Connection-oriented Networks: SONET/SDH, ATM, MPLS, And Optical Networks

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Connection-oriented NetworksSONET/SDH, ATM, MPLS and OPTICALNETWORKSHarry G. Perros

Connection-oriented Networks

Connection-oriented NetworksSONET/SDH, ATM, MPLS and OPTICALNETWORKSHarry G. Perros

Copyright 2005John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex PO19 8SQ, EnglandTelephone ( 44) 1243 779777Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.ukVisit our Home Page on www.wiley.comAll Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning orotherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of alicence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK,without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to thePermissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO198SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to ( 44) 1243 770620.This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject mattercovered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. Ifprofessional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should besought.Other Wiley Editorial OfficesJohn Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USAJossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USAWiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, GermanyJohn Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, AustraliaJohn Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appearsin print may not be available in electronic books.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Perros, Harry G.Connection-oriented networks : SONET/SDH, ATM, MPLS, and optical networks/ Harry G. Perros.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-470-02163-2 (cloth)1. Telecommunication systems. 2. Computer networks. I. Title.TK5101.P3853 2005621.382 1 – dc222004026216British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 0-470-02163-2Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, IndiaPrinted and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, WiltshireThis book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestryin which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

ToHelen, Nick, and Mikey!

About the AuthorHarry G. Perros is a Professor of Computer Science, an Alumni Distinguished GraduateProfessor, and the Program Coordinator of the Master of Science degree in ComputerNetworks at NC State University.He received the B.Sc. degree in Mathematics in 1970 from Athens University, Greece,the M.Sc. degree in Operational Research with Computing from Leeds University, England, in 1971, and the Ph.D. degree in Operations Research from Trinity College Dublin,Ireland, in 1975. He has held visiting faculty positions at INRIA, Rocquencourt, France(1979), NORTEL, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (1988-89 and 1995-96) andUniversity of Paris 6, France (1995-96, 2000, and 2002).He has published numerous papers in the area of performance modeling of computerand communication systems, and he has organized several national and international conferences. He has also published two print books: Queueing Networks with Blocking: Exactand Approximate Solutions, Oxford Press 1994, An Introduction to ATM Networks, Wiley2002, and an e-book Computer Simulation Techniques – The Definitive Introduction, 2002(available through his Web site).In 1995, he founded the IFIP Working Group 6.3 on the Performance of CommunicationSystems, and he was the chairman from 1995 to 2002. As of 2004, he is the chairman ofthe IFIP Working Group 6.10 on Optical Networks. He is also a member of IFIP WorkingGroups 6.2, and 7.3, and an IEEE Senior Member. In addition, he is an associate Editorfor the Performance Evaluation Journal, and the Telecommunications Systems Journal.His current research interests are in the area of optical networks.In his free time he likes to go sailing on the Aegean, a Pearson 31!

ContentsAbout the AuthorviPrefacexiiiList of Abbreviationsxvii1 Introduction1.1 Communication Networks1.2 Examples of Connections1.2.1 An ATM Connection1.2.2 An MPLS Connection1.2.3 A Telephone Connection1.2.4 A Wavelength Routing Optical Network Connection1.3 Organization of the Book1.4 Standards Committees1.4.1 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)1.4.2 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)1.4.3 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)1.4.4 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IEEE)1.4.5 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)1.4.6 The ATM Forum1.4.7 The MPLS and Frame Relay Alliance1.4.8 The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF)1.4.9 The DSL ForumProblems11345678131414152 SONET/SDH and the Generic Frame Procedure (GFP)2.1 T1/E12.1.1 Fractional T1/E12.1.2 Unchannelized Framed Signal2.2 SONET/SDH2.3 The SONET STS-1 Frame Structure2.3.1 The Section, Line, and Path Overheads1920222222242615161617171818

