Early Americans

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Early Americans The first people to come to NorthAmerica migrated from Asiaabout 37,000 years ago. They were following the animalherds across the land bridgebetween present day Alaska andRussia.

Native American Cultures Texas Native Americans are broken intoculture groups based on their similarities. The groups are:1. Southeastern Peoples2. Plains People3. Puebloan Peoples4. Western Gulf Peoples

The Caddoes The Atakapans The Wichita

The Caddoes Lived first in Piney Woods of East Texas Most advanced culture of all Texas Indians Lived in grass lodges called mounds with 8-10families in one “house” Were farmers who grew squash, beans, & corn Fished & hunted deer and small animals Mainly ate vegetables & occasionally meat Ruled by a chief called the caddi and assisted bylower level chiefs High priests lead religious ceremonies

Caddo Village

The Wichitas Lived near Caddoes along the Red River Were shorter & darker than most other TexasIndians Men tattooed around their eyes Women tattooed bodies/faces with zigzag lines,circles, & triangles Lived in sturdy grass lodges Farmers grew corn, beans, melons, and squash Made clay pots and jars, and leather items. Women were held in high regard

Tonkawas Apaches Comanches Kiowas

The Plains Culture All hunted the buffalo. The buffalo provided food,shelter, clothing, weapons, and tools for the PlainsIndians. The horse was also important to these tribes. It allowedthem to attack their enemies with great speed andsurprise. All made pemmican to use while on horseback.Pemmican is dried meat, nuts, and berries stuffed into abuffalo intestine All of these tribes lived in tepees (Huts made frombuffalo hide and poles) All were nomadic (moved from place to place)

The Apaches Apache means EnemyWere a threat to people wherever they wentFierce FightersApaches were six tribes related by commonlanguage- The Lipans & Mescaleros wereimportant to Texas Lipans were buffalo hunters & some farmers Mescaleros were hunters & gatherers; no farming

The Comanche Called the “Lords of the Plains”Poor hunters & gatherersExpert Riders and fierce warriors of the plainsWomen wore short hair; men long hair withbraids Had two leaders:The war leader was a young warriorThe peace leader was an older man who was once awar leader.

The Kiowas Lived in very northern part of Texaspanhandle Allies of the Comanches after much conflict Helped the Comanches drive the Apaches outof the Plains Developed a calendar Made beautiful beaded crafts Some of the most feared tribes on the plains Celebration of the Sun Dance- lasted 3-4 days

*Jumano*Concho*Tiguas

Jumanos Lived between the Pecos River & RioGrande Lived in in pueblos made of adobe Men did most of farming unlike other TexasIndian cultures Not much food grown because of hot desertenvironment Great traders

Concho Indians Lived near city of Presidio Allies with Jumanos Men & Women wore little clothing in warmweather Decorated hair with feathers Disappeared in 1600’s - some believe theymerged with the Jumanos; others believethey were overcome with diseases

Tiguas Oldest group of Native Americans still living inTexas today Were farmers of corn, beans, & squash Hunted deer, antelope, & rabbits Held rain ceremonies Performed rituals when planting & harvestingcrops Many Tiguas have become part of Hispanicculture of southwest Texas today

The Coahuiltecans The Karankawas(Both lived along the Gulf Coast)

Coachuiltecans Lived between San Antonio & Corpus ChristiWere hunter-gatherersLeast war-like of all Texas IndiansAte snakes, lizards, armadillos, worms, snails,spiders, and insects Lived in dome-shaped huts Other Indians invaded their lands in 16001700s

Karankawas Lived between Corpus Christi Bay & Galveston BayUsed dug out canoes to fish with traps and bowsAte clams, mollusks, oysters, & small animalsUsed alligator or shark fat to ward off insectsMade clothes out of animal skins and mossLived in mud huts and were nomadicPainted their bodies with tattoosWere gentle with their children and loved dogs

THE END

Ate clams, mollusks, oysters, & small animals Used alligator or shark fat to ward off insects Made clothes out of animal skins and moss Lived in mud huts and were nomadic Painted their bodies with tattoos Wer

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