Data Center Transformation: The Impact Of Emerging Power .

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DATA CENTERTRANSFORMATION: THEIMPACT OF EMERGINGPOWER ARCHITECTURESON TODAY’S DATA CENTERS

TWO STAGE POWER DISTRIBUTIONEntering the Cloud GenerationThe unprecedented capacity requirements of large socialmedia, search, colocation and cloud companies is drivingmassive investments in data center development. Theorganizations creating this capacity are continuallyexperimenting with new technologies and designs topush the limits of data center performance while drivingdown costs.needed” to support a particular application or set ofapplications fast and efficiently. To support their goal theyare evaluating new power system architectures and the bestlocation for backup power within the data center (Figure 2.)In this report, we’ll overview several alternative powerconfigurations that improve overall cost and deploymentspeed while providing the availability levels required for thisnew generation.Their scale, individually and collectively, has the potential todrive significant change in the data center industry. It allowsthem to work with their vendors on custom designs andsolutions specific to their needs, bringing new solutions tothe market. It also gives them the ability to test multipledesigns simultaneously, often within the same facility, todetermine which best meets their demands for flexibility,speed and reliability at the lowest cost. While some of thedesigns and technologies that emerge from thisdevelopment will be specific to the largest data centers,others will have broad applicability.In fact, these large developers and operators are creating anew generation of data center that continue to change thelandscape of the industry. Just as the mainframe generationgave way to the client/server generation, the client/servergeneration is now being replaced by the cloud generation(Figure 1). This generation of data centers is marked by aphilosophy of deploying only “what is needed, when 12V12VUGATSBackupDATA CENTERGENERATION3rd GenerationCloud(Public / Private)2011 - Now2nd GenerationClient / Server1990 - 2011DATA iencySolutionsAvailabilityCoolingFlexibility1st GenerationMainframe(Public / Private)1970 - 1990ReliabilitySupportFigure 1: Figure 1. Requirements have changed as the data center hasevolved from the client / server to the cloud generation.PSU12VRoom-based UPS (AC or DC)12VRow-based UPS (AC or DC)Room-based UPS (AC or DC)12V Rack Power Supply12V Rack Power SupplyRack-based Backup (DC)Via Battery Backup (BBU)Figure 2: New generation data centers are evaluating multiple options for deploying power backup.2

UGUATS 1GUATS 2UPS 1GUATS 3UPS 2GUATS 4UPS 3ATS RUPS 4UPS dClientLoadGClientLoadFigure 3: A reserve power system which uses four UPS modules to support the load with one in reserve.Using the Reserve Bus Architecture toStreamline RedundancyThe 2N or 2N 1 dual-bus architecture has historically beenthe choice of high-availability data centers. When properlydesigned, these architectures eliminate single points offailure in the critical power system and allow maintenance tobe performed on any component while continuing to powerthe load.However, in today’s environment where the need to optimizecapital efficiency and resource utilization is paramount, thislevel of redundancy is becoming more difficult to justify.Increasingly, the 2N 1 or 2N dual bus architecture is beingreplaced by various reserve architectures pioneered in largecolocation facilities.The basic reserve architecture creates a redundantarchitecture, while maintaining fault tolerance andconcurrent maintainability through the use of static transferswitches (STS). The STS allows a redundant UPS system tobe brought online to pick up the load from any one ofmultiple UPS systems in the event of failure or maintenance.Downstream from the STS units, the power distributionsystem can be similar in design to that of a 2Ndual-bus architecture.This deployment does complicate maintenance and loaddeployment compared to a traditional 2N architecture, butthe economic benefits are compelling. Consider a 2N 1architecture consisting of six 1100 kW UPS modules. If themodules are sized to 110 percent of maximum load, thesystem is capable of supporting 2000 kW. Shifting to ashared reserve architecture, in which five of the modules aresupporting the load with one reserve module, the same UPScapacity can support 5000 kW. High reliability reservearchitectures, such as break one - fix one, can alsobe achieved.Variations of the reserve configuration can be considered.The primary difference in the configurations rests with howthe client loads achieve power redundancy: either sharing areserve system as shown in Figure 3, dedicating the reservesystem to high-priority clients or accessing unused capacityacross multiple UPS modules to create the reserve.Using the Reserve Architecture toMimic 2NIn the dedicated reserve architecture (Figure 4) higher levelsof availability can be supported by directly tying the reservepower to a specific client or application. This dedicatedreserve ensures redundant capacity is allocated to supportspecific UPS loads. Colocation providers may use dedicatedreserve modules to provide 2N backup capacity forcustomers requiring higher SLAs.Alternately, two reserve modules can be shared acrossmultiple primary modules in a configuration that iscommonly referred as “eight to make six” or “ten to makeeight.” With this configuration, any module can be takenoffline for service while maintaining redundancy acrossthe system.3

