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http://spice.stanford.eduSPRING 2010The Ethnic Question: How Do We IntegrateToday’s Immigrants In Our GlobalizedWorld?future of major regions of the world attracting large-scaleimmigration will find in this volume our brightest insightsinto who really constructs the ethnic identity of the world’snew immigrants.We live in a period of unprecedented scope of immigrationand globalization, facing great numbers of peoples, andalso cultural and social difference and strains on welfareeconomies. Recent headlines in the U.S. about local,state, and federal immigration law expose anxieties andconfusion, and they also highlight our search for ways toguide our students on how we may understand the originsof our immigrant neighbors, and why we should betterwelcome the newly arrived, as well as make our societymore flexible to benefit from the influx of cultures. Forstudents and teachers, we search the globe for models ofwhat compels people to leave their homes, why they areattracted to new communities, and how our own societyshould create more flexible cultural norms, politicaldiscussion, and economic opportunities to benefit fromnew immigrants.This new work makes accessible the most influentialthinking on immigration, and how movements of peoplescreate surprising ideas of ethnic community and difference.Focused especially on Europe as a destination for globalimmigration, this tightly integrated anthology directseleven of the best social science and humanities authors toaddress the increasingly complex challenges facing theexpanding European Union—including labor migration,strains on welfare economies, local traditions, globalizedcultures, Islamic diasporas, separatist movements, andthreats of terrorism. The authors confront the greatstruggle shared in Europe and the U.S. to balance minorityrights and social cohesion. For the first time in onevolume, these writers give startling insight into Europe’sfast-growing communities, sweeping us from the global tothe local. From questions of high politics (If Europeincludes Turkey, where does Europe end?) to local culturewars (How does McDonalds appeal to Catalans?), thiswork moves us from theory, history, and generalized viewsof diasporas, to the details of neighborhoods, borderlands,and the popular literature and new media and filmsspawned by the creative mixing of ethnic cultures.Our most helpful model comes from contemporaryEurope. Students and teachers will find fascinating studyin the case of Europe of the world’s newest and mostmobile communities, mixes of cultures, religions, andhome origins far more diverse than in the U.S., and politicsof accommodation and also conflict as shaped by theexpanding and increasingly vibrant European Union.How do Europeans, and their European Union, respond towaves of immigrants from all four corners of the globe?What are models for Christianity, Judaism, and Islam tocoexist in western liberal society? How can establishedwelfare economies support rapidly expanding and diversepopulations? What can schools do to teach tolerance, andaccommodate children who may come from families thatmay or may not practice acceptance in their homes? Tohelp answer these questions, I provide here material frommy new book, Ethnic Europe: Mobility, Identity, andConflict in a Globalized World (Stanford University Press,2010.)I edited this volume, and wrote the opening essay toprovide “Ethnic Europe” as the foundation text andapproachable guide to the experience of ethnic politics,migrant life, and movements for integration and exclusion.Teachers, students, public leaders, and travelers onbusiness and tourism, along with anyone curious about theDo We Need A National Culture?In periods of European Union expansion and economiccontraction, European leaders have been pressed to definethe basis for membership and for accommodating thefree movement of citizens. With the lowering of Europe’s1internal borders, the member nations have raised thequestion of whether a European passport is sufficient tointegrate mobile populations into local communities.Addressing the European Parliament on the eve of the1994 vote on the Czech Republic accession to theEuropean Union, Vaclav Havel, then president of theCzech Republic, selected particular civic values to definethe new Europe to which all citizens would subscribe:The European Union is based on a large set of values, with roots inantiquity and in Christianity, which over 2,000 years evolved into whatwe recognize today as the foundations of modern democracy, the ruleof law and civil society. This set of values has its own clear moralfoundation and its obvious metaphysical roots, whether modern manadmits it or not. 2

