Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy - NPS

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National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the InteriorCultural Resources, Partnerships, and ScienceClimate Change Response ProgramCultural Resources Climate Change Strategy

F O R WA R DIn 2016 the National Park Service (NPS) celebrated the centennial of its 1916 OrganicAct and the 50th anniversary of the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act(NHPA), which established the framework for the current national preservation program.The National Park Service Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy (CRCC Strategy)responds to the mandates of both Acts. The CRCC Strategy provides guidance for NPSmanagers to anticipate, plan for, and respond to the real and potential effects of achanging climate on the cultural resources the 1916 Act commits us to protect unimpairedfor future generations. Under the NHPA, it further provides guidance to our many partnersin the national historic preservation program to recognize and respond to a wide range ofenvironmental changes that are threatening cultural resources in communities throughoutthe Nation.In 2014, NPS Director Jonathan Jarvis signed Climate Change and Stewardship of CulturalResources, a policy memorandum outlining the NPS position on responding to climatechange and its potential effects on cultural resources, emphasizing our stewardship andpreservation program mandates. The CRCC Strategy represents an important step inproviding direction for implementing the policies and direction of that memorandum.It defines the impacts of a changing climate on different cultural resources and organizesmethods for evaluating these resources, assessing their vulnerabilities, and prioritizing ouroptions to respond. It also recognizes that many of the resources we seek to preserve–fromarcheological sites to traditional structures and knowledge–hold valuable information onhow earlier cultures responded to changing environments, can be part of a lower energydemand future, and can inform us about the origins of modern climate change. The CRCCStrategy underscores the critical importance of preserving the information representedin the most vulnerable of these resources, and of taking steps to target our survey anddocumentation programs to capture this information before the resources are lost to risingseas, fire, and pests.The CRCC Strategy joins a family of policy and guidance developed by the NPS as part of itsClimate Change Response Program (see listing on pg. 1). Working together with colleaguesacross disciplines and boundaries, we can continue to move forward and realize the goalsof both the Organic Act and the NHPA–to preserve our irreplaceable cultural and naturalheritage with their educational, aesthetic, inspirational, economic, and energy benefits forpresent and future generations.Stephanie ToothmanAssociate Director, Cultural Resources, Partnerships, and ScienceNational Park ServiceDecember, 2016

“One of the most precious values of the national parks is their ability toteach us about ourselves and how we relate to the natural world.This important role may prove invaluable in the near future as we striveto understand and adapt to a changing climate.”– NPS Director Jon JarvisStatement to U.S. Senate, October 2009Recommended citation:Rockman, Marcy, Marissa Morgan, Sonya Ziaja, George Hambrecht, and Alison Meadow. 2016. Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy.Washington, DC: Cultural Resources, Partnerships, and Science and Climate Change Response Program, National Park Service.Cover photo: “Weathering the storm in Cliff Palace” by Justin Kern (http://www.thegoldensieve.com/, reprinted with permission).Climate projections for the region surrounding Cliff Palace and Mesa Verde National Park in which it is located anticipate highertemperatures, with some uncertainty as to whether overall precipitation will increase or decrease. Risks to the remains of the homes ofthe Anasazi, who themselves experienced severe droughts nearly a millennium ago, include the effects of increased heat, wildfires, andsubsequent erosion during extreme weather events.

C O N TE N TSINTRODUCTION  1STRUCTURE OF THE STRATEGY  3HOW TO USE THIS STRATEGY  6GOAL 1: CONNECT IMPACTS AND INFORMATION  8GRAPHIC 1: CONCEPT FRAMEWORK FOR CULTURAL RESOURCESAND CLIMATE CHANGE 9GOAL 2: UNDERSTAND THE SCOPE  18GRAPHIC 2: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS TO CULTURAL RESOURCES20-25GOAL 3: INTEGRATE PRACTICE  26GRAPHIC 3. INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE INTO CULTURALRESOURCES MANAGEMENT27GOAL 4: LEARN AND SHARE  40GRAPHIC 4. CLIMATE CHANGE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE PARTNERSAROUND THE WORLD41REFERENCES  50