viiiCONTENTS2.3.2 The STS-1 Section, Line, and Path Overheads2.3.3 The STS-1 Payload2.4 The SONET STS-3 Frame Structure2.5 SONET/SDH Devices2.6 Self-healing SONET/SDH Rings2.6.1 Two-fiber Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (2F-UPSR)2.6.2 Two-fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (2F-BLSR)2.6.3 Four-fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (4F-BLSR)2.7 The Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)2.7.1 The GFP Frame Structure2.7.2 GFP Client-independent Functions2.7.3 GFP Client-dependent Functions2.8 Data over SONET/SDH (DoS)2.8.1 Virtual Concatenation2.8.2 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)Problems272932333537383840414243434445453 ATM Networks3.1 Introduction3.2 The Structure of the Header of the ATM Cell3.3 The ATM Protocol Stack3.4 The Physical Layer3.4.1 The Transmission Convergence (TC) Sublayer3.4.2 The Physical Medium-Dependent (PMD) Sublayer3.5 The ATM Layer3.6 The ATM Switch Architecture3.6.1 The Shared Memory Switch3.6.2 Scheduling Algorithms3.7 The ATM Adaptation Layer3.7.1 ATM Adaptation Layer 1 (AAL 1)3.7.2 ATM Adaptation Layer 2 (AAL 2)3.7.3 ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL 5)3.8 Classical IP and ARP Over ATM3.8.1 ATMARPProblemsAppendix: Simulation Project: AAL 2474848525353555558596062636871727374764 Congestion Control in ATM Networks4.1 Traffic Characterization4.1.1 Types of Parameters4.1.2 Standardized Traffic Descriptors4.1.3 Empirical Models4.1.4 Probabilistic Models4.2 Quality of Service (QoS) Parameters4.3 ATM Service Categories4.3.1 The CBR Service4.3.2 The RT-VBR Service81818284848587909090

CONTENTS4.3.3 The NRT-VBR Service4.3.4 The UBR Service4.3.5 The ABR Service4.3.6 The GFR Service4.3.7 ATM Transfer Capabilities4.4 Congestion Control4.5 Preventive Congestion Control4.6 Call Admission Control (CAC)4.6.1 Classes of CAC Algorithms4.6.2 Equivalent Bandwidth4.6.3 The ATM Block Transfer (ABT) Scheme4.6.4 Virtual Path Connections4.7 Bandwidth Enforcement4.7.1 The Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA)4.7.2 Packet Discard Schemes4.8 Reactive Congestion Control4.8.1 The Available Bit Rate (ABR) ServiceProblemsAppendix: Simulation Project: ATM Traffic Characterization of AnMPEG Video 1115 Signaling in ATM Networks5.1 Introduction5.2 The Signaling Protocol Stack5.3 The Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL)5.3.1 The SSCOP5.3.2 Primitives5.4 The Signaling Channel5.5 ATM Addressing5.6 The Format of the Signaling Message5.7 The Signaling Protocol Q.29315.7.1 Information Elements (IE)5.7.2 Q.2931 281306 The Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Architecture6.1 The Internet Protocol (IP): A Primer6.1.1 The IP Header6.1.2 IP Addresses6.1.3 ARP, RARP, and ICMP6.1.4 IP Version 6 (IPv6)6.2 The Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Architecture6.2.1 Label Allocation Schemes6.2.2 The Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry (NHLFE)6.2.3 Explicit Routing6.2.4 An Example of the Use of the Label Stack6.2.5 Schemes for Setting up an LSP131131132133135136136141142143144145

xCONTENTS6.3 MPLS Over ATM6.3.1 VC Merging6.3.2 Hybrid ATM SwitchesProblems1451461471477 Label Distribution Protocols7.1 The Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)7.1.1 Label Spaces, LDP Sessions, and Hello Adjacencies7.1.2 The LDP PDU Format7.1.3 The LDP Message Format7.1.4 The LDP Messages7.2 The Constrained-Based Routing Label Distribution Protocol(CR-LDP)7.2.1 CR-LSP Setup Procedure7.2.2 The Label Request Message7.2.3 The Label Mapping Message7.2.4 The Traffic Parameters TLV7.2.5 Classes of Service7.3 The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)7.3.1 Reservation Styles7.3.2 Soft State7.3.3 The RSVP Message Format7.3.4 The Path Message7.3.5 The Resv Message7.4 The Resource Reservation Protocol – Traffic Engineering(RSVP–TE)7.4.1 Service Classes and Reservation Styles7.4.2 The RSVP-TE New Objects7.4.3 The RSVP-TE Path and Resv Messages7.4.4 RSVP-TE 11661671691691701721728 Optical Fibers and Components8.1 WDM Optical Networks8.2 How Light is Transmitted Through an Optical Fiber8.2.1 Multi-mode and Single-mode Optical Fibers8.2.2 Impairments8.2.3 Types of Fibers8.3 Components8.3.1 Lasers8.3.2 Photo-detectors and Optical Receivers8.3.3 Optical Amplifiers8.3.4 The 2 2 Coupler8.3.5 Optical Cross-connects 2039 Wavelength Routing Optical Networks9.1 Wavelength Routing Networks205205173174175178179179