Havel’s claim that Greco-Roman and Christian valuesdefine what it means to be European can be read as aprescription for policy, and even sociability. In theincreasingly multicultural Europe his definition has beenrepeated, but it has also been challenged: scholars, policymakers, and ethnic community representatives debate themost effective response to increasing heterogeneity andsocial conflict. For those who endorse, and also for thosewho reject Havel’s idea of binding moral roots, this newanthology on ethnicity in globalized Europe revealssurprising positions.The anthology moves along as if descending from the highvantage point of generalized views of mass-scale diasporas,down into the details of neighborhoods, borderlands, andthe arts and literature spawned by the creative mixing ofethnic cultures.Using Ethnicity: For Benefit or Harm?Beyond lack of integration, increasingly intense and attimes violent conflict raises questions about ethnic theoryand policy. When we use ethnic categories, do we protect,or rather divide and marginalize an identity? In theEast, such questions spring from states founded on ethnicToday’s Immigration: Should We Be Concerned?ties: will European Union and international communitysafeguards of ethnic Balkan enclaves produce normalizedThe scale and quality of change since Havel’s 1994 speech relations after massacres and ethnic cleansing? Doeschallenges confidence that we know the principles toEuropean and U.S. recognition of Albanian Kosovosocialize new Europe. During 1995-2005, immigrationvalidate claims for Flanders, Scottish, and Corsicaninto the European Union grew at more than double theindependence and Basque ethnic heritage? Does litigationannual rate of the previous decade3. Within the overallin the name of Roma—as opposed to human—rightspopulation growth, employment statistics specifically forimpose on Italy and Croatia a mandate for effectiveresidents of very recent immigrant origin are difficultpolicies of integration, or segregation?6 In the West,to aggregate, but in terms of accessing professionalconcern stems from the contrary tradition of suppressingpositions, the numbers show a steep downward trend4.the politics of ethnic difference: the widespread riots inAs immigration continues to grow, the lagging employment France in 2005 and 2007 by urban youths of mainlystatistics offer one kind of evidence that recent immigrants North and West African descent against police forces raiseface disproportionate difficulty accessing economic benequestions about the relevance and enforcement of thefits beyond state welfare and unemployment provisions5.French non-ethnic, secular, republican model. In the UK,the tradition of multiculturalism, while distinct fromIn this constituency, the rising entry rate, and fallingnumber of fully employed raise questions about how newer French republicanism, is aimed for a similar goal ofcreating a common community beyond ethnic difference7.ethnic communities integrate into local community, andalso about how they participate in the Union’s system ofYet the recent trials of suspects in the 2005 London transitexpanding regional mobility. Once within the Europeanbombings, ending in several court dismissals, have doneUnion, does the failure of particular groups to gainlittle to resolve confusion about government policies toprofessional employment constrain access to economicrecognize local Imams as representatives of British Islamicand educational mobility? What impact does the lack ofcommunities8. With eroding confidence in national ormobility have on ethnic and civic identity?local religious leaders to explain the violence,analysts assert contradictory explanations linking orThis anthology offers new ways to see how thinkingdistinguishing violence, ethnic communities, and policiesethnically, even in sympathy with minority rights, may beof multiculturalism. Government prosecutors, mediacreating a condition that constrains the European Union’soutlets, and self-proclaimed Islamic community leadersgrand promise of a European community. While Europe’seach speak for increasingly suspected UK Muslimopen internal borders offer the promise of professional and communities, alternately claiming that the London publicsocial mobility, the region is following two tracks, in onewas targeted by those protesting UK troops sent to Iraq, or,direction for mobile citizens, and in another for immigrants rather by domestic Islamic fundamentalist terrorist cellswaging a campaign for community Shari’a law withinwho arrive from increasingly distant origins and wholarger UK society9.do not integrate in the flow of students and advancedprofessionals able to relocate around Europe. In oneIn the French case, the violence of 2005 and 2007 intightly integrated volume, this anthology gives the readersuburbs of France’s major cities has ruptured confidence inthe unique and exciting combination of social science andhumanist answers to these questions of globalized Europe. the balance traditionally struck between public security andethnic tolerance10. French researchers struggle with legalThe essays, written by some of our most influentialconstraints limiting ethnic data gathering. Social scientistsauthors and analysts, take us into Europe’s fast-growingcharacterize the problem of ethnic identity in France as acommunities, sweeping us from the global to the local.