INTRODUCTIONCultural resources are our record of the humanexperience. Collectively, archeological sites, culturallandscapes, ethnographic resources, museum collections,and historic buildings and structures connect onegeneration to the next. The National Park Service ischarged with conserving cultural resources so that theymay be enjoyed by future generations. Climate changeis currently adding challenges to this role, and willcontinue to affect cultural resources in diverse ways.At the same time, through the tangible and intangiblequalities they hold, cultural resources are also part ofthe solution to climate change. This Strategy sets outa vision and broad approach for managing impactsto and learning from cultural resources in this era ofclimate change.The NPS Role for Cultural ResourcesThe National Park Service (NPS) is the lead federal agency inthe United States for the care and management of culturalresources. Through the National Park System and nationalcultural resource programs such as the National Register ofHistoric Places and National Historic Landmark Programs,National Heritage Areas, American Battlefield ProtectionProgram, National Scenic and National Historic Trails, theFederal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives Program, TechnicalPreservation Services, the National Center for PreservationTechnology and Training, certification of local governments,and partnerships—including collaborations through theLandscape Conservation Cooperatives, and with Tribalgovernments, other Federal agencies, States, universities, andnon-governmental partners—the NPS shapes the nationalframework for historic preservation inside parks and aroundthe country.The NPS Response to Climate ChangeNPS Director Jon Jarvis has recognized climate change as “thegreatest threat to the integrity of our national parks that wehave ever experienced” (NPS 2010). In response, the NPS hastaken an active role in addressing the issues climate changepresents to parks and long-term resource stewardship. In 2009,the NPS established the Climate Change Response Program.Since then, the NPS has developed a family of documentsthat further support coordinated climate change response;to date these include: Climate Change Response Strategy(2010), Climate Change Action Plan 2012-2014 (2012),Green Parks Plan (2012), Using Scenarios to Explore ClimateChange: A Handbook for Practitioners (2013), and Director’spolicy memoranda addressing management policies (PM1202), cultural resources (PM 14-02), and facilities (PM15-01). Climatechange is being incorporated into park planning documentsand regional climate change action plans and a range ofpark-level assessments and projects are connecting climatescience, policy, and practice across the Service. This Strategybuilds on the foundation of PM14-02 and is intended primarilyas a companion document to the Climate Change ResponseStrategy (2010). It incorporates approaches and methods fromother NPS documents throughout.Purpose of this StrategyThe purpose of this Strategy is to set out the broad scope ofcultural resources in relation to climate change and identifymajor directions of action in cultural resources and climatechange for the NPS. These directions in turn will shape andhelp support collaboration with cultural resource partners,both nationally and internationally. The Goals of this Strategywill be relevant as long as modern climate change persists. Asknowledge and practice of cultural resources stewardship inrelation to climate change develop, additional goals may beneeded and action plans, handbooks, and detailed guidanceprepared to support ongoing stewardship.Climate Change ThreatModern anthropogenic climate change is the warming of theEarth’s atmosphere due to emissions of greenhouse gases,deriving largely from the burning of fossil fuels and changesin land use. This warming is leading to changes in averagelong-term weather patterns and is being experienced throughphenomena such as the melting of glaciers, polar ice, andpermafrost, increases in sea level and extreme temperatures(particularly heat), and changes in patterns of precipitation andextreme weather events. Ocean acidification also is occurringdue to absorption of greenhouse gases by the oceans.(Opposite) Investment in repairs to Fort Jefferson, Dry Tortugas NationalPark, should consider historical integrity and long-term sustainability ofthe structure and the island, which are both vulnerable to climate changeimpacts (NPS Photo/M. Rockman).National Park Service 1

