Egypt - Hazleton Area High School

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EgyptThe Old Kingdom

Vocabulary: Narmer (Menes)- King that united Upper and LowerEgypt Old Kingdom – Began around 2600BC, rise ofEgyptian cities as centers for religion andgovernment Artisans- someone who is skilled at a craft Pharaoh – “Great House”, Egyptian Kings

Vocabulary (continued): Granaries – buildings used for storing grain Pyramids – “Houses of Eternity” tombs for pharaohs Hapi – Egyptian River God Re – Egyptian Sun God Osiris – Egyptian God of Harvest and Eternal Life

Vocabulary (continued): Isis – Wife of Osiris, ruled underworld with Osiris “Book of the Dead” – Egyptian Holy Book, studiedfor Egyptians to gain eternal life Embalming – preserving dead bodies Natron – chemical used by ancient Egyptians duringthe embalming process Mummy – Linen wrapped embalmed body

I. Intro to the Old Kingdom Egypt was originally 2 separate kingdoms Upper andLower Egypt, until united by the Egyptian KingNarmer– Conquered lower Egypt and married a princess fromlower Egypt to unite the two kingdoms– Narmer wore a double crown– Established Memphis as Capital City

I. Intro to the Old Kingdom(continued) During the Old Kingdom Egyptian cities becomecenters for religion and government Most Egyptians lived on estates owned by wealthyland owners along the Nile– Estate owners of estates lived in wood and brick houseswith gardens and pools, and the walls were decoratedwith colorful paintings– Estate owners households consist of the owners family,servants, and artisans

I. Intro to the Old Kingdom(continued) Farmers (most Egyptians) lived in small villages thatwere built on the large estates– Their houses were made of reeds and sun baked bricks,and were built on higher ground– Farmers worked in the fields and raised cattle, duringthe off season they built religious monuments, dugditches, repaired roads

II. The Pharaoh Pharaoh was ruler, priest, and a god to theEgyptians Pharaoh owned all the land in Egypt– He gave gifts of land to wealthy Egyptians and Priests

II. The Pharaoh (continued) Pharaoh’s Responsibilities:– In charge of irrigation systems– In charge of storing grain for off season– Chose government officials, such as tax collectors– In charge of foreign trade– Served as high priest, had to make gods happy Pharaoh’s Perks: People bowed down to worship Pharaoh People played music for Pharaoh Pyramids were built for Pharaoh

III. Pyramids Tombs built for the Pharaohs, “Houses of Eternity” Built on the west bank of the Nile River to symbolizethe sunset Most famous of the Pyramids are found at Giza

III. Pyramids (Continued) Built to protect the Pharaoh’s body from wildanimals, robbers, and floods The pharaohs personal belongings were placedinside with the body

III. Pyramids (Continued) Farmers built the Pyramids in the off season, whenthe fields were flooded Pyramid Building Process:1. Large blocks of limestone were cut from thequarries, by hand with copper tools2. Blocks were tied to sleds and floated across theNile River3. Workers unloaded them and drug them into placeusing large ramps made of mud and brick

IV. Religious Beliefs Polytheistic – belief in many gods Hapi (River God) and Re (Sun God) were responsiblefor making crops growHapiRe

IV. Religious Beliefs (Continued) Osiris (God of Eternal Life) and Isis (Wife ofOsiris) ruled the UnderworldOsirisIsis

IV. Religious Beliefs (Continued) Egyptian Entry to Eternal Life:1. During life a person studies the “Book of the Dead”2. After a person dies they stand before Osiris andIsis, their heart is placed on a scale and weighedagainst feathers, if the person studied the “Book ofthe Dead” and knew all the spells the scalebalanced3. IF the scale balanced they were granted eternal life

IV. Religious Beliefs (Continued) Egyptians believed that the soul could not existwithout the body, so the bodies were preservedthrough a process called embalming This began a something that was only done forPharaohs and eventually became something thatwas done for every Egyptian

IV. Religious Beliefs (Continued) Egyptian Embalming Process:1. Organs were removed2. Body was covered in Natron to dry out the bodyand shrink the skin3. The embalmed body was then wrapped in linen,this is called a mummy

Egypt was originally 2 separate kingdoms Upper and Lower Egypt, until united by the Egyptian King Narmer –Conquered lower Egypt and married a princess from lower Egypt to unite the two kingdoms –Narmer

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