TWO STAGE POWER DISTRIBUTIONUGUGUGATS 2ATS 1UPS 1UATS 3UPS 2GUATS 4UPS 3ATS RUPS 4UPS LoadCL1GClientLoadCL1ClientLoadCL1Figure 4: A dedicated reserve power system is provided to client load CL1.UGUGUGUATS 1ATS 2UPS 1UGATS 3UPS 2GUUATS 4UPS 3ATS RUPS 4UPS BPDU2APDU2BPDU3APDU3BPDU4APDU4BClient LoadCL1, CL2,CL3Client LoadCL1, CL2,CL3Client LoadCL1, CL2,CL3GGClient LoadCL1, CL2,CL3Figure 5: Shared Reserve differs from the dedicated reserve by the applied support plan of client loads.4

UGUGATS 1UGATS 2UPS 1UGATS 3UPS 2ATSUPS 34UPS dClientLoadClientLoadClientLoadClientLoadFigure 6: A Distributed Reserve utilizes available within the existing UPS system.In a shared reserve configuration (Figure 5), the reservepower system is shared across more than one customeror application.Utilization is slightly lower in a dedicated reserve than canbe achieved with a single reserve module but still higherthan is possible in the traditional 2N architecture. Plus,new capacity can be supported through the addition of onemodule rather than two as would be required with a2N system.A distributed reserve system can be seen in Figure 6. In thiscase, the reserve power system is achieved by utilizing theunused capacity within the UPS system modules. Here thedistributed reserve is allocated across the UPS loads eitheron a first-come first-served or policy basis.The reserve power configuration, whether shared, dedicatedor distributed, offers significant flexibility in the quest forefficiency, speed and availability and these configurationshave applicability within both collocation andenterprise applications.The Importance of a Critical PowerManagement SystemA critical power management system (CPMS) is highlyrecommended for any reserve system implementation.It proactively manages loads and capacities to maximizereserve system utilization, while performing successfultransfer procedures that prevent overloading any reservesystem module. The CPMS provides optimal powermanagement across the power chain and unifies controland reporting.Enhancing Flexibility with Rack-Based PowerProtectionFor the developers of many large data centers, speed ofdeployment has risen to the top of the list of design criteria.They need to bring on capacity quickly and incrementallywithout compromising capital efficiency. One way toaccomplish that is by driving power protection to the rowand ultimately to the rack (Figure 7), making the rack anautonomous unit that can be brought on line without addingto the load of a room- or aisle-based power protectionsystem.The simple approach to implement this scheme would be toplace UPS systems in each rack, but that doesn’t fit with thedesign philosophy of deploying only what is needed in amodular, integrated form. Developers can now deploy rackbased power systems to energize DC-powered serversinspired by the Open Compute Project. This centralizedrack-based power system comprises rectifiers for mainpower (replacing the AC/DC power supply traditionallyembedded in an AC-powered server) supported by lithium5

