Spirent IPv6 Tecnology V4a
IPv6 Technologywww.spirentcampus.com
Topics OverviewIPv6 OverviewIPv6 AddressingIPv6 Header StructureICMPv6 OverviewNeighbor DiscoveryIPv4/IPv6 TransitionIPv6 Routing Protocols2IPv6 Technology
What is the significance of these?0x86DD::::1FE80::/10FF00::/82000::/3Protocol # 583.4x10 38RFC 2460, 2461 (now 4861), 2462 (now 4862), 2463 (now 4443), 2464AnycastCIDRMTU 12803IPv6 Technology
10 things about an IPv6 address21DA:00D3:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A (vs. IPv4's 168.13.25.68)1. It's an IPv6 address2. It's a Global IP address (RFC 3587)3. It has an implicit structure /644. You can assume its MAC address5. You can assume it was a burnt in MAC address6. You can assume the network hierarchy7. It's not a multicast address8. It's not a link-local address9. It's not an IPv4 address (okay I am stretching to reach 10)10. It's confusing4IPv6 Technology
What is IPv6?RFC 2460 [1998] plus many othersToo many others; some obsolete; many updatesIPv6 was designed to take an evolutionary step from IPv4The changes from IPv4 to IPv6 fall primarily into thefollowing categories:Expanded Routing and Addressing CapabilitiesHeader Format SimplificationImproved Support for OptionsQuality-of-Service CapabilitiesAuthentication and Privacy Capabilities5IPv6 Technology
What happened to IPv5?RFC 1819 The Internet Stream Protocol (ST and ST )IPv5 is the IP protocol number of the Stream Protocol (ST)It was the next number in lineIt was an experimental protocol but was never widely usedIt was to deal with non-IP real time protocolIt was the address the resource reservation issueDesigned to coexist with IPv4, not a replacement6IPv6 Technology
IPv6 BenefitsA summary of the Benefits of IPv6 are as follows:Scalability IPv6 has 128-bit address space, which is 4times wider in bits in compared to IPv4's 32-bit addressspace.Security IPv6 includes security in the basic specification.IPv6 includes a Flow Label to implement better supportfor real-time traffic. This enables a router to recognizeto which flow the packets belong.IPv6 is Plug and Play. Therefore, it is easier for noviceusers to connect their machines to the network (i.e., itwill be done automatically!).IPv6 follows good practices, and rejects flaws/obsoleteitems of IPv4.7IPv6 Technology
Short History of IPv61990199219931994Prediction of the exhaustion of IPv4 Class B by 1994Prediction of the exhaustion of the IPv4 addresses by 2005-2011IPng proposals solicitation (RFC 1550)CATNIP, SIPP, TUBA analyzed. SIPP chosen, IPng workgroupstarted1995 – First specification (RFC 1883)1996 – 6Bone started; began first production level IPv6 "Internet"1997 – First attempt for provider-based address format1998 – First IPv6 exchange (6tap)1999 – Registries assign IPv6 prefixes. IPv6 Forum formed (100 members)2000 – Major vendors bundle IPv6 in their mainstream product line2006 – 6Bone deactivated (June)2011 - 3rd February 2011 is the day that IANA assigned the last five /8blocks one to each RIR (Regional Internet Registry)8––––IPv6 Technology
Where are we at with IPv6 cgiIn a nut shell, no where and everywhere; but things are rapidly changingPercentage of sites using a different name for IPv6 (e.g., ipv6.google.com)Netherlands #1, USA 12%, Czech 18%, Japan China 2%Percentage of sites using the same name for IPv6 (e.g., www.kame.net)Netherlands 10%; Luxemburg, France, Portugal, USA 2%Google has made YouTube and other services available on IPv6Facebook also began its IPv6 transitionA whopping 84% of the 1500 organizations, from 140 countries, surveyedsaid they already had IPv6 addresses or were considering a requesting oneEuropean Funded Commission for IPv6 readiness found that just 25% ofISPs now offer the service to consumers.10% of polled ISPs have no plans to offer IPv6 to consumers or businesses9IPv6 Technology
