Learning Objectives Quality Assurance For Structural .
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/2017Learning ObjectivesQuality Assurance for StructuralEngineering Firms1. Discuss the importance of structural engineeringQuality Assurance2. Review the components of a Quality Assuranceprogram3. Review tips for performing QA reviewsClifford Schwinger, PEstructural engineeringparking planning and designPhiladelphia New Yorkconstruction up.comOctober 11, 2017 DVASE Breakfast Presentation1What is a Structural Engineering QA program?2Why is a QA program important? A system of procedures and processes used to facilitateefficient production of high-quality structural designand high-quality contract documents for that design. The pressure to get more done, faster, andbetter for less (no “simmer time”)Complex codes and design standardsComplex analysis and design software – andblind reliance (by some) on that softwareBuilding Information ModelingLess experienced engineers taking on moreresponsibility earlier in their careersThe lost art of structural draftingCommunication challenges3Why is QA important?4Why is QA important?561
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/2017Advantages of a QA program The QA program manages:Better designBetter drawings & modelsMore efficient design processBetter working environment for young engineers– and everyone elseFewer mistakesFewer RFI’s & change ordersIncreased profitEnhanced reputation Design standardsDrafting, detailing, and modeling standardsTrainingDocumentation of designOngoing quality assurance reviews7The QA program 30 years ago 8QA todayQA manager available to answer questionsA single QA review at the end of design Formal processes and procedures“Ongoing Quality Assurance”910Who is responsible for Quality Assurance? EveryoneTeamwork and communicationEveryone should be able to contribute to the QAprogramEveryone must “buy in” to the programWillingness to accept constructive criticism“I don’t want anyone looking at mydesign.”11122
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/2017Quebec Bridge, August 190775 deaths; 18,000 tons of steel in the St. Lawrence River1314A useful publicationCASE Document 962 D, “A Guideline AddressingCoordination and Completeness of StructuralConstruction Documents”, 2013, Council of AmericanStructural Engineers.The Quality Assurance Program15Components of a QA Program1.2.3.4.5.6.7.161. QA Manager: Requirements QA managerTrainingDesign standardsCAD & BIM standards – focus on drawing qualityProject Delivery SystemKnowledge BaseMultiple QA reviews (“Ongoing QA”)1715 years experience (minimum)Knows the codes and design standardsDetail orientedProblem solverA (balanced) nit-pickerFlexible (willing to consider options)Practical (not overly theoretical)Enjoys working with othersDoesn’t shy from confrontation183
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/20172. Training1. QA Manager: Responsibilities Establish / maintain office design standardsAnswer technical questionsTrain staffReview framing plans & details before going to CADMaintain involvement & familiarity on projectsPerform multiple QA reviews throughout designYou can’t grow a tomato in a week.20192. Training2. Training: New EngineersTopics: Formal training seminars on topics required tofor engineers the to become more productive.“Boot camp” training for new hiresLunch and learn seminars for everyoneTEK notesInteraction between new engineers and seniorengineers Shop drawing reviewHow buildings go together (design, details,documentation of the design and details)Structural “drafting” and detailingAISC 360Structural steel connection designConstructability / connection “designability”ACI 318212. Training: Lunchtime Seminars222. Training: TEK NotesTopics: IBC & ASCE 7Lateral analysisValidating computer analysisStrut and tie designCold-formed steel designWood designConcrete mix designBraced frame connectionsWebinars, manufacturer lunch and learnsAnd more .23244
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/20173. Design Standards 4. CAD & BIM Standards / Drawing Quality In-house design guidesOffice procedures (modeling, drafting, LRFD vsASD, etc.)ChecklistsCAD / BIM / drafting / detailing proceduresTraining on structural “drafting” for engineersTraining on structural drafting for CAD personnelTypical details“Go-by” drawingsBIM procedures and standardsPre-detailing CAD sign-offMust be office-wide consistency.25264. Drawing Quality4. Drawing QualityHigh-quality drawing presentation is essential It is easy to spot errors on good drawingsBad drawings can hide errorsBad drawings can be misunderstoodGood drawings enhance safetyGood drawings reduce confusion, RFI’s andchange orders28274. Drawing Quality4. Drawing QualityProduce “Go-by” drawingsEstablish written standards for drafting29305