2 Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy

STRUCTURE OF THE STRATEGYThe NPS Director’s Policy Memorandum 14-02, ClimateChange and Stewardship of Cultural Resources (hereafter PM14-02), released in 2014, set a foundation for management ofcultural resources in the modern era of climate change. Thisfoundation includes the following major points: There are two primary and equal considerations forcultural resources in relation to climate change:“(1) cultural resources are primary sources of dataregarding human interactions with environmentalchange; and (2) changing climates affect thepreservation and maintenance of cultural resources”; As the material components of cultural resources oftencannot change with the environment around them, afocus for climate change adaptation is our managementof them; Management decisions for cultural resources shouldintegrate diverse sources of information, prioritizeaccording to vulnerability and significance, engage abroad array of stakeholders, and recognize the potentialfor loss; and Through the stories and understanding they anchor,cultural resources hold an essential role in climatechange communication.Since PM 14-02 was released, the NPS has moved forwardthrough the work of the NPS Climate Change ResponseProgram, regions, programs, parks, and partners and gatheredadditional experience and identified new issues. This Strategyintegrates the foundation of PM14-02 and the scope ofclimate practice across the NPS and its partners to date. Takentogether, this Strategy is forward looking, but grounded inexperiences and discoveries of recent years.Using this background as a starting point, this Strategy sets outthe following four overarching Goals for cultural resources andclimate change: CONNECT IMPACTS AND INFORMATION UNDERSTAND THE SCOPE INTEGRATE PRACTICEBuilding on the NPSClimate ChangeResponse StrategyThe NPS Climate Change Response Strategy (CCRS,2010) established 15 Service-wide goals, rangingfrom use of best available science to reduction ofcarbon footprints to collaboration with diversepartners. This Strategy is inspired by these goalsand has incorporated them throughout. The CCRSestablished Goal 7 explicitly for cultural resources:Develop, prioritize, and implement managementstrategies to preserve climate-sensitive culturalresources. This Strategy provides a strong andcomprehensive basis for addressing Goal 7. The fourobjectives of the CCRS under its Goal 7 have beendirectly incorporated into this Strategy as follows:Objective 7.1: Use the best available scienceto develop and apply a process to prioritizecultural resource adaptation projects that combineestablished management tools with newer methods,such as vulnerability assessments.This objective is incorporated into Goal 3 of this Strategy.Objective 7.2: Increase the capacity and utility ofthe NPS Museum Program to preserve and protectresources.Work on this is underway in response to a directivein PM14-02. Tools to support this objective are alsoincorporated into Goal 2 of this Strategy.Objective 7.3: Strengthen partnerships withtraditionally associated peoples through consultationand civic engagement to ensure the preservation ofethnographically significant resources and continuedaccess to these resources.This objective incorporated into Goal 1, Goal 3, andGoal 4 of this Strategy.Objective 7.4: Expand the NPS capacity toconduct inventory and monitoring of archeologicalsites in anticipation of climate change impactsand support curation of artifacts and associateddocumentation.This objective is incorporated into Goal 3 of this Strategy. LEARN AND SHARE(Opposite) Rock art in Dominguez-Escalante National Conservation Area(BLM Photo/Bob Wick).National Park Service 3

GOALS1CONNECT IMPACTS& INFORMATIONSet the broad scope of cultural resources and climate change responseby connecting the concepts of impacts and information with the fourpillars of climate change response: science, adaptation, mitigation,and communication.This Goal addresses the need toclearly indicate what it means toaddress climate change for culturalresources - what does climate changeresponse for cultural resources looklike? What are all of its parts? ThisGoal connects cultural resourcesto all four pillars of climate changeresponse defined in the NPS ClimateChange Response Strategy (2010)and responds to the call in PM14-02to “help guide our collective actionswith respect to climate change.”Work under Goal 1 ConnectImpacts and Information beginswith integrating the four pillars ofclimate change response identifiedin the NPS Climate Change ResponseStrategy (2010): science, adaptation,mitigation, and communication,with the two cultural resourcemanagement considerations setout by PM 14-02: addressing theeffects of climate change (hereafterindicated by the term “Impacts”),and engaging with the capacityto learn from cultural resources(hereafter indicated by the term“Information”).This integration yieldsan eight-part concept frameworkthat encompasses the full range ofaction needed to address the needsand potentials of cultural resources inrelation to climate change.4 Cultural Resources Climate Change StrategyThe concept framework developedunder Goal 1 is a starting pointfor coordination and collaborationamong and between partners. It isanticipated that no one institutionwill be able to work in all areasof the framework. However, theestablishment of this frameworkprovides a means to map prioritiesand planning and track diverseefforts to research and respondto climate change in relation tocultural resources.