CONTENTSxi9.1.1 Lightpaths9.1.2 Traffic Grooming9.2 Protection Schemes9.2.1 Point-to-point Links9.2.2 WDM Optical Rings9.2.3 Mesh Optical Networks9.3 The ITU-T G.709 Standard – The Digital Wrapper9.3.1 The Optical Channel (Och) Frame9.3.2 Overhead Types9.4 Control Plane Architectures9.5 Generalized MPLS (GMPLS)9.5.1 Basic Features of GMPLS9.5.2 CR-LDP Extensions for GMPLS9.5.3 RSVP-TE Extensions For GMPLS9.6 The OIF UNI9.6.1 The UNI Abstract Messages9.6.2 LDP Extensions for UNI Signaling9.6.3 RSVP Extensions For UNI SignalingProblemsAppendix: Simulation Project: Calculation of Call BlockingProbabilities in a Wavelength Routing 2923023223423510 Optical Burst Switching10.1 Optical Packet Switching10.1.1 A Space Switch10.2 Optical Burst Switching (OBS)10.2.1 Connection Setup Schemes10.2.2 Reservation and Release of Resources in an OXC10.2.3 Scheduling of Bursts at an OBS Node10.2.4 Lost Bursts10.2.5 Burst Assembly10.3 The Jumpstart Project10.3.1 Signaling Messages10.3.2 The Signaling Message Structure10.3.3 Addressing10.3.4 The Routing 25225425525625911 Access Networks11.1 The ADSL-based Access Networks11.1.1 The Discrete Multi-tone (DMT) Technique11.1.2 Bearer Channels11.1.3 The ADSL Super Frame11.1.4 Schemes for Accessing Network Service Providers11.1.5 The ADSL2 and ADSL2 Standards11.2 The Cable-based Access Network11.2.1 The Physical Layer261261263264266266269272274236

xiiCONTENTS11.2.2 The DOCSIS MAC Frame Format11.2.3 The DOCSIS MAC Protocol Operation11.2.4 Quality of Service (QoS)11.3 The ATM Passive Optical Network11.3.1 Frame Structures for Downstream and UpstreamTransmission11.3.2 The PLOAM Cell11.3.3 The Divided-slots Cell11.3.4 Churning11.3.5 RangingProblems27527728028128428528728928928912 Voice Over ATM and MPLS12.1 Background12.1.1 Basic Concepts12.1.2 Channel-Associated Signaling (CAS)12.1.3 Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)12.1.4 Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN)12.1.5 Digital Subscriber Signaling System No. 1 (DSS1)12.2 Voice Over ATM Specifications12.3 The Circuit Emulation Services (CES) Specification12.3.1 Structured DS1/E1/J2 N 64 Kbps Service12.3.2 DS1/E1/J2 Unstructured Service12.4 The ATM Trunking Using AAL 2 for Narrowband ServicesSpecification12.4.1 Switched and Non-Switched Trunking12.4.2 IWF Functionality for Switched Trunking12.4.3 IWF Functionality for Non-switched Trunking12.5 The AAL 2 Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) forTrunking12.5.1 User Functions12.5.2 The Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer12.6 The Segmentation and Reassembly SSCS for AAL 2(SEG-SSCS)12.6.1 SSSAR12.6.2 SSTED12.6.3 SSADT12.7 Voice Over MPLS (VoMPLS)12.8 TDM Transport Over MPLS Using AAL 112.9 I.366.2 Voice Trunking Format Over 2312313315316