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/20174. Drawing Quality (1896)4. Drawing Quality (2017)31326. Knowledge Base5. Project Delivery SystemChecklists and procedures for: Project startup Schematic design Design development Contract documents Construction Administration Server-based database of structural engineeringknowledgeSimilar to WikipediaContains checklists, design guides, seminar notes,TEK notes, etc.The PDS is: A road map Eliminates re-invention of the wheel Fosters uniformity and consistency33347. QA reviews Ongoing QA (multiple QA reviews)QA manager maintains familiarity with all projectsas they progress through designOngoing QA will catch problems early (when theyare easy to fix).Ongoing QA improves productivity35The Quality Assurance Review(the “in-house” peer review)366
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/2017Quality Assurance ReviewsWhy a “self-QA” review is not enoughIn-house reviews conducted to verify that design anddocumentation is in conformance with procedures,practices and standards mandated by the QA program.This discussion is applicable to all engineers – not justthose performing QA reviews. All engineers areresponsible for performing their own “self – QA review”*.*The “self-QA review” is not a substitute for anindependent QA review by someone else.Count the number of F’s in the text above.3837Purpose of the QA ReviewPrimary Goal of a QA ReviewA second set of eyes will find: Mistakes Confusion Missing information Constructability problemsTo verify that structures are properly designedLook at: The QA review: Provides a level of redundancy to the designprocess Monitors the effectiveness of the QA programBig picture – load paths / framing efficiencyMember sizesCritical connection detailsConstructabilityGlaring errors39QA Review ChecklistSecondary GoalTo verify that drawings are complete, coordinated andcorrect. Look at the drawings through the eyes of the, 401. Big picture2. Load paths3. Stability & redundancy4. Framing sizes5. Strength & stiffness6. Validate analysis model7. Connections8. Details9. Constructability10. Look for mistakes11. Design creepArchitectContractorSteel fabricatorDetailerInspectorPeer reviewerBuilding OfficialDetailerYoung engineer reviewing shop drawingsLawyer4112. Look for subtleties13. Look at drawings through theeyes of others14. Clarity & consistency (poordrafting)15. Omissions16. “Little” little things17. “Big” little things18. Coordination with others19. Other things 427
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/20171. Look at the big picture 2. Verify Load PathsLoad pathsGlobal stability issues (and subtleties)Local stability and bracing subtletiesConnectionsInefficient framingDesign loadsProblems with model (what did model miss?) Any unrealistic load paths?Are all load paths complete and continuous?Any loads jumping in & out of braced frames,moment frames and shear walls?Problems related to “infinitely rigid”diaphragms?432. Verify Load Paths442. Verify Load PathsAny unrealistic distributions of lateral loads betweenlateral load resisting elements?Do the forces resolve?452. Verify Load Paths462. Verify Load PathsAny questionable bracedframe forces fromcomputer analysis?Did the computer analysis consider load path issuesif the floor diaphragm is not connected to the bracedframe? (Probably not?)47488
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/20172. Verify Load Paths2. Verify Load PathsDid the computeranalyze and designthe diaphragm?(Probably not)Did the computer analysis consider drag strut forces?49503. Stability & Redundancy3. Stability & Redundancy Are there enough braced frames, moment framesand shear walls? Are they properly sized and located? Are any columns braced in the computer model –but not in reality? Is there sufficient redundancy? Any “islands of instability”?“Island of instability”52514. Check framing (gravity & lateral)Show reactionsCheck: Typical framing to verify the analysis modelEvery major load-carrying memberWind and seismic loadsUnique framing and loads that may not be in thecomputer model53Showing reactions makes the QA review easierLoad paths are easier to followMistakes are easier to find (modeling mistakes)Forces designer to think about the connectionsReduces cost (allowing fabricator to detailconnections for actual reactions).549