Why not NAT?NAT does not scale well:Compromises the performance, robustness, security, and manageability ofthe InternetWon’t work for large numbers of servers inside that need to be reachablefrom outsideInhibits deployment of new applications and servicesBreaks the "Golden Rule" (i.e., don't modify data between clients)10IPv6 Technology
Global ReachabilityIPv6InternetLarger address space enables: A globally reachable address for everything. End-to-end reachability, full support of application protocols,end-to-end security.11IPv6 Technology
Built-in Security via IPSecIPv6InternetSecurity means: End-to-end network security (integrity, authentication, confidentiality)Built-in on IPv6 Means any node can use it for all conversations Unlike ARP, Neighbor Discovery using ICMPv6 is native IPIPSec relies on the IP Authentication Header (see RFC 2402) and the IPEncapsulating Security Payload (see RFC 2406) to ensure integrity andauthentication/confidentiality (RFC 2401)12IPv6 Technology
IPv6 vs. IPv4Larger Address SpaceFixed Length HeaderEfficient Hierarchical AddressingImplicit Address StructureBuilt-in AutoconfigurationBuilt-in Security (IPSec)Alternate Support For QoS1280 Byte MTU by Default13IPv6 Technology
Topics OverviewIPv6 OverviewIPv6 AddressingIPv6 Header StructureICMPv6 OverviewNeighbor DiscoveryIPv4/IPv6 TransitionIPv6 Routing Protocols14IPv6 Technology
IPv6 AddressingIPv4 (32-bit)IPv6 (128-bit)4.29 Billion3.4 X 1038340 undecillion addresses where an undecillion is a billion billion billion billionor 665 Sextillion addresses per m2 of Earth’s surface!15IPv6 Technology
How Big is a Sextillion?1 billion, trillion16IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Address Space128-bits of address 111111110001010001001110001011010Divided into 8 double-octet fields or blocks of 16-bits each0010000111011010 0000000011010011 0000000000000000 00101111001110110000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Address SyntaxFrom RFC 4291 IPv6 Addressing Architectureobsoletes RFC 3513 which obsoleted RFC 2373Each 16 bit block is converted to hexadecimal anddelimited with colons “:”The resulting representation is called “colonhexadecimal”21DA : 00D3 : 0000 : 2F3B : 02AA : 00FF : FE28 : 9C5A18IPv6 Technology
Example Collection Of IPv6 Addresses33:33:FF:02:6E:A5 (this is actually a MAC address)::ffff:cb0a:3cdd or ::wwxx:yyzz or :210:a4ff:fea0:bc97any 64 bit :/80200:/3::1::19IPv6 Technology
Removing and Compressing ZerosLeading zeros may be removed within each s:21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5ASuccessive 16-bit blocks of zeros may be simplified by usinga double-colon “::”FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2Is equal to:FF02::220IPv6 Technology
Compressing Zeros: LimitationsYou cannot truncate “trailing” zeros whenremoving zeros or using double colons.FF02:30:04A0:0:0:0:0:5Can NOT be expressed as:FF02:3:4A::5o Zero compression can only be used once in agiven address.FF02:30:0:0:07C0:0:0:5Can NOT be expressed as:FF02:30::07C0::521IPv6 Technology
Compressing ZerosTo determine how many 0 bits are represented by thedouble-colon “::”Subtract the number of blocks left in the compressed address from 8 andthen multiply by 16.Example:FF02::2(8-2)X16 9696 “0” bits represented by the double colon in this address22IPv6 Technology
IPv6 PrefixesIndicates the "routable" portion of the address from your point inthe network hierarchyIPv6 address prefix notation is the same as IPv4 address prefixesare written in Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notationAn IPv6 address prefix is represented by the notation:ipv6-address/prefix-lengthExample: A 60-bit prefix (0x12AB00000000CD3) can be written AB:0:0:CD30::/60(don’t forget “trailing” zero)(only one double-colon)(only one double-colon)When writing both a node address and a prefix of that nodeaddress (e.g., the node's subnet prefix), the two can becombined:if the node address isand its subnet number isit can be written : Dotted decimal subnet masks are NOT used in IPv623IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Prefix Example21DA:D3::/48 is a route Prefix21DA:D3:0:2F3B::/6421DA:D3:0:2F3B::1/12824is a subnet Prefixis a host PrefixIPv6 Technology