PrefaceThis book explores a number of connection-oriented packet-switching networks andcircuit-switching networks. These networks, though seemingly different, share commonnetworking principles, and in some cases, one more recent network builds upon anolder one.The first connection-oriented network is probably the familiar and ubiquitous telephonenetwork. This is a circuit-switching network, whereby a connection is established betweenthe two parties by allocating a channel on each transmission link along the path. Theconcept of connection, as used in the telephone system, has been emulated for a longtime in computer packet-switching networks. In view of this, such networks are knownas connection-oriented packet-switching networks.In this book, we explore two connection-oriented packet-switching networks: ATMnetworks and multi-protocol label switched (MPLS) networks. ATM is a legacy networkthat was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is used in the backbone totransport IP traffic, in access networks (such as ADSL-based networks and passive opticalnetworks), and in cellular telephony. The MPLS architecture is an extension of ATM, andmust be used to introduce quality of service (QoS) in IP networks.Two circuit-switching networks – SONET/SDH and Optical Wavelength Routing networks – are also presented in this book. SONET/SDH has been around for a long time,whereas optical wavelength routing networks are relatively new. SONET/SDH is theunderlying transport network of the telephone system and is used in all modern packetswitching networks, such as IP and ATM. Wavelength routing networks are also circuitswitching networks since the transmission of data is done using optical circuit-switchingconnections, known as lightpaths. We also present a new optical networking scheme,which has not yet been standardized, known as optical burst switching (OBS), which canbe seen as lying between packet switching and circuit switching.Finally, the book contains a chapter on access networks, such as ADSL-based networks,cable modems, and ATM passive optical networks, and a chapter on voice over ATM andvoice over MPLS.The book is primarily intended as a textbook in a second course on computer networksat the graduate level or senior undergraduate level. It can also serve as a reference for fieldnetworking engineers who would like to learn more about connection-oriented packetswitching networks and circuit-switching networks. The only prerequisite for this book isa basic knowledge of computer networking principles. The book does not deal explicitlywith IP networks, and so it is not necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the IPnetwork in order to understand the material presented here.

xivPREFACEThe book consists of twelve chapters, covering the following topics: Chapter 1 – IntroductionChapter 2 – SONET/SDHChapters 3, 4 and 5 – ATM networksChapters 6 and 7 – MPLSChapters 8, 9 and 10 – Optical networksChapter 11 – Access networksChapter 12 – Voice over ATM and MPLS.How current are the specifications?Most of this book was written during 2003 and 2004, and therefore the specificationspresented in the book pertain to that timeframe. Since networking technology is continuously evolving, consulting the standard committees’ Web sites for updates is stronglyencouraged.A note to the studentsThis book grew out of teaching a course on connection-oriented networks and a courseon optical networks for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Networks at NCState University. I like to tell my students jokingly that if they want to get an A theyhave to read the book five times. If they read it four times, then they will end up with aB, and if they read it three times they will end up with a C, and so on – which alwaysspurs some lively discussion! However, there is some truth in this statement, since thebook deals with descriptive material, which has been developed over several years bydifferent standards bodies. As a result, the networking concepts are convoluted and noteasy to understand in one or two readings. A good way to test your understanding of aparticular networking scheme is to ask yourself a question, and then try to answer it. Ifyou can answer it immediately without hesitation, then you know it. Otherwise, you needto go back for another reading!A note to the instructorAt the end of each chapter, a Problems section provides self-review exercises. Also, atthe end of some chapters there is a simulation project designed to reinforce some ofthe intricacies of the networks presented in this book. Specifically, the following threesimulation projects have been included: Chapter 3: AAL 2 Chapter 4: ATM traffic characterization of an MPEG video source Chapter 9: Calculation of call blocking probabilities in a wavelength routing networkEach simulation project contains enough information so that familiarity with discreteevent simulation techniques is not required. More information on basic discrete-eventsimulation techniques can be found in many simulation books, including my e-bookComputer Simulation Techniques – The Definitive Introduction, available free of chargefrom my Web page .

PREFACExvThe solution to the problems and the code and results for the simulation projects can befound in a solution manual, available from Wiley’s Web site: http://www.wiley.com/go/connection-oriented. A Powerpoint presentation for each chapter is also available fromthe Wiley Web site.AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank Xenia Mountrouidou for proofreading the manuscript; Laura Holleyfor copyediting the manuscript; and Venkat Jonnadula for helping me to prepare thesolutions manual. And to Birgit Gruber, Commissioning Editor, and Sally Mortimore,Executive Commissioning Editor, at Wiley – thanks for your faith in me!Harry Perros

List of BLSRBPSRBTtwo-fiber bidirectional line switched ringtwo-fiber optical bidirectional link sharing ringtwo-fiber unidirectional path switched ringfour-fiber bidirectional line switched ringfour-fiber optical bidirectional link sharing ringAAL 2 over MPLSATM adaptation layeravailable bit rateATM block transferallowable cell rateadd/drop multiplexeradaptive pulse code modulationasymmetric digital subscriber lineauthority and format identifierAAL 2 negotiation procedureAmerican National Standards InstituteATM passive optical networksautomatic protection switchingautoregressive integrated moving averageaddress resolution protocolasynchronous transfer modeADSL transceiver unit at the central officeADSL transceiver unit at the remote terminalbroadband access serverbinary coded decimalbest effort servicebackward explicit congestion notificationbidirectional-coded frameborder gateway protocolbit interleaved paritybroadband integrated services data networkbidirectional line switched ringbidirectional path switched ringburst tolerance