challenge to make visible the social phenomenon that islived but officially kept invisible11. A recent book fromthe School for Advanced Study of the Social Sciences(EHESS) documents what seems to be renewed selfidentification among French of Caribbean and Africandescent of a newly reconsidered common “black”identity12. The shared identity is not easily created. Postwar labor migrations from the French Caribbean andFrancophone African diasporas formed mainly separatecommunities in France, but their children may be formingbonds13. While state-sponsored surveys still cannot collectdata on ethnic family heritage, the youngest generation ofFrench families from the Caribbean and the Sub-SaharanAfrica are creating an ethnic identity one step beyond evenfamily heritage. The most recent generation of children ofimmigrants from the French Caribbean and from FrenchSub-Saharan Africa are identifying as a community of“black” French.identity, and policies of tolerance17. It is clearest to beginthe anthology with the most basic question: how and whyare some included and others excluded as members of newEurope? As new immigrants enter the European Unionthey relate simultaneously with traditional communities,voluntary organizations, and national governments, butalso with the increasingly robust European Unioninstitutions, and now with global corporations. Forexample, a Hindu immigrant from Bangalore, India, toLondon, England, may join greater London in anestablished neighborhood of post-colonial émigrés, but alsomay seek access to British cultural clubs (e.g., social,sports, and leisure membership organizations), attempt torun for electoral office, appeal to European Union laborprotections, and find employment in a private multinationalcorporation that limits its responsibility to European laborlaws. While in one domain the ethnic immigrant may bealien, new Europe offers concentric spheres of membershipthat demand fresh study.Ethnicity: A Useful Category for Today and Tomorrow?Post-war era immigration, from the 1950s Europeanreconstruction, through the 1960s and 1970sdecolonization, is best defined as post-colonial migration14.As part of the extensive rebuilding of post-war Europe,European governments targeted particular nationalities inand around the greater Mediterranean region to attract animmigrant labor force. The new residents’ education,language, and collective memory had been significantlyshaped by colonial administrations, and that backgroundgave them some familiarity with the host societies. Since1990, however, and based on projections in this anthology,we have entered a period, for lack of a better name, ofpost-post-colonial diaspora.The peoples immigrating to Europe are increasinglycoming from lands without characteristic Europeancolonial heritage15. While few countries of origin have noinstance of European intervention, the new arrivals areadding rapidly growing numbers of émigrés of globaldiasporas from Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Egypt, Syria, andIsrael, as well as the Indonesian archipelago, thePhilippines, and sub-Saharan and East Africa. This mostrecent demographic trend takes Europe, and the largertransatlantic west, into an era not well served by existingmodels of how individuals integrate and communitiesdifferentiate16.In this anthology, ten authors substantiate this shift. Theessays offer extended arguments on micro-histories andlong-term trends. In combination they create an unusualand productive dialogue between humanist cultural studiesand social scientist modeling to confront assumptionsand clarify recent trends of immigrant origin, EuropeanA most intriguing consequence of the new EuropeanUnion is that in Western Europe the weakening of thestate may offer a means of satisfying demands for ethnonational self-determination. In several cases, includingBelgium, Spain, and the United Kingdom, membership inthe European Union may enable states to devolve powerto ethno-regions, to satisfy demands and also maintaininstitutions that can mediate disputes. Perhaps this mayoffer lessons for the U.S. for mollifying local and statepolitics of exclusion with visionary federal immigrationreform.In the new European Union, ethnicity neverthelesscontinues to be used to divide society, and to marginalizeand alienate minorities. By statutorily blocking thecollecting in surveys of identifying ethnic detail, theFrench state continues its traditional commitment toits model of civic republican citizenship. However, Frenchstate media, housing, and employment agenciesconsistently perpetuate and accentuate ethnic profilingand stereotypes, often in clumsy projects to overcomediscrimination and grievances that are not officiallyrecognized. The result in France has been a tighteningspiral of ethnic grievance, official denial, state-sponsoredpositive action policy, and the muting of research thatcould address minority grievance. Blocking socialscientists from studying ethnic data cripples their efforts todocument conditions, give voice to minority groups, andoffer systematic analysis that could serve as the basis forimproved state policy. As noted above in this essay, therepublican model of citizenship, and the policy dictated todefend it from modern research detail, appears increasinglyat odds with the rise of newly forming ethnic identitiesespecially among younger generations of FrancophoneCaribbean and West African descent.