234UNDERSTANDTHE SCOPEINTEGRATEPRACTICELEARNAND SHARECoordinate science, management,and communication to identifyand improve understanding ofthe effects of climate change oncultural resources.Incorporate climate change intoongoing cultural resources research,planning, and stewardship.Collaborate with partnersto grow and use the body ofknowledge and practice forcultural resources andclimate change.Goal 2 sets directions for initialclimate change impacts-basedresearch. All parts of the frameworkset out in Goal 1 are important.However it is difficult to learn fromcultural resources, develop adaptationstrategies for them, or incorporatethem into mitigation plans if theyhave been damaged or destroyed.Therefore, work under Goal 2 isfoundational to undertaking orfurthering work in other parts of theoverall framework.Goal 3 recognizes that climate changedata, projections, and responsesmust be an integral part of culturalresources management goingforward. Climate change research,planning, and stewardship cannot beisolated to a given task, managementphase, or practitioner, but rather mustbe ongoing and reflexive throughoutthe management cycle.Goal 4 addresses the urgency ofglobal climate change and thecollective nature of human heritage.Science to date is indicating diverseenvironmental changes, some rapid,which are or likely are attributable toclimate change. These changes areadding new and variable stresses tocultural resources around the world.In turn, as cultural resources areconnected to human experiences inspecific places, capacity to learn fromthem also extends around the world.As set out in Goal 1, collaborationfrom the local to international scaleto share information and ideasis needed to build a robust andsustainable climate change responsefor cultural resources.Goal 2 Understand the Scopebuilds from the charge in PM14-02 to2.C. Understand the Range ofClimate Change Effects: Culturalresources are vulnerable to dramaticand well-publicized effects of climatechange, such as sea level rise orstorm surge. Evidence from acrossthe Service is beginning to indicatethey are also vulnerable to inlandand other more subtle effects ofclimate change, such as the impactsof more freeze/thaw cycles on stonewalls or more rapid wetting anddrying cycles on adobe buildings.We must improve our understandingof these additional impacts, addressthem in our stewardship practices,and be able to communicate themto the public.Goal 3 Integrate Practice sets thegoal of aligning techniques that havebeen adopted particularly for thechallenges of climate change, suchas scenario planning and vulnerabilityassessment, with the processes ofincorporating new climate informationand changing climatic conditions intoongoing practices of cultural resourcesinventory, monitoring, management,education, and interpretation. ThisGoal draws from multiple topics setout in PM 14-02 for adaptation anddecision-making, including:1.C. Incorporation of CulturalResources into Sustainability;2.A. Refocus InventoryResponsibilities;2.B. Integrate Resource Vulnerabilityand Significance;2.D. Consult Broadly;2.E. Value Information from the Past;2.F. Recognize Loss; and therecognition that3. “Every place has a climate story,many have more than one.”Goal 4 Learn and Share buildsfrom the charge in PM 14-02 that“We must be well-informed andcreative in our approach to resourcemanagement given the effects ofclimate change. The paths climatechange will take remain uncertain sowe must be open to the unexpected,search out new and useful ideas,and share the innovations wedevelop. This cannot be a NPS-onlyeffort, but instead will require acollaborative approach in order to besuccessful. This effort will include ourinternational partners, as we learnfrom their work and perspectives,and share our own.”National Park Service 5

HOW TO USE THIS STRATEGYEach Goal in this Strategy is organized with an introduction,directions for action, supporting tools, and a major summaryfigure or table (hereafter termed as a central graphic). Relevantcase studies are included throughout.Goal introductions provide the context and basis for each Goal.Directions for Action list specific next steps that can be takentoward each Goal. These actions are phrased such that theyspeak most directly to NPS cultural resources management,although it is anticipated that many of these actions also will berelevant for partners.Supporting tools follow the opening context on pages withbroad colored sidebars. The supporting tool pages providesummaries of existing work or directions and knowledge, ordefinitions of concepts called out in the Goal introduction.These pages are not handbooks in the conventional sense, as inmost cases policy, practice, and guidance for the issues at handare still being developed. However, the tools sections point tosuch information where it is available.The central graphics summarize the context and supportingtools of each Goal. In the case of Goal 2, Understand theScope, the central graphic is the supporting tool for that Goal.Case studies included within each Goal illustrate work that hasalready been done in a park or by a partner on an aspect ofthat Goal.Sections of the Strategy can be combined and used in differentways. For example, for an overview of the connections betweencultural resources and climate change, refer to the introductionsof each Goal, particularly Goals 1 and 4. For practical informationon how to address climate change within cultural resourcesmanagement, refer to Goals 2 and 3. For examples of what hasbeen accomplished to date in cultural resources and climatechange, review the case studies across Goals 1, 3, and 4 and thecentral graphic of Goal 2.A diver examines the America shipwreck at Isle Royale National Park.Effects of climate change on submerged cultural resources are not yetwell-defined (NPS Submerged Resources Center photo/Brett Seymour).6 Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy

National Park Service 7

1CONNECT IMPACTSAND INFORMATIONSet out the broad scope of cultural resources and climate change response by connecting the conceptsof impacts and information with the four pillars of climate change response: science, adaptation,mitigation, and communication.What does climate change response for cultural resourceslook like? What are its parts? The framework developedunder Goal 1 sets out a vision of the broad scope of culturalresources and climate change and provides a starting point forcoordination and collaboration within NPS and with partners.This framework provides a means to map priorities and planand share diverse efforts to research and respond to climatechange in relation to cultural resources.PM14-02 established two considerations for cultural resourcesmanagement in relation to climate change:NPS cultural resource management must keep in mind that(1) cultural resources are primary sources of data regardinghuman interactions with environmental change; and(2) changing climates affect the preservation and maintenanceof cultural resources.These two considerations can be summarized as(1) Information and (2) Impacts.Hereafter, Impacts are discussed first, followed by Information.While these two considerations are of equal importance, thisreversal recognizes that Impacts often are more familiar andInformation can be lost or hard to use if resources are damaged.Integrating the two cultural resources considerations, Impactsand Information, with the four pillars of NPS climate changeresponse yields an eight-part framework, shown in Graphic 1,Concept Framework for Cultural Resources and ClimateChange. In this framework, concepts on the Impacts side ofeach pillar relate to or describe practical resource managementchallenges presented by climate change. Concepts onthe Information side are the data and meaning culturalresources can provide in response to questions raised by thephenomenon of climate change for resource managementand society as a whole.Taken together, this array of concepts is the broad scope ofaction, investigations, and connections needed to addressthe needs and potentials of cultural resources in relation toclimate change. The concepts shown in Graphic 1 are notexhaustive; the topics listed are illustrative and other conceptsand topics can be added as they develop. This framework willsupport integration of resource management across culturaland natural resources management and facilities managementby organizing the diversity of cultural resource impacts andinformation topics, many of which overlap with naturalresources and facilities management.The balance of this section of the Strategy provides moredetail on topics listed in the concept framework. Goal 1Directions for Action are developed within each section ofthe framework.In turn, the NPS Climate Change Response Strategy (2010) setout four components, or pillars, for climate change response:science, adaptation, mitigation, and communication. Briefly,the science pillar encompasses gathering and testing ofclimate and impacts data and models. Adaptation developsflexible approaches for managing resources with respectto climate change. Mitigation reduces greenhouse gasemissions and improves energy efficiency and sustainability1.Communication shares information about climate changewithin the NPS and with partners and the public.1 In cultural resources management, the term mitigation refers to the practice of reducing the adverseeffects of human actions on cultural resources. This Strategy follows the climate change definitionof mitigation which refers to reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and related concepts of energyefficiency and sustainability.8 Cultural Resources Climate Change StrategyMelting ice patches, such as this one at Yellowstone National Park, arerevealing artifacts that provide information on past environments and lifeways(NPS photo).