SISDoSDSDSLDSLAMDSPLIST OF ABBREVIATIONScall admission controlchannel-associated signalingconstant bit ratecommitted burst sizeInternational Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committeecurrent cell ratecommon channel signalingcommitted data ratecell delay variation tolerancecell error ratecircuit emulation servicecore head error controlconnection identifierchannel identifierclassless inter-domain routingcompetitive local exchange carriercell loss priority bitcell loss ratecable modemcell misinsertion ratecable modem termination systemcentral officeclass of servicecommon part convergence sublayercommon part sublayercyclic redundant checkconstraint routing-label distribution protocolconvergence sublayerconvergence sublayer indicationcell transfer delaychannelized voice over DSLdynamic bandwidth circuit emulation servicesdeterministic bit ratedata country codedata communication equipmentdigital cross connect systemdigital subscriber signaling system no. 1digital subscriber signaling system no. 2differentiated servicedesirable minimum cell ratediscrete multi-tonedata-over-cable service interim specificationdata over SONET/SDHdelay sensitive servicedigital subscriber loopADSL access multiplexerdomain-specific part

LIST OF GFCGFPGFP-FGFP-TGFRGMPLSGOPG-PIDHDLCHDSLdigital subscriber signaling system no.1data terminal equipmentdual-tone multi-frequencydense DWDMembedded adaptive pulse code modulationexcess burst sizeenterprise system connectearly deadline firstErbium-doped fiber amplifierencoding data unitsexplicit forward congestion notificationElectronics Industries Associationexternal network node interfaceexplicit rateexplicit route TLVend system identifierextension header identifierframe alignment signalframe check sequencefiber delay linesfrequency division multiplexingfrequency division multiple accessforwarding equivalent classfixed filter styleforwarding information basefiber connectionfast reservation protocolfull service access networksfiber-switch capable interfaceFEC-to-NHLFE mapfiber to the basementfiber to the basement/curbfiber to the curbfiber to the cabinetfiber to the homegigabit Ethernetgeneric cell rate algorithmgeneric flow controlgeneric framing procedureframe-mapped GFPtransparent-mapped GFPguaranteed frame rategeneralized MPLSgroup of picturesgeneralized payload identifierhigh-level data link controlhigh data rate DSLxix

FIBLILISLMPLOHLSALSCLSPLSRLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSheader error controlhybrid fiber coaxialhigh-order DSPinterrupted Bernoulli processinternational code designatorInternet control message protocolinitial domain identifierinitial domain partISDN DSLinformation elementsInternational Electronical CommissionInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringInternet Engineering Task ForceInterrupted fluid processintra-coded frameincumbent local exchange carrierinverse ATMARPinternal network-node interfaceintegrated servicesInternet protocolIP control channelinterrupted Poisson processintegrated service data networkInternational Organization of StandardsInternet SocietyInternet service providerintegrated service user partInternational Telecommunication Unioninterworking functionjust enough timejust in timelayer 2 tunnel protocolL2TP access concentratorlight amplification by stimulated emission of radiationlink capacity adjustment schemelow delay code excited linear predictionlabel distribution protocolloop emulation servicelabel forward information baselength indicatorlogical IP subnetlink management protocolline overheadlink-state advertisementslambda switch capable interfacelabel switched pathlabel switching router

LIST OF SOPUOQoSOSFOSIOSPFOTNOTSOUPSROUTlow water peak fibermaximum burst sizeminimum cell ratemicro electronic mechanical systemsmulti-frame alignment signalmaximum frame sizemultistage interconnection networkMarkov modulated Bernoulli processMarkov modulated Poisson processmulti-protocol label switchingmessage switching centermessage transfer partmaximum transfer unitnetwork access servernegative dispersion fibernext hop label forwarding entrynarrowband ISDNnetwork node interfacenon-real-time polling servicenon-real-time statistical bit ratenon-real-time variable bit ratenetwork service access pointnetwork service providernetwork timing referencenon-zero dispersion fiberoptical add/drop multiplexeroperations, administration, maintenanceoptical burst switchingoptical carrieroptical channelOch data unitOptical Internetworking Forumoptical LSAoptical line terminatoroptical multiplex sectionoptical network terminatoroptical network unitoptical packet switchingOch payload unitoptical QoSoffset fieldopen system interconnection reference modelopen shortest path firstoptical transport networkoptical transmission sectionoptical unidirectional path sharing ringOch transport unitxxi