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/2017Things requiring special umental stairsHangersTheater rigging5. Strength and stiffnessFolding partitionsSpecial hang pointsRooftop MEP loadsHeavy hung pipingSpecial loads on joistsHorizontal loads from riggingCatwalksUnusual framingThe model assumed a diaphragm with infinite strength and stiffness.56556. Validate the analysis modelSimple tools can provideimportant information6. Validate the analysis modelSimple manual checks canvalidate complex structuralanalysis performed withcomputersDon’t get lost in the modelSimple tools provide valuable information576. Validate the analysis model586. Validate the analysis modelUnderstand the software:We see what we wantto see. What are the flaws and simplified assumptionsmade by the software programmers? What are the variables? What are the defaults? What are the prejudices (invalid assumptions) thatwe put into our models?The way we hope astructure worksinfluences the way wemodel it - and the waywe interpret the results.596010
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/20176. Validate the analysis model6. Validate the analysis modelWhat did the computer not check?There is nothing inherent aboutfinite element analysis modelingthat makes it correct. View all models with suspicion.Never get complacent with thecomputer analysis. Framing through steps in floor slabs“Infinitely rigid” diaphragm issuesIncorrect assumptions made in modelWhat was not checked? (wind shielding)Global stability (“islands of instability”)Load path subtleties (drag struts, girt loads)What is not in the model? (missing loads, etc.)What changed since the model was first created? (roofscreens, slab openings, rooftop MEP units, steps in floorslabs, revised slab edge locations, etc.)Struts and strut load paths at each end of sloping columns6162Understanding the software6. Validate the analysis modelHow are wind loads computed?63Understanding the software647. Check the connectionsHow are members designed? Compression: Were angles designed as concentrically loaded (Table 411), eccentrically loaded (Table 4-12) or per Section E5 “Single AngleCompression Members”? Critical connectionsUnusual connections (slide bearings, etc.)Connections with complex geometry“Kinked Connections” – connections with jogs in the load paththrough the connectionHangersTruss connections, braced frame connectionsConnections with large reactionsAre all connections “designable” (review even when delegatingconnection design)Look for problems due to revised framing configurationsTension: was shear lag factor, “U” considered?656611
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/2017Mindset to foster good design8. Think through & document all of the details If you don’t understand the details, you can’t dogood design.Think about the details first, then designThink about “connection designability” (evenwhen delegating connection design)Provide connection concept details – even whendelegating connection design. (Conceptualconnection details are specifically required bythe 2016 AISC Code of Standard Practice)How did you want that slide bearing to the existing column detailed?67689. ConstructabilityFailure to think details through during design can leadto unanticipated changes during constructionSteel buildings: Will the pieces fit together? Are the connections designable?Concrete buildings: Is the formwork economical and repetitive? Can the reinforcing steel be easily installed? Just because the computer analysis says thedesign works does not mean that it can be built –or even that it works.699. Constructability709. Constructability717212
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/20179. Constructability10. Look for mistakes These connections are neither constructable nordesignableWrong reactionsMembers too smallImproper framing configurationsInsufficient or missing reinforcing steelPunching shear problemsMissing structural integrity reinforcing steelMissing sections and detailsMistakes in sections and detailsMistakes in computer modelInvalid assumptions made in computer modelInsufficient diaphragm strength/missing diaphragmconnections737411. Design Creep11. Design CreepSmall changes in slab edge locations can drasticallyaffect punching shear capacity in flat platesExample: Slab opening added near column; girdershifted to avoid opening; girder now connecting tobeam but beam and beam reaction not revised.7511. Design Creep7611. Design creep during constructionMissing reactions, design creep and a translation errorcan cause a structural failure777813