Can Ethnic Immigrant Communities AvoidNationality?In the Balkans lands, in sharp contrast to the EuropeanUnion promise of the free flow of citizens betweenmember states, scholars and artists, including filmmakersdocument the conditions and testimonies of those whoattempt to cross without papers or sufficient economicresources from Moldova, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia,and Serbia into Italy, Austria, and the Czech Republic.Immigrants, local police, and border town residents eachcaricature one another as ethnic aliens: they agree,however, that the European Union Schengen agreement,promoted as a safeguard for citizen mobility, seems tothem principally a means of facilitating the free flow oforganized crime. In my book, students and teachers willfind an interview with a noted European filmmaker whosework amounts to a manifesto on the ability of art and filmto influence the creation of European transnational, multiethnic border cultures.Islam-Christianity-Judaism: How Can ReligiousFundamentalists Coexist?Under pressure from predominantly young, religiouslydevout immigrants, the notion of multiculturalism inEurope, and perhaps in the U.S., may inadvertently enablereligious fundamentalism. In Europe, a new model isdeveloping that returns to lessons learned from Europe’seighteenth-century democratic revolutions. In this model,Europe’s Muslim immigrants may be encouraged toembrace traditional European civic values (with originsneither in antiquity nor in the Christian era, but ratherin the French Revolution) as the foundation not for multiculturalism, but for a cultural pluralism that fosters socialintegration. In terms reminiscent of Havel’s 1994 speech,but marked at an updated milestone of 1789, the result,would replace Islamist fundamentalism with a Euro-Islamcapable of Euro-integration.Notes:1. Internal border controls were removed between participating membernations of the European Union by the so-called Schengen agreementdrafted in 1985 and ratified by convention in 1995. The text prologueincludes several caveats: “The practicalities of free movement within anarea without internal border controls were first set out by the SchengenAgreement in 1985 and the subsequent Schengen Convention in 1995that abolished controls on internal borders between the signatory countries. The Amsterdam Treaty on the European Union, which came intoforce on the 1 May 1999, incorporated the set of measures adoptedunder the Schengen umbrella into the Unions legal and institutionalframework. These measures are now fully accepted by 13 EU MemberStates (with the exception of the United Kingdom and Ireland), as wellas other countries external to the Union (Norway and Iceland). Newapplicants to the Union will have to fulfill these same requirements. TheSchengen principles of free circulation of people are backed byimproved and still developing security measures to ensure that the EU'sinternal security is not threatened.”The official text of the agreement is located at:http://ec.europa.eu/justice home/fsj/freetravel/frontiers/fsj freetravel schengen en.htm2. Vaclav Havel, Speech to the European Parliament, Strasbourg, 8March 1994, calling for, among multiple items, a charter for Europe.He insisted that “the most important task facing the European Uniontoday is coming up with a new and genuinely clear reflection onwhat might be called European identity, a new and genuinely cleararticulation of European responsibility, an intensified interest in the verymeaning of European integration in all its wider implications for thecontemporary world, and the re-creation of its ethos or, if you like, itscharisma.”3. European Commission, Eurostat: Non-national populations in theEU Member States - Issue number 8/2006. This issue offerscomprehensive data on “the size, composition and change of the nonnational population in EU member states starting from 1990. Thisoverview is based on data supplied by countries within the frameworkof the joint Eurostat-UNECE-UNSD-ILO-CoE Questionnaire oninternational migration statistics.”See also: Population in Europe 2005: first results - Issue number16/2006. “The SiF presents the main demographic trends in Europe in2005. Population in the European Union has grown to more than 463million, mainly thanks to the contribution by migration.”4. European Commission, Eurostat: The social situation in theEuropean Union 2004. This ambitious survey is described as follows:“The Social Situation Report – published annually since 2000 – provides a prospective

down into the details of neighborhoods, borderlands, and the arts and literature spawned by the creative mixing of ethnic cultures. Using Ethnicity: For Benefit or Harm? Beyond lack of integration, increasingly intense and at times violent conflict raises questions about ethnic theory and poli

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