BRSAALSANSARSB-ADPCMSBRLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSoptical cross connectpeak burst sizeprivate branch exchangepulse code modulationpeak cell rateplesiochronous digital hierarchypeak data rateprotocol data unitprovider edgepayload FCS indicatorpredictive-coded frameprotocol independent multicastpayload length indicatorphysical layer OAMphysical medium dependent sublayerprivate network-network interface or private network node interfaceplastic optical fiberspayload overheadpassive optical networkpoint of presencepacket over SONETpartial packet discardpoint-to-point protocolpacket payloadpacket-switch capable interfacepublic switched telephone networkpayload type indicatorpermanent virtual connectionquadrature amplitude modulationquality of serviceremote authentication dial in user servicereverse address resolution protocolrouting data noderequest for commentsresource managementregional operations centerRECORD ROUTE objectresource reservation protocolresource reservation protocol – traffic engineeringreal-time polling servicereal-time statistical bit ratereal-time variable bit ratesignaling AALstorage area networkssegmentation-and-reassembly sublayersub-band adaptive pulse code modulationstatistical bit rate

LIST OF HECTLVTNATNETOHTSTTLTUPsignaling connection control partsustained cell ratesynchronous digital hierarchysymmetric DSLstructured data transferservice data unitshared explicit styleseverely errored cell block ratiosegmentation and reassembly SSCSselectorsilence insertion descriptionsignaling linksignal-to-noise ratiosemiconductor optical amplifiersection overheadsynchronous optical networksignaling pointsynchronous payload envelopeshared risk link groupsynchronous residual time stampsignaling system no. 6signaling system no. 7service-specific assured data transfer sublayerservice-specific connection functionservice-specific connection oriented protocolservice-specific convergence sublayerstandard single-mode fiberservice-specific segmentation and reassembly sublayerservice-specific transmission error detection sublayerstart fieldsynchronous transfer modesignaling transfer pointsynchronous transport signalswitched virtual connectiontell and waittransmission convergence sublayertransaction capabilities application partterminal equipmenttrunk grouptype head error controltype-length-valuetransport network administrativeterminal network elementtransport overheadthroughput sensitive servicetime to livetelephone user partxxiii

PVoMPLSVPIVPNVPCVTGWANWDMWFxDSLLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSunspecified bit rateunsolicited grant serviceunidirectional line switched ringuser network interfaceuser payload identifierunidirectional path switched ringunsolicited grant service with activity detectionuser-to-user indicationvirtual channel connectionvertical cavity surface emitting laservirtual channel identifiervery high data rate DSLvoice over IPvoice over MPLSvirtual path identifiervirtual private networksvirtual path connectionsvirtual tributary groupwide area networkswavelength division multiplexingwildcard-filter stylex-type digital subscriber line

1IntroductionThis book deals with several different circuit-switching networks and connection-orientedpacket-switching networks. These networks, although seemingly different, have all beenbuilt around the notion of a connection. That is, a connection has to first be set up betweentwo users before they can communicate. Such a connection is set up by allocating networkresources to it. The nature of these resources, as will be seen in this book, depends onthe type of the network.The notion of a connection is also prevalent in the IP network and IP-related protocols.For instance, a TCP connection has to be set up before two TCP users can communicate.This type of connection, however, is not the same as the connection in circuit-switchingnetworks and connection-oriented packet-switching networks. For instance, let us consideran IP network that runs over Ethernet. In this case, when two peer TCP protocols set upa connection, the IP routers and the Ethernet switches are not aware of this connectionand so do not allocate any resources to it.In this chapter, we first describe the concept of a connection as used in this book, andthen give examples of connections from the circuit-switching and connecti

Connection-oriented networks : SONET/SDH, ATM, MPLS, and optical networks / Harry G. Perros. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN -470-02163-2 (cloth) 1. Telecommunication systems. 2. Computer networks. I. Title. TK5101.P3853 2005 621.382 1 dc22 2004026216 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

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