Implied Network PrefixHalf the address space for networks (/64 impliedprefix)Half the address space for host services (Interface ID)25IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Address TypesUnicastSpecial AddressesScoped AddressesAggregatable Global Unicast addressesMulticastSolicited Node AddressAnycast“Nearest” device or routerBroadcast eliminated in IPv6!!!IPv6 addresses of all types are assigned to interfaces, not nodes.26IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Unicast address27IPv6 Technology
RFC 2450 Interim RulesFP set to 001 for unicastTLA ID set to 0x0001 for addresses allocated under RFC 2450Therefore, initially many addresses will start with 2001FP3TLA ID130010 0000 0000 000122800SUB-TLA131IPv6 TechnologyNLA-ID19
IPv6 Unicast address per RFC 3587Aggregatable Unicast Addresses Are:Addresses for generic use in IPv6Structured as a hierarchy to keep aggregation to a maximum29IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Unicast address Interface IDFrom RFC 4291; for all unicast addresses starting with binary001, Interface IDs are required to be 64 bits long and to beconstructed in Modified EUI-64 formatStart with the EUI-48 address (e.g., Ethernet address),insert FF:FE in the middle and invert the "U" bitIPv6 Technology
MAC Address FormatAn EUI-48 address field shall be 48 bits in length.The most significant 3 bytes are the OUI (OrganizationalUnique Identifier) or Vendor IDThe least significant 3 bytes are assigned by the Vendor.U IL GU/L & I/G bitsVendor ID31Vendor AssignedIPv6 Technology
An IPv6 Host Has Unicast addresses:A link-local address for each interfacePossibility other unicast/anycast address(es) for each interfaceA loopback address (::1)Multicast addresses:The node-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF01::1)The link-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF02::1)The solicited-node address for each unicast addressThe multicast addresses of joined groups32IPv6 Technology
An IPv6 Router Has Unicast addresses:A link-local address for each interfaceUnicast address(es) for each interfaceLoopback address (::1)Anycast addressesSubnet-router anycast address for all interfaces for which it is configuredto act as a routerMulticast addresses:The node-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF01::1)The node-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF01::2)The link-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF02::1)The link-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF02::2)The site-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF05::2)The solicited-node address for each unicast addressThe multicast addresses of joined groups33IPv6 Technology
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)34IPv6 Technology
IANA and RIR DescribedInternet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsiblefor the global coordination of the DNS Root, IP addressing,and other Internet protocol resources.IANA allocates addresses to each Regional InternetRegistries (RIR).The RIR is responsible for the next level of allocation tolarge regional entities including Internet Service Providers(ISPs), educational institutions, government bodies, andlarge private enterprises.Some regions also have National Internet Registries (NIRs) that work with theRIR to provide resources in their countries.RIR policies generally set minimum criteria for networksthat need Internet number resources. If your network doesnot meet those criteria, you should approach an upstreamprovider, also known as a Local Internet Registry (LIR) orInternet Service Provider (ISP).35IPv6 Technology
Regional Internet Registries (RIR)AfriNIC - The Internet Numbers Registry for AfricaAfrica, portions of the Indian OceanAPNIC - Asia Pacific Network Information CentrePortions of Asia, portions of OceaniaARIN - American Regristry for Internet NumbersCanada, many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands, and the United StatesLACNIC - Latin America and Caribbean Network InformationCentreLatin America, portions of the CaribbeanRIPE - Réseaux IP EuropéensFrench for "European IP Networks"Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia36IPv6 Technology
