured the Malacca in 1641 French missionaries in coastal Vietnam in the early 17c; the French contactwith Ayutthaya The early phase of Western colonialism Exploited the conflicts among indigenous kingdoms/tribes Confined to the coastal areas and limited to commercial activities2019/11/54

2019/11/55

Western competition for mainland East Asia Key events of the second wave of colonialism in East Asia Treaty of London between Britain and the Netherlands in 1824The British Straits Settlements established in 1826The Opium War with Qing China in 1840 and 1856Japan opened Yokohama to international trade in 1859After three Anglo-Burmese Wars, Burma was annexed to India in 1885French Indochina (including Vietnam and Cambodia) formed in 1887The Federated Malay States established in 1895Spain ceded the Philippines to the US in 1898 The second phase of Western colonialism Competition for sphere of influences among Western powers Growing administrative controls in colonialized territories2019/11/56

2019/11/57

Japanese imperialism in East Asia The rise of Japan The Meji restoration in 1868 The Meji Constitution (of the Empire of Japan) in 1889/1890 Successful treaty revision with the Western powers in the 1890s Aggressive military and territorial expansion 2019/11/5The Ryukyu Kingdom annexed in 1879The Russo-Japanese war in 1904-05First Sino-Japanese war in 1894, Taiwan ceded to Japan in 1895The Korean peninsular annexed in 1910The Japan-controlled Manchukuo established in 1932Second Sino-Japanese war in 1937-45Outbreak of the Pacific war in 1941, and the occupation of Southeast Asia8

2019/11/59

The political economy of colonialismin East Asia Three economic motivations for colonialism Participating in East Asian trade networks In search for new market in East Asia Securing essential (natural) resources Political consequences of colonialism 2019/11/5Territorial integrity lostNational borders redefinedThe pursuit of independence and sovereigntyWorries about the return of imperialism10

Spice trade in the early colonial era Spices in early international trade cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, cardamom, ginger, pepper, and turmeric. The Mediterranean-Middle East-India trade route, historically dominated by Egypt,Rome (including Byzantine) and Venice, played a vital part in spice trade before thecolonial era The search for an alternative route of spice trade motivated the age ofdiscovery in the late 15th and early 16th century After the conquest of Malacca in 1511, Portugal dominated the spice tradein the 16th century Spain reached the Philippines and then the spice island in early 16c,creating the eastern route of Manila Galleon trade The Dutch reached the spice island in late 16c, the subsequent expansionof VOC consolidated the Dutch domination in spice trade* BBC clip on the Run Island in Indonesia e-spiceisland-swapped-for-manhattan2019/11/511

The Opium Wars The opium trade with China For the Western powers, traded with China (except Spain and Portugal), esp.the high demand for Chinese silk, tea, and porcelain, was not matched by theChinese interests in their products The gradual addition to opium in Qing China offered a possible method tocorrect the trade imbalance The British East India Company monopolized the opium cultivation in India inlate 18c actively engaged in the opium trade The amount of opium imported to China increased from 200 chests in 1729 toabout 1,000 chests in 1767, and further to 10,000 in the 1820s The balance of payment was for the first time in favor of Britain when Chinaimported 40,000 chests opium in 18382019/11/512

The Opium Wars The first opium war Qing decided to ban the opium trade in 1839 Britain sent the royal navy to China, and the two sides fought a series of battles in1840 1842, with victory on the British side The Treaty of Nanjing (1842), opened five trade ports, allowed extra-territorialjurisdiction, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain The second opium war Britain demanded renegotiation of the Nanking Treaty The British and French joint forces attacked and occupied Canton in late 1857; theirlate campaigns against Tianjing and Beijing resulted in the Qing forces’ major defeatand the looting of the Old Summer Palace in 1860 The Tianjing Treaties (1858) and the Beijing Convention (1960) legalized the opiumtrade, opened the Yangzi River, permitted Christian missionaries, and allowed foreignresidence in Beijing2019/11/513

Competing for the cotton/textile market The empire of cotton Cotton was one of the earliest industrial products In the early 19c, the global cotton industry relied on slaveplantation in America, industrial production in England, capitals inLondon, and the colonial markets around the world The development of cotton cloth industry in Japan The Japanese efforts to increase cotton-plantation in Korea Korean cotton export to Japan grew from 37m in mid-1900s to 165mpounds in late 1910s Meanwhile, China became the most important market for Japan’scotton cloth export After the Russo-Japanese war, Japan’s share in Manchuria rose quicklyfrom 0.2% in 1905 to 24% in 1907, and further to 60% in 1910 Japan became the world’s largest the cotton cloth exporter in 19332019/11/514

Oil and the origin of the Pacific War The oil production and its strategic importance“On no one quality, on no one process, on no one country, on no one company, on(?)no one route, and on no one oil field must we be dependent. Safety and certainty in oillie in variety, and in variety alone.”---- Churchill, 1913 However, the global oil production was controlled by a few Western companies (e.g.,American Standard Oil, British Shell, and Royal Dutch) in the early 20th century Japan’s efforts to secure oil import before the Pacific War In the 1930s, oil became the major fuel for Japanese navy; in particular, crude oilwas the only source of aircraft fuel for Japanese fighters Japan managed to import oil from Mexico for a limited period in 1938 1940 However, Japan failed to secure aircraft fuel and oil import form the Dutch East Indiein 1940 41 US froze the Japanese assets in July and imposed oil embargo in August 1941 The attack on the Pearl Harbor in December 1941, and Japan’s completecolonialization of Southeast Asia ensued2019/11/515

2019/11/516

The economics and politics of colonialismin East Asia The economic rationale of colonialism Controlling valuable trade routes brings enormous profits Securing raw materials and overseas markets for domestic industrialproduction Addressing the problem of trade imbalance The political rationale of colonialism Providing support for overseas commercial and military operations Competing for sphere of influences and international status Colonialism in East Asia reconsidered2019/11/517

Japanese imperialism in East Asia The rise of Japan The Meji restoration in 1868 The Meji Constitution (of the Empire of Japan) in 1889/1890 . Outbreak of the Pacific war in 1941, and the occupation of Southeast Asia 2019/11/5 8. . colonialization of Southeast Asia ensued 2019

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