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/201712. Look for subtleties12. Look for subtleties Column splices at inappropriate locations(mid-height of 100’ unbraced height) Framing through steps in floor slabs Diaphragm issues Incorrect assumptions made in computer model Things not checked in the computer analysis Stability subtleties (“islands of instability”) Double-height columns taking wind load Load path subtleties (circular framing)807912. Look for subtleties13. Look at the drawings through the eyes others Special column splicesrequired in tallunbraced columns Look at the drawings from the perspective of someonewho’s not an engineerIs everything shown that will allow contractor to buildstructure without having to guess or issue RFI’s?Is every foot of the building perimeter covered by a section?Is everything clearly indicated?Is bad drafting obscuring important information?Anything missing?Are all details provided?Any conflicting information?Can the drawings be interpreted by someone who’s not anengineer?Search drawings for potential change orders8114. Clarity & Consistency (Poor Drafting)8214. Clarity & Consistency (Poor Drafting)Sloppy drafting can cause structural failures838414
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/201715. Look for Omissions14. Clarity & Consistency (Poor Drafting) Look for conflicts between framing plans andsections/details. Inconsistencies with framingGroup similar beamsConsistency simplicity economy Drafting inconsistencies Are sections and details cut in a uniform manner? Are the details well thought out, arranged in anorganized manner and well-drawn?Look for the things that are not there.Missing: Reactions Section/details Dimensions and elevations Sizes Reinforcing steel Beams Columns Expansion joints Slab openings Excessively long slab-on-metal-deck spans8517. Look for “BIG” little things16. Look for “little” little things 86Spelling mistakesSections cut the wrong wayImproper dimensioningText over text / text over lines / lines over linesImproper text font, size, justification, etc.888718. Coordination with Others18. Coordination with Others Dimensions and slab edgesFacade sections, details and support requirementsColumn locationsSlab openingsHeadroom clearancesSlab elevations, slopes, depressions and stepsFloor plans (verify design loads)Stairs, elevators, escalatorsRooftop screen walls, MEP penthouse, parapets Slab opening cuts offload path to column.Opening not shown onstructural drawings.899015
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/201718. Coordination with Others18. Coordination with OthersMEP Coordination Heavy piping & equipment loads Large ducts (headroom interference with framing) Beam web penetrations Slab embedded electrical conduit Below grade utilities929118. Coordination with Others19. And many other things Serviceability issuesFoundationsWood framingPrecastWindow washing davitsRoof screensRooftop dunnage Facade connectionsDelegated designElevatorsEscalatorsStairs/monumental stairsDurability issuesSlab-embedded electrical conduit.93SummaryThings to remember 94Never get complacentOngoing QAFew things are binary in structural engineeringGood communication is essentialLoad paths, stability, reactionsUnderstand software limitationsLook for what is not thereChanges after design can cause problemsDrawings and design must be completeSeemingly small things can cause big problemsThink through the details while designingQA program1. QA manager2. Training3. Design standards4. CAD/BIM Standards5. Project Delivery System6. Knowledge base7. QA reviews / Ongoing QATeamwork, communication, and “Ongoing QA” are essentialQuality Assurance is everyone’s responsibility959616
DVASE 10/11/17 Breakfast Presentation10/3/2017Thank youQuestions?Clifford Schwinger, PEstructural engineeringparking planning and designPhiladelphia New Yorkconstruction up.com9717
1. Discuss the importance of structural engineering Quality Assurance 2. Review the components of a Quality Assurance program 3. Review tips for performing QA reviews 3 A system of procedures and processes used to facilitate efficient production of high-quality structural de
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Quality Assurance and Improvement Framework Guidance 2 Contents Section 1: Quality Assurance and Improvement Framework 1.1 Overview 1.1.1 Quality Assurance (QA) 1.1.2 Quality Improvement (QI) 1.1.3 Access 1.2 Funding Section 2: Quality Assurance 2.1 General information on indicators 2.1.1 Disease registers 2.1.2 Verification
– Identify the difference between Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC). – Identify ISO 9000 and Six Sigma programs. – List some considerations for implementing a quality assurance program. Learning Objectives . FDIC OMWI Education Module: Using Quality Assurance Standards . 2