SCIENCEIMPACTS Climate science atcultural heritagerelevant scales Cultural resource(CR) TS Paleoclimate/paleoecology Integration of historicbuildings into energy Traditional ecologicalefficiency plansknowledge Resource conservation Social climaticthrough historic orthresholdsnative landscapes CR inventory/monitoring techniques and protocols Integrated CR databasesgeographic informationsystem (GIS) Preservation scienceShifting baselinesPast land use andhuman impacts onenvironmentsINFORMATION Past architectural andlandscape techniquessuited to localenvironments Cultural heritage toconserve/reestablishsense of place and Reduce carbon footprintcommunity stewardshipof CR managementpracticesPaleogenetics Documentation scienceADAPTATIONIMPACTS Scenario planning Adaptation options Decision frameworks Disaster risk reduction/response connections Policies and standards Contexts/theme studiesto support decisionframeworksINFORMATION Past social adaptabilityper environmentalchangeCOMMUNICATIONIMPACTSINFORMATION Cultural resourcesclimate change(CR-CC) literacyEvery Place has aClimate Story: CR-CC links to public Origins of the modernclimate situation Change in material Dialogue betweencultureimpacts and informationin all pillars Change in experience Relating past adaptabilityand lifewaysto current issues, methods, Links between CR-CCand decisionsmanagers (local-tribal Insights on changeintl.)from past societies Traditional ecologicalknowledgeGraphic 1: Concept Framework for Cultural Resources and Climate Change. This framework applies two climate considerationsfor cultural resources, the effects of climate change on cultural resources (Impacts) and the capacity to learn about long-termhuman interactions with environmental and climatic change (Information), across the four pillars of the NPS climate changeresponse: science, adaptation, mitigation, and communication (NPS 2010). The resulting matrix illustrates the broad scope ofaction needed to address the needs and potentials of cultural resources in relation to climate change.National Park Service 9

Adobe architecture of San Jose de Tumacácori Church is vulnerable to changes in rainfall (NPS photo).SCIENCEThe Science pillar of climate change response gathersand develops climate data, models, and related dataacquisition, analysis, and response techniques. Workin the Impacts area of Science for cultural resourcesImpactsScience of climate impacts to cultural resources encompasses thefollowing cultural resource management challenges:Case Study: TumacácoriThe Franciscan church of San Jose de Tumacácori is a morethan 200-year-old adobe church and one of the fundamental resources of Tumacácori National Historical Park(TUMA) in southern Arizona. In 2010, following an intenseearly winter rainfall, a hole developed around the westsanctuary window and caused the loss of nearly a ton ofadobe and two lintels. Later the same year, after the summermonsoon, a large portion of the north wall of the sacristycollapsed. In 2015, a fireplace in the convento collapsedfollowing an intense and unusually timed autumn rainfall.Analysis of historical temperature records since 1900 in theTUMA area shows that mean annual temperatures in the10-year interval 2003-2012 exceeded more than 90 percentof mean annual temperatures from the preceding century.Climate projections for the Southwest suggest that, alongwith increased temperatures, there will be less precipitation overall, with increased high intensity rainfalls andincreased variability (meaning greater potential for heavyrainfall events at times of the year when previously theydidn’t happen).So can the damage that developed at TUMA in 2010 and 2015be linked to climate change? This is actually a difficult andcomplex question. To date, long-term monitoring of culturalresources in relation to environmental variables has beenvery limited. As well, assessment of damage such as seen atTUMA also must include preservation treatment histories,maintenance backlogs, condition of the building or resource,as well as the interactions of materials that make up culturalresources, such as adobe and gypsum plaster, with stressescaused by fluctuations in the local environment.Therefore, in order to prepare for and better prevent similardamage in the future, recommendations out of the TUMAexperience include cultural resource managers workingmore closely with climate scientists to understand fine-scalelocal climate patterns, increased local monitoring with realtime weather stations, and working with material scientiststo understand how changing climates could accelerate thebreakdown of historic materials. This information shouldthen inform the adaptation practice of scenario planning.(Sources: communication with TUMA staff 2016, Monahan and Fisichelli 2014, Moss 2010)10 Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy Identification of impacts and thresholdsAssessment of vulnerabilitiesMonitoring for changeTechniques for preservation and documentationScience Impacts concepts include:Climate science at spatial and temporal scales relevant tocultural resourcesUsing spatial and temporal data appropriate to the effects ofclimate change on cultural resourcesVulnerability assessmentsConnecting exposure to climate impacts with resource-specificsensitivities to determine impact risk at site-specific and regional scalesInventory and monito

and climate change 9 goal 2: understand the scope 18 graphic 2: climate change impacts to cultural resources 20-25 goal 3: integrate practice 26 graphic 3. integrating climate change into cultural resources management 27 goal 4: learn and share 40 graphic 4. climate change and cultural heritage partners around the world 41

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