IPv4 Exhaustion Counter as of March 26, 2011INTEC Systems Institute, Inc. provides a blogpart version of "IPv4Exhaustion Counter" that visualize the status of IPv4 address exhaustion.It is mashed up with the "IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry" provided byIANA and "IPv4 Address Report" researched by Mr. Geoff Huston ofAPNIC.http://inetcore.com/project/ipv4ec/index en.html37IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Address AllocationUnassignedUnassignedReserved for NSAP AllocationUnassignedUnassignedUnassignedGlobal ssignedUnassignedUnassignedUnassignedUnique Local Adreess (ULA)UnassignedLink-Local Unicast AddressesSite-Local Unicast AddressesMulticast 101101110 01110 101110 111111IPv6 Technology1/2561/2561/128 [RFC 4548]1/641/321/161/8 [was RFC 2374 now RFC 3587]1/81/81/81/81/81/161/321/641/128 [FC00::/7 RFC 4193]1/5121/1024 [FE80::/10 RFC 4291]1/1024 [deprecated now RFC 4193]1/256 [FF00::/8 RFC 4291]
Link-Local Unicast AddressFE80::/10FE80::/64 prefixFE80:: interface-id Scope limited to local linkAutomatically configured on all notesUsed for neighbor and router discoveryMay be used for non-globally routed IPv6 local networkUsed when communicating with neighboring nodes on the same linkRouters must not forward any packets with Link-Local source ordestination addresses to other 2IPv6 Technology
Site-Local Unicast address DeprecatedFEC0::/10FEC0::23AD/48 prefixFEC0:: subnet-id : interface-id replaced by FC00::/7 from RFC 4193Scope limited to local site or organizationSimilar to private address domains in IPv410.0.0.0/8, 192.168.0.0/16, etcNot routed outside the organizationAssigned through stateful or stateless configurationAggregatable Global Unicast and Site-Local addresses share the samestructure beyond the first 48 bits of the address.FEC0::23AD:1:30FF:FEF3:C11040IPv6 TechnologyFEC0::23AD:1:30FF:FEF3:C4A2
Unique Local Address FC00::/7The address block defined in RFC 4193They are supposed to be used for systems that are notconnected to the InternetThey are not routable in the global IPv6 InternetFC00::/8 is to be managed by the IANA for /48s in useFD00::/8 uses a randomly generated Global ID41IPv6 Technology
Special AddressesUnspecified (::)Used when no address is available DHCPv6 requests Duplicate Address DetectionLoopback (::1)Identifies selfUsed to determine if yourIPv6 stack works 42ex: ping6 ::1IPv6 Technology
Multicast UseBroadcasts in IPv4Interrupts all computers on the LANCan completely hang up a network (“broadcast storm”)Broadcasts in IPv6Are not used and replaced by MulticastMulticastEnables the efficient use of the networkMulticast address range is much larger43IPv6 Technology
Global Multicast Format (All-?)FlagsScopeDefined multicast addressesAll-Nodes addresses FF01::1 (Node Local), FF02::1 (Link Local)All-Routers addresses 8 bitsFF01::2 (Node Local), FF02::2 (Link Local), FF05::2 (Site Local)4 bits4 bits112 bits1111 1111 Flags Scope44Group IDIPv6 Technology
Multicast Address Format PrefixThe fields in the multicast address are:Format Prefix (FP) Always FF for multicastFlagsScopeGroup ID45FP1111 1111FlagsScope844Group ID112IPv6 Technology
Multicast Address FlagsThe high-order flag is reserved, and must be initialized to 0T 0 indicates a permanently-assigned ("well-known") multicastaddress, assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA)T 1 indicates a non-permanently-assigned ("transient" or"dynamically" assigned) multicast address.The P flag's definition and usage can be found in RFC3306enables support for Unicast-Prefix-based IPv6 MulticastThe R flag's definition and usage can be found in RFC3956indicates whether or not the Address of the PIM RP isembedded in the Multicast Address46FPFlags0RPTScopeGroup ID844112IPv6 Technology
