The Significance Of Coal Beyond Electricity Generation
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COALBEYOND ELECTRICITY GENERATIONFFF Carbon Conference, Middelburg1 April 2022Prof Nikki Wagnernwagner@uj.ac.za
OVERVIEW Understanding coal Coal and global significance The significance beyond electricity generationCoal is critical to our world, through its use inproviding much-needed affordable electricityand also in building our societies through itsuse in steel and cement. 37% of the world’selectricity and over 70% of the world’s steel isproduced using coal (World Coal Association,2020)Coal plays a significantrole in the construction ofrenewable energyinfrastructure andsupporting these fuels onthe grid.AS A SOCIETY, WE NEED TO ENSURE THE SUSTAINABLE,ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE USE OF COAL. AND THISBEGINS BY UNDERSTANDING THE GEOLOGICAL RESOURCE
COAL: “that dirty black stuff”?“mineral of fossilized carbon”combustible sedimentary rock containing 50% by weight and 70% by volume carbonaceous material formed fromcompaction of variously altered plant remains.Composed of carbon, with variable hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen,nitrogen, and many other elements.Rocks are comprised on mineral assemblages.Coal is comprised of organic and inorganic (mineral) assemblages.Organic building blocks are termed macerals.
Understanding coal Geologist: how did coal form? (coal diagenesis) Geologist: where is coal? (coal exploration) Mining engineers: how can the coal be extracted? (mining) Process engineers: : how can the coal quality be upgraded? (beneficiation) Chemical engineers: how can the energy and carbon be harnessed?(conversion &advanced applications) Metallurgists: how can the properties be manipulated for ore reduction? (coking andreductant properties) Mineralogist: what can be recovered from coal discard and ash? (ash properties) Mechanical Engineers: how to improve efficiencies? (CCT) Environmentalist: what are the pollutants? (CCT) Accountants / CFO’s / COO’s: how can we make more money? (coal-value chain) Civil society: do we understand coal? (CCT, advanced applications)ORGANIC PETROLOGY FINDS RELEVANCE IN GEOLOGY, METALLURGY, CHEMICALENGINEERING, COAL SUSTAINABILITY ACROSS THE COAL VALUE-CHAIN
Basic understanding of coal .Petrographic aspects Type - lithotypes / macerals Grade – minerals / ash Rank – maturity (lignite,bituminous, bituminous, anthracite) Condition – weathering /oxidationGrade (inorganic matter)Type(organic matter)Chemical aspects Proximate analysisUltimate analysisCVAsh oxideMineralogyIncreasing rank(maturity)
Three MainOrganic MaceralGroups Vitrinite group Inertinite group Liptinite group
GLOBALSIGNIFICANCE 1.06 trillion tonnes of provencoal reserves worldwide(World Coal Association) Equates to close to 132 yearsof future supply at currentrates of production Distributed more evenly thanother fossil fuels Accounts for 28% of globalprimary energy
SA COAL FACTSSouth Africa is the–7th largest producer of coal–5th largest exporter of coal–8% of world coal reservesCoal in South Africa accounts for–1st / 2nd highest foreign exchange earnings in the country–2nd largest mining income-earning commodity, beating gold– 70% of SA primary energy production– 90% of carbon reductants in the metallurgical industry– 40% of petrol and diesel requirements– 200 major chemicals for 1000s of carbon-based products
Coal demand by region and scenario, 2018-2040Last updated 21 Nov 2019; IEA Asia Pacific Eurasia Middle East Africa Europe Central and SouthAmerica North AmericaIEA, Coal demand by region and scenario, 2018-2040, IEA, Paris l-demand-by-region-andscenario-2018-2040 IEA. All Rights Reserved
e-ideas-vs-reality/materials-throughput-energy
INDUSTRIAL USES OF COALThe significance of coal in the transport sector.1Liquid fuelHybrid vehiclesHydrogen2AluminiumCarbon fibersThe significance of coal in the infrastructure sector.3SteelCement4BricksThe significance of coal in the clean energy sector.Materials of constructionCRM and REE5
1. SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL IN TRANSPORTFUELSCTL in South Africa20% SA transport fuel7.5% SA jet fuel
Sasol gasification CTL process
2. SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL & CARBON IN THEALUMINIUM INDUSTRY
0.2kg carbon for every2.2 kg aluminiumproducedEnergy – coal can be replacedCathodes – no current alternative tocoalAnodes – no current alternative tocoal
3. SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL IN THE STEEL steel.php
