Module 28 Human Conflict And Animal Welfare

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Module 28Human Conflictand AnimalWelfareThis lecture was first developed forWorld Animal Protection by Dr David Main(University of Bristol) in 2003. It was revisedby World Animal Protection scientificadvisors in 2012 using updates providedby Dr Caroline Hewson.Free online resourcesTo get free updates and additional materials, please go n/Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

This module will teach youAbout the different types of human conflictHow human conflict affects animal welfareAnimals living in areas where conflict is occurringAnimals used in conflictHow animal welfare might be supported in areas of conflictModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Definitions (UCDP, 2012)Uppsala University, SwedenConflict Encyclopedia; onlineConflictDisagreement between at least two partiesTheir demands cannot be met by the same resource at the same time:Territory with commodity such as oil, etc.Armed forceResults in at least 25 battle-related (human) deaths in onecalendar year 1,000 deaths p.a. warModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Human conflict (UCDP, 2012)Africa, South AsiaState conflictOther countries (e.g. Iran vs Iraq,Between countries or within countries1980-1988)State or non-stateCivilians (e.g. Syria, 2011-) / - foreign involvementOrganised armed groups:Political (e.g. Kashmir)Criminal (e.g. drug cartels, Mexico)In 2010, there were 30 ongoingstate conflictsModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Human conflict (UCDP, 2012)Non-state conflictOne-sided violence (Sundberg, 2008)Two or more organised armedViolence against unarmed civiliansgroupsThe poorer the country, the moreNone of which is the stateattacks on civilians by governmentsVarying levels of organisationand non-state forces1991-2009: 434 non-state conflictsModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