Multicast Address ScopeRouters use the scope field to determine whether multicasttraffic should be l scopeLink-Local scopereservedAdmin-Local scopeSite-Local zation-Local ed)(unassigned)Global scopereservedGroup ID112IPv6 Technology
Multicast Address Group IDThe group ID identifies the multicast group, eitherpermanent or transient, within the given scope.Definitions of the multicast group ID field structure areprovided in RFC3306.Though 112 bits are available, RFC 4291 suggests onlyusing the low-order 32 bits, thus preserving IPv6 - ETHaddress mapping outlined in RFC 2464Multicast MAC - Address Mapping Per RFC 246433338Multicast IPv6 Address48FPFlagsScope844Group IDReservedGroup IDMust Be Zero80IPv6 Technology32
Solicited Node Multicast Address (SNM)The Solicited Node Multicast address is comprised of:The prefix FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF00::/104, plus the last 24 bits of the Node’s IPv6 address Therefore, only 1 in 16 million chance of any two nodeshaving the same SNM address; and that is per subnet!In the case of node B, its SNM address would 9IPv6 Technology2001::23AD:1:30FF:FEF3:C4A2
SNM Address UsageNodes must compute and join a SNM address for EVERY unicast &anycast address it is assigned.Node B’s SNM address is FF02::1:FFF3:C4A2Node B will “listen” for traffic to the multicast MACcorresponding to the SNM address (33:33:FF:F3:C4:A2) perRFC 2464.Node A’s neighbor solicitation will be addressed to these twoaddresses (Ethernet and IPv6).AB2001::23AD:1:30FF:FEF3:C11050IPv6 Technology2001::23AD:1:30FF:FEF3:C4A2
Anycast AddressesAn identifier for a set of interfaces.A packet sent to an Anycast address is sent to the “nearest” one basedon the routing protocols’ measure of distance.Routing Protocols advertise it as a “host” routeSubnet - Router AnycastA pre-defined Anycast IDis currently specified is forMobile IPv6 Home AgentsRFC 2526Which router will respond to the client?51IPv6 Technology
Subnet-Router Anycast AddressPer RFC 4291, an Anycast address that identifies all routers on asubnet.Prefix is syntactically the same as the unicast addresses on thelink.Interface ID is set to zero.All routers are required to support the Subnet-Router Anycastaddresses for the subnets on which they have interfaces.subnet prefix00000000000000000000000n bits52128 - n bitsIPv6 Technology
Anycast Addresses – Possible UsesTo force routing through a specific ISP without having toknow the particular router’s address.To find the nearest Home Agent (HA) for mobile IP services.DNS ServicesRedundant Application Servers53IPv6 Technology
IPv4 vs. IPv6 AddressesIPv4 AddressIPv6 AddressGlobally unique IP addressesMulticast addresses (224.0.0.0/4)Broadcast addressesUnspecified address is 0.0.0.0Loopback address is 127.0.0.1Public IP addressesPrivate IP addressesAPIPA* addresses (169.254/16)Dotted decimal notationSubnet mask or prefix lengthGlobal unicast addresses (unlimited?)IPv6 multicast addresses (FF00::/8)N/AUnspecified address is ::Loopback address is ::1Aggregatable global unicast addressesUnique-local addresses (FC00::/7)Link-local addresses (FE80::/64)Colon hexadecimal formatPrefix length notation only*Automatic Private IP Addressing54IPv6 Technology
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)Mac address:00:2C:04:00:FE:56Host auto-configuredaddress is:prefix received linklayer addressIn its Router Advertisement(RA), a router sends networktype information (prefix,default route, )Larger address space enables: The use of link-layer addresses inside the address space. Autoconfiguration with "no collisions". Offers "Plug and play".55IPv6 Technology
SLAAC DetailsOnly used by hosts. Since hosts use information sent inrouter advertisements, the routers must be configured byother means.The stateless approach is used when a site is notparticularly concerned with the exact addresses hosts use,so long as they are unique and properly routable.The stateful approach is used when a site requires tightercontrol over exact address assignments.The site administrator specifies which type of autoconfiguration to use through the setting of appropriatefields in Router Advertisement messagesA host forms a link-local address by appending its interfaceidentifier to the link-local prefix.56IPv6 Technology