IMPACT OF ORGANIC MATTER COMPOSITION ON INDUSTRIAL PLANT- METALLURGICAL PROCESSES A CHANGE IN THE PROPORTION OF ORGANIC MATTERCOMPOSITION IN COAL CAN AFFECT: REACTIVITY –RATE OF CARBON CONSUMPTION RESISTIVITY POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY STRENGTHCokes for metallurgical applications in ferrochrome production / steel manufacture
Blast furnaces:770kg coal 1400kg iron ore 150kglimestone 120kg recycled steel 1 ton crude steelElectric arc furnaces:880kg recycled steel 150kg coal 43kglimestone 1 ton crude steel(World Coal Association, 2020)80% of all the materials in a single wind turbine are steel
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL IN THE CEMENTCALCINED ANTHRACITEINDUSTRY200kg coal 1 ton cement300-400kg cement for1m3 concrete3 Gorges Dam, China28 million m3 of concrete almost 2 million tons of coal(World Coal Association, 2020)
CONSIDER ASH AS A RAW MATERIALSIZE, AND RECOVER CHAR AND OTHERMINERALS, OR USE ASH AS IS Largest use of ash is in cement andconcrete. Also used in mine reclamation,roads, infilling voids Gypsum used in wallboardmanufacture Cenospheres are recovered andused in electromagnetics (fillers incomposite materials and paints)
5. SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL IN THE CLEAN ENERGYINDUSTRY: CRITICAL RAW MATERIALSWhat do we need to go 473/30/tab-figures-data
CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS .SO, HOW DO WE FIND THESE VIP RAW aw-materials-is-out/
Coal as an alternative source of graphiteERA-MIN CHARPHITE projectChar concentrateGraphitised charNatural graphite
USA Rare Earth Element Advanced Coal Technology Act (2019)Annual budget of 23 million to 2027Department of Energy and the National Energy Laboratory (NETL)
Input of REY into coal: Examples from Fire Clay coalBasal bench TonsteinOrganic interactions withminerals and REY-bearingfluids throughout depositionalhistory of Fire Clay coalTop benchTuffaceous:Volcanic ashfallTerrigenous influencescontinuedthrough time of ration fromAsh-fall tonsteinInfiltration fromAsh-fall tonsteinTerrigenous:Monazite, zircon, etc.Infiltration fromunderclayHydrothermal:Fluids related toemplacementof Pine Mountain thrust
Many additional uses:Paper manufactureBrick manufactureSmall scale industriesAmmonia gas from coke ovensActivated carbonsSilicon metalCarbon nanotubesHydrogenLight weight composite materialsUnderground coal gasificationCARBON FIBRES: STRONG, LIGHT WEIGHT COMPOSITE MATERIALS
SUMMARY Coal is primarily used for coal combustion – pf combustion Multitude of coal utilization options beyond electricity generation Transport sector: liquid fuels; vehicles; infrastructure Clean energy: infrastructure; CRM Coal utilization is related to the type, grade, and rank of coal, as well as the chemicalcomposition of macerals Coal properties are a result of coal origin and formation, & subsequent processes Coal petrography enhances the understanding of coal deposits and coal utilizationCoal is significant in ourdaily livesAnd should be used in asocially responsible manner
Dr Klaus Brendow (World Energy Council): Coal’s globalimage does not reflect the realities of the industry
Coal is comprised of organic and inorganic (mineral) assemblages. . do we understand coal? (CCT, advanced applications) ORGANIC PETROLOGY FINDS RELEVANCE IN GEOLOGY, METALLURGY, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, COAL SUSTAINABILITY ACROSS THE COAL VALUE-CHAIN . LIGHT WEIGHT COMPOSITE MATERIALS Underground coal gasification Many additional uses: Paper .
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
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̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Our main source of coal comes from a coal mine near Butler, Missouri. A stock pile of coal for unexpected emergencies is maintained at Blue Valley. A 90-day supply of coal consists of 45,000 tons of coal. Coal Feeders Feeding coal from the bunkers to the pulverizers is the purpose of the coal feeders. The pulverizers grind the coal into a fine .
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
as.edu / n e Resources -Coal 1 Based on -The Coal Resource by World Coal Institute 2005.-The Coal Resource Base, Chapter 2 of Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal by J.T. Bartis, F. Camm and D.S. Ortiz. Published by RAND 2008. ISBN: 978--8330-4511-9. -The Role of Coal in Energy Growth and CO2 Emissions, Chapter 2 of The Future of Coal, an Interdisciplinary MIT Study, 2007.