TWO STAGE POWER DISTRIBUTION12V Distributed solution with AC V PowerSystemNetwork SwitchBATTERIES12V Distributed Solution with in-rack Battery Back-UpRack480VAC240VACNo UPSNo battery itchgearG12V PowerSystemInverterNetwork SwitchFigure 7: Displays the power path of a rack-based power supply with row UPS and a rack-based power backup.ion batteries for power protection (substituting for the UPS).The rectifiers receive 480V or 240V unconditioned ACpower and convert it to 12V DC power for use by theservers. In the event of a power interruption, the lithium ionbatteries provides short-term ride through of 12V DC power.The result is a relatively efficient and economical backuppower strategy that provides the ultimate in flexibility byenabling capacity to be added one rack at a time.The maturation of lithium ion technology is a key enabler ofthis strategy as it provides a compact backup power sourceable to support short discharge times with a high dischargecycle count, high power density and the ability to operate inthe increasingly high temperatures that exist in this newgeneration of data center.Embracing Simplicity and Efficiency withHigh-Voltage DC PowerConvergence of voice and data has dictated thattelecommunications providers become major data centerdevelopers. They bring a long history with 48V DC power,with its proven reliability and efficiency, to the traditionaldata center. However, 48V DC has not proven practical inthe data center environment due to the challenges ofdistributing low voltage DC power.6High voltage DC power (Figure 8) brings the benefits of DCpower to the data center while eliminating the highinfrastructure costs associated with distributing lowervoltages. Deployed at either the room or row level,the DC UPS converts AC utility power to 400V DC powerthrough a bank of rectifiers in the UPS. The DC UPS issized to withstand a failure of any rectifier without impactingoperation, creating internal redundancy that eliminates theneed for redundant configurations common in ACUPS systems.DC power is then transmitted to rack power supply units (asin the rack-based power distribution strategy previouslydescribed) or sever power supplies which step down the DCpower to voltages that can be used by components, or feddirectly to the server motherboard thus eliminating theserver or rack power supply. The promise of high-voltage DCis that it can simplify power system design andmanagement, enhance scalability, and increase efficiency.DC distribution can be easily configured for any desiredredundancy, including N 1, N N, 2N or DC/AChybrid configurations.The biggest challenge facing DC power has been theimmature supplier ecosystem, but if just a few of these newdevelopers embrace DC power as they appear to be doing,their scale will create the demand that forces the ecosystemto be mature quickly.

380Vdc SystemRACKDC SYSTEMRECTIFIERSGPFCATSRectifierAC T PSUBatteryFigure 8: Power is delivered to rack via high voltage DCThe Trickle Down Theory ofData Center InnovationMore than a thousand megawatts of data center capacitywill be developed in the next several years by a relatively fewcompanies. Those companies are under intense pressure tobuild strong, ultra efficient data centers faster and cheaperthan ever and they assessing every technology and practicewith a critical eye in their efforts to accomplish that. In thecritical power system, they are evaluating the best locationfor power backup—room, row or rack—are seeking tominimize hardware redundancy and are driving greatersimplicity and integration in the power path.Designers and users of these electrical architectures willwant to effectively manage the total power stream withinthese configurations. That will necessitate the use ofadvanced critical power management systems to providereal-time monitoring and control of load capacity, switching,power quality and more.This wave of development—and the innovations that emergefrom it-- will bring new choices to organizational of all sizesnot only in how they acquire capacity, but in how theydeploy it and support it within their own facilities.For more information on power configurations and technologies, please visit VertivCo.com/knowUPS7

VertivCo.com Vertiv Headquarters, 1050 Dearborn Drive, Columbus, OH, 43085, USA 2016 Vertiv Co. All rights reserved. Vertiv, the Vertiv logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Vertiv Co. All other names and logos referred to are trade names, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. While every precaution hasbeen taken to ensure accuracy and completeness herein, Vertiv Co. assumes no responsibility, and disclaims all liability, for damages resulting from use of this information or for any errors or omissions. Specifications are subject to change without notice.SL-24686 (R02-16)

ATS ATS Figure 7: Displays the power path of a rack-based power supply with row UPS and a rack-based power backup. ion batteries for power protection (substituting for the UPS). The rectifiers receive 480V or 240V unconditioned AC power and convert it to 12V DC power for use by the servers. In the event of a power interruption, the lithium ion

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