Stateful Address AutoconfigurationUses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol3315 DHCPv6 [July 2003] (Updated by RFC4361 and RFC5494)similar to DHCP for IPv4can provide other configuration informationIts usage is indicated by the "Managed address configuration"flag (set) in the Router Advertisements (RAs)RFC 3633 IPv6 Prefix Options for DHCP version 6 defines anew provider to customer schemeDHCP-PD (Prefix Delegation) adds new options for DHCPv6Delegating Router DHCP-PD Requesting Router DHCPv6 IPv6 Clients57IPv6 Technology
Topics OverviewIPv6 OverviewIPv6 AddressingIPv6 Header StructureICMPv6 OverviewNeighbor DiscoveryIPv4/IPv6 TransitionIPv6 Routing Protocols58IPv6 Technology
Ethernet Encapsulation RFC 2464LINK Layer FrameEtherTypeDestination SourceAddressAddress6 Bytes6 Bytes0x86DDIPv6HeaderDataFCS2 Bytes40 BytesVariable4 Bytes IPv4 is indicated by EtherType 0x0800 IPv6 is indicated by EtherType 0x86DD The datagram size from is the same for both:46 - 1,500 Bytes 18 Bytes for Ethernet Frame59IPv6 Technology
Headers: v4 Compared to v660IPv6 Technology
Header Changes: IPv6 versus IPv4IPv6 Header Length is fixed at 40-bytes versus IPv4* 20-bytes IPv4 Header Length eliminatedIPv4 Total Length becomes the IPv6 Payload LengthIPv4 Precedence & TOS becomes IPv6 Traffic Class (DiffServ)IPv4 Flags and Flag Offset eliminatedIPv4 TTL (Time To Live) becomes IPv6 Hop LimitIPv4 Protocol becomes IPv6 Next headerIPv4 Header Checksum eliminatedAddresses increased from 32-bits for IPv4 to 128-bits for IPv6Address length increased by 4x but header length only 2x*IPv4 Options becomes IPv6 Extension Headers61IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Extension HeadersExtension Headers provide both efficiency and flexibility inthe creation and forwarding of IPv6 datagramsFrom an efficiency standpoint, they allow the IPv6 headerto be fixed at 40 bytesFrom an flexibility standpoint, they can support commonfunctions using a specific structure of fieldsFrom an flexibility standpoint, they can also support futurefunctions using OptionsOptions are a special type of Extension Header and provide evenmore flexibility by providing variable-length fields that can be usedfor any purposeIf included, Extension Headers appear one after the otherfollowing the main header62IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Next Header FieldFor most packets it just specifies the upper layer protocolCan also be used as pointers to additional Extension Headers63IPv6 Technology
Extension Headers PointersThe IPv6 Next Header field is used to “chain together” the headers inan IPv6 datagram.The last header in the datagram contains the number of theencapsulated protocol (such as 6 for TCP).64IPv6 Technology
Extension Headers Example65IPv6 Technology
Extension Header TypesExtension Headers, if present, should be in this order and only appearonce* in each datagram:IPv6 header (RFC 2460)Hop-by-Hop Options header (Next Header (NH) 0, RFC 2460)Routing header (NH 43, RFC 2460 Type 0 Deprecated by RFC 5095)Fragment header (NH 44, RFC 2460)Encapsulating Security Payload header (NH 50, RFC 2406)Authentication header (NH 51, RFC 2402)*Destination Options header (NH 60, RFC 2460)No Next header (NH 59, RFC 2460)Upper-layer header (NH 6 & 17 for TCP/UDP respectively)*The Destination Options header may actually appear twice; near the startand at the end of the extension headers.The Hop-By-Hop Options are normally examined by all intermediatedevices and is used specifically to convey management information to allrouters in a route.66IPv6 Technology