General effects of human conflict(FAO, 1996)DestructionDisplacementSocial and economicPeople and their animalsinfrastructure; corruptionRefugees and internally displacedEnvironmentpersons in campsInjury, disability and deathHuman and animalInsecurity, e.g.ViolenceModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Summary so farDifferent types of global conflictNext: how human conflict affects animal welfareAnimals living in areas where humanconflict is occurringAnimals used in human conflictModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Animals living in areas whereconflict is occurringModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Human conflict and animals 1Animals in low-income countries 766 million rural livestock-keepers living on lessthan US 2 per day (FAO, 2011)Presence of urban livestock (Richards & Godfrey,2003), e.g. Africa, South AsiaIntegral part of food security, income, economy,health, culture (Campbell & Knowles, 2011)Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Human conflict and animals 2People unable to care for animals - vicious circle, leadingtoMalnutrition - made worse by drought, heavy rain, etc.Economic lossIt is cheaper to overuse animals, and replace them withothers sold by destitute farmers, e.g. overuse of BST andoxytocin in water buffalo and dairy cattle (Grandin, 2010)Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Human conflict and animals 3Lack of normal services because of breakdownin security and infrastructureOwners cannot go out to harvest or buy foodSpread of disease, e.g. foot and mouth diseaseModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Example: Kuwait 1990-1991 1Inter-state conflict: Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, August 1990-March 1991(Loretz, 1991; Al-Duaij, 2002)Dairy cows: reduced from 15,000 to 2,500Sheep: reduced from 800,000 to 10,000Camels: reduced from 8,000 to 2,000Horses: reduced from 3,000 to 500Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Kuwait 1990-1991 2(Loretz, 1991; Al-Duaij, 2002) 30,000 marine and migrating birds diedExposure to oilToxic smoke from oil firesTerrestrial animals killed by military vehiclesrunning over them and their burrowsModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Donkeys in Darfur (Osman, 2006)Sudan: intra-state conflict, Darfur region2 million internally displaced peopleDonkeys very importantFor transport of people, water, firewoodAs a cash asset75 per cent of the donkeys in the camps died in 2004,due to lack of food and water and stressIncreased frequency of water collection when on footThis puts women and children at greater personal riskModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Transport and pack animalsFuel supplies reduced due to loss of infrastructure andinsecurityuse of equids and other draught animalsWFor refugees and internally displaced peopleTo carry ammunition?Poor welfare includesMalnutritionPain (lameness, ill-fitting harnesses)Lack of shade, water, etc.Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Urban livestockPoultry, rabbits, small ruminantsPersonal consumption (e.g. eggs, milk, use manure for fuel)Civil war, Republic of Congo (Richards & Godfrey, 2003)Brazzaville: population fled, leaving animals behindArmy killed all the livestockFeed mills destroyedModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Special populations, e.g. zoosInability to care for captive populations– zoo (intensively farmed animals)E.g. Kuwait International Zoo 85 per cent died ( 412) 1990-1991Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Wild animals: bushmeatKilled by combatants and civilians for foodMore weaponseasierWConcern re humane slaughterEndangered species: conflict disruptsnormal protectionE.g. Liberia: civil war 1989-1996, and 1999-2003.Trade in meat from wild animals continues duringpeace-time, e.g. red colobus monkey; sea turtles (UN,2010)A snare used in AfricaModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Wild animals: landmines and small arms(UN, 2010)Angola (civil war 1975-2002)Many thousands of wild animals killed andinjured by landminesIvory sold to finance the warCentral African RepublicImported small arms from Chad and Sudan90 per cent of the elephant population killed or diedAll rhinoceroses killed or died‘No man’s land’ - a positive outcome for wild animals?Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Wild animals: naval exercises(Parsons et al., 2008)Mass stranding of whalesCommon pathologies, e.g. decompressionsickness symptoms and acoustic traumasCoincides with local naval exercisesAversion toHigher-frequency sonar (50–200 kHz)?Volume (dB)?ControversialPublication bias? (Wade et al., 2010)Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Animals used in conflictsModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Animals used in conflictTransportMilitary working dogs - tracking, guarding,detecting explosivesDe-mining land after the conflict - dogs, ratsMarine mammals - detecting mines and swimmers intrudinginto restricted waters Research into injuries and weaponsModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Military working dogsWelfare concernsTraining methodsHousing conditionsStress in kennels (Rooney et al., 2009)DiseaseInjuryDevelopment of behaviours indicating fear,anxiety, etc. (Evans et al., 2007)Re-homing?Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Detecting unexploded landmines andmunitions (LMM, 2011)In 2010, 72 countries were affected by landmines8 countries in Central and South America11 countries in Europe22 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, etc.In 2010: 4,191 new casualtiesModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Detecting unexploded landmines andmunitions (GICHD, 2012)Dogs US 10,000 each 500-900 dogs around the worldWork 6-7 hours per dayRatsAfrican giant pouched rat: 0.7–1.5 kgIntentional herding of livestockModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Mine detection: dolphins and sea lions(NMMP, 2011)US Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP)Bottlenose dolphinsCalifornia sea lionsTrained to detect swimmers and minesModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Use of animals in military research(Martinic, 2011)Burns and blastsWounding, e.g.Training medical personnel in howRadiationDiseases and biological warfareto deal with haemorrhage – goatsand pigsWeapons testing for safetyKilling animals, usually pigsModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Examples of how animals maybe helped during conflictModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Rescue, feed and supportSeveral international organisationsrescue, feed and support animalsdisplaced or threatened by warModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Example: Afghanistan (WSPA, 2009)80 per cent work in agriculture– donkeys, horses, camelsUnder Taliban ruleDehydration, exhaustion, lamenessWSPA et al., 2003–2007Mobile clinics, harnesses, training, wells,shelters from sun 35,000 equids were wormedand 25,000 camels treated 500,000 people benefitedModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Example: zoo animals, KabulModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Example: donkeys, Darfur (Osman, 2006)IDP camp of Abu Shouk45,000 IDPs, 1,400 donkeysDecember 2004–July 2005Wormed and fed donkeys ð improved health and survivalBought hay in November when prices were low becausegrassland was richTreated store walls and floor with salt to prevent termitesActive involvement of the community (sheikhs, paravets,beneficiaries) led to unproblematic distributionModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