Extension Header Types Table67Value (Hexadecimal)Value (Decimal)Protocol / Extension Header000Hop-By-Hop Options011ICMPv4022IGMPv4044IP in IP g Extension Header2C44Fragmentation Extension Header2E46Resource Reservation Protocol(RSVP)3250Encrypted Security Payload (ESP)Extension Header3351Authentication Header (AH)Extension Header3A58ICMPv63B59No Next Header3C60Destination Options ExtensionHeaderIPv6 Technology
Extension Headers ExplainedHop-By-Hop Options (variable length): Defines an arbitrary set of optionsthat are intended to be examined by all devices on the path from thesource to destination device(s).Routing (variable length): Defines a method for allowing a source deviceto specify the route for a datagram. This header type actually allows thedefinition of multiple routing types. The IPv6 standard defines the Type0 Routing extension header, which is equivalent to the “loose” sourcerouting option in IPv4 and used in a similar way.Fragment (length 8 bytes): When a datagram contains only a fragment ofthe original message, this extension header is included. It contains theFragment Offset, Identification and More Fragment fields that wereremoved from the main header.Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (variable length): Carries encrypteddata for secure communications. This header is described in detail in theIPSec RFC 2406.Authentication Header (AH) (variable length): Contains information usedto verify the authenticity of encrypted data. This header is described indetail in the IPSec RFC 2402.Destination Options (variable length): Defines an arbitrary set of optionsthat are intended to be examined only by the destination(s) of thedatagram.68IPv6 Technology
IPv6 Routing Extension Header FormatNext Header (1 byte): Contains the protocol number of the next header after the Routingheader. Used to link headers together as described above.Hdr Ext Length (1 byte): The length of the Routing header in 8-byte units, not includingthe first 8 bytes of the header. For a Routing Type of 0, this value is thus two times thenumber addresses embedded in the header.Routing Type (1 byte): This field allows multiple routing types to be defined; at present,the only value used is 0.Segments Left (1 byte): Specifies the number of explicitly-named nodes remaining in theroute until the destination.Reserved (4 bytes): Not used; set to zeroes.Address1 AddressN (multiple of 16): A set of IPv6 addresses that specify the route to beused.69IPv6 Technology
Fragmentation HeaderNext Header (1 byte): Contains the protocol number of the next header after theFragment header. Used to link headers together as described above.Reserved (1 byte): Not used; set to zeroes.Fragment Offset (13 bits): Specifies the offset, or position, in the overall message wherethe data in this fragment goes. It is specified in units of 8 bytes (64 bits) and used in amanner very similar to the field of the same name in the IPv4 header.Reserved (2 bits): Not used; set to zeroes.M (More Fragments) Flag (1 bit): Same as the flag of the same name in the IPv4 header—when set to 0, indicates the last fragment in a message; when set to 1, indicates thatmore fragments are yet to come in the fragmented message.Identification (4 bits): Same as the field of the same name in the IPv4 header, butexpanded to 32 bits. It contains a specific value that is common to each of the fragmentsbelonging to a particular message, to ensure that pieces from different fragmentedmessages are not mixed together.70IPv6 Technology
Fragmentation gmentHeaderFragment 1UnfragmentableFragmentHeaderFragment 2UnfragmentableFragmentHeader71Last FragmentIPv6 TechnologyFragments
Security AH and ESP Extension HeadersIP Security (IPSec) is defined as part of IPv6 and isessentially identical in both IPv4 and IPv6However, IPv6 can be deployed end to end, whereas,Typically IPSec in IPv4 is deployed between border routersInternet Key Exchange (IKE), Authentication Header (AH),and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)AH is optionalIKE using the Diffie-Hellman algorithmIKE and IPSec Security Associations (SAs)ESP in Tunnel or Transport mode72IPv6 Technology
Hop-By-Hop and Destination OptionsUsed to carry arbitrary optional information in IPv6 datagrams (i.e., setsof information that aren't defined in the regular extension headers)Provides maximum flexibility, allowing the basic IPv6 protocol to beextended in ways the designers never anticipated, with the goal ofreducing the chances of the protocol becoming obsolete.Option are actually implemented as extension headers.There are two different ones used to encode options.These two headers only differ in terms of how the options they containare to be processed by devices; otherwise, they are formatted the sameand used in the same way.The two extension header types are:Destination Options: Contains options that are intended only for theultimate destination of the datagram (and perhaps a set of routersspecified in a Routing header, if present).Hop-By-Hop Options: Contains options that carry information forevery device (router) between the source and destination73IPv6 Technology
Hop-By-Hop and Destination Options FormatContains 1 or more Options as implied by the Extension Length fieldEach Option is TLV encoded74IP
7 IPv6 Technology IPv6 Benefits A summary of the Benefits of IPv6 are as follows: Scalability IPv6 has 128-bit address space, which is 4 times wider in bits in compared to IPv4's 32-bit address space. Security IPv6 includes security in the basic specification. IPv6 includes a Flow
ipv6 hello-interval eigrp 10 1. ipv6 hold-time eigrp 10 3. ipv6 authentication mode eigrp 10 md5. ipv6 authentication keychain - eigrp 10 eigrp. interface Vlan4. description Data VLAN for Access: ipv6 address 2001:DB8:CAFE:4::2/64. ipv6 nd prefix 2001:DB8:CAFE:4::/64 no-advertise. ipv6 nd managed-config-flag. ipv6 dhcp relay destination 2001 .
Legacy Applications ported to run over IPv6 – Usable also where there is IPv6 infrastructure New Applications developed for use over IPv4, IPv6 or coupled IPv4/IPv6 infrastructure – Requires transition tools of course New Applications developed for use over IPv4, IPv6 or coupled; uses potential of IPv6, runs over IPv4
Structure of IPv6 Protocol IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison IPv6 Extension Headers IPv6 Addressing Addressing Format Types of IPv6 addresses. 3 ICMPv6 and Neighbor Discovery Router Solicitation & Advertisement Neighbor Solicitation & Advertisement Duplicate Address Detection Multicast in IPv6 DHCP & DNS for IPv
2 Mobile Broadband IPv6 Service, MENOG 7 Qtel IPv6 Overview 2 Qtel IPv6 Mobile Broadband Background Building an IPv6 Mobile Broadband Service Lessons Learnt Next Steps IPv6 Mobile Broadband 1 May, 2010 1 Jul, 2010 1 Sep, 2010 1 Nov, 2010 Project Timeline IPv6 Connection to ISP Established 8 Jul, 2010
This document provides IPv6 address planning guidance for public administrations. It is intended to provide a framework that public administrations can use to learn the key differences between IPv6 and IPv4 addressing, design an IPv6 address structure, obtain IPv6 address space, deploy IPv6 addresses and manage IPv6 addresses.
Client IPv6 preference:-hb.db test resulted in client using IPv6 Client IPv6 capable:-h6.d4 test resulted in client using IPv6 Resolver IPv6 capable:-h4.d6 test resulted in DNS resolver using IPv6 AAAA queries seen:-Any test resulted in AAAA queries being directed at measurement DNS server
Over 5.5% of networks on the Internet are IPv6-enabled (and accelerating) At least 23% of IXPs support IPv6 Over 90% of installed OSes are IPv6-ready (and 25% on by default) Approx 1% of DNS (1.5 mil names) has IPv6 Only 0.15% of the top 1 million websites (ranked by Alexa) are IPv6 accessible The top economies with IPv6 presence
Russell, S. and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, c2010) third edition [ISBN 9780132071482 (pbk); 9780136042594 (hbk)]. Russell and Norvig is one of the standard AI textbooks and covers a great deal of material; although you may enjoy reading all of it, you do not need to. The chapters that you should read are identified in the .