International conventions?Geneva conventions – people1976 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or OtherHostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques“Care shall be taken in warfare to protect the naturalenvironment against widespread, long-term andsevere damage”“Prohibits the use of methods or means of warfarewhich are intended or may be expected to cause suchdamage to the natural environment”Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Memorial monumentModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Feedback:Please let us know what you thinkHow have you used this module?What did you like about it?What did you not like?Do you have any tips to share?Please take part in our 10 minute survey here:https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/BKP3D6HYour feedback will help other teachers like youModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

ReferencesAl-Duaij, N. (2002). Environmental law of armed conflict.Dissertations & Theses. Paper 1. Retrieved fromGrandin, T. (2010). The effect of economic factors on the welfare oflivestock and poultry. In: T. Grandin (Ed.), Improving animal tions/1A practical approach (p. 224). Wallingford, UK: CABI.Campbell, R., & Knowles, T. (2011). The economic impacts oflosing livestock in a disaster. Report prepared by EconomistsGeneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD)(2012). Mine detection dogs. Geneva International Centre forat Large, Melbourne, Australia for the World Society for theProtection of Animals (WSPA).Humanitarian Demining. Retrieved from www.gichd.org/linksinformation-Evans, R. I., Herbold, J. R., Bradshaw, B. S., Moore, G.E. (2007).database/technologies/?tx gichd pi1technology subject id 3Causes for discharge of military working dogs from service:268 cases (2000–2004). Journal of the American VeterinaryLandmine Monitor Report (2011). Landmine Monitor 2011. MinesAction Canada, Ottawa. Available at: www.the-Medical Association, 231, ay?url lm/2011/FAO (1996). Study on the impact of armed conflicts on theLoretz, J. (1991). The animal victims of the Gulf War. PSR Quarterly, 1,nutritional situation of children - a report. Corporate document221-225.repository of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations, job no. W2357. Retrieved fromMartinic, G. (2011). The use of animals in live-tissue trauma and military medical research. Lab Animal, 40, 319-322.FAO (2011). Global livestock production systems. Corporatedocument repository of the Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations, ID 296955, pp. 83-103. Retrieved fromwww.fao.org/docrep/014/i2414e/i2414e.pdfModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

ReferencesParsons, E. C. M., Dolman, S. J., Wright, A. J., Rose, N. A.,Burns W. C. G. (2008). Navy sonar and cetaceans: Just howmuch does the gun need to smoke before we act? MarinePollution Bulletin, 56, 1248-1257.Richards, W., & Godfrey, S. (2003) (Eds.) Urban livestockkeeping in sub-Saharan Africa. Report on a workshop held onMarch 3-5, 2003 in Nairobi, Kenya. Kent, UK: Natural ResourcesLimited, Development Delivery International.Rooney, N., Gaines, S., & Hiby, E. (2009). A practitioner’s guideto working dog welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 4, 127-134.Sundberg, R. (2008). Revisiting one-sided violence: A globaland regional analysis. UCDP paper no. 3, Uppsala ConflictData Program, Uppsala University, Sweden.United Nations (UN) (2010). Environmental and socioeconomicimpacts of armed conflict in Africa. In J. Cutler & J. Clevelandof armed conflict in Africa?topic 49473Uppsala Conflict Data Program (2012) UCDP Conflict Encyclopaedia,Uppsala University. Retrieved fromwww.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/database/Wade, L., Whitehead, H., & Weilgart, L. (2010). Conflict of interest inresearch on anthropogenic noise and marine mammals: Does fundingbias conclusions? Marine Policy, 34, 320-327.World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) (2009). Casestudy. Aiding post-conflict recovery: the role of animal welfare. London:World Society for the Protection of Animals.NMMP (2011). US Navy Marine Mammal Program. Retrieved /default.aspxOsman, S. (2006). Donkey feeding in IDP camps in Darfur. EmergencyNutrition Network’s Field Exchange (Special Supplement 3).(Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Earth, 2008. Retrieved fromwww.eoearth.org/article/Environmental and socioeconomic impactsModule 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014. Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal Protection.

Module 28: Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Concepts in Animal Welfare World Animal Protection 2014.Unless stated otherwise, image credits are World Animal .

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