Common Plants Causing Toxicity To Horses In Virginia
Common Plants Causing Toxicity to Horses in VirginiaPrepared by Crystal Smith, Extension Agent, Animal Scienceand Allison Steele, VCE Summer InternCommon Pasture Weeds Causing Toxicity in Horses Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) – Toxin(s) involved:Fagopyrin. Potential for Toxicity: Low. Toxic when dry? Yes.Clinical signs: Photosensitization after a moderate-large intake.Most common when horses fed hay contaminated with the weed.Treatment: Remove horse form the source. Protect from sunlight.Recovery is generally quick. 2009Brackenfern (Pteridium aquilinum) – Toxin(s)involved: Thiaminase. Potential for Toxicity:Moderate. Toxic when dry? Yes. Clinical Signs:Thiamin deficiency resulting in neurologicsymptoms including incoordination and severetremors. Requires significant intake over 1-2months. Treatment: Daily thiamin injections for upto two weeks. If not treated, death may occurwithin 2-10 days.Buttercup (Ranunculus spp) – Toxin(s) involved:Protoanemonin. Potential for Toxicity: Low. Toxic whendry? No. Clinical Signs: Oral and gastrointestinal irritationand blistering. Treatment: Recovery is uneventful whenanimals removed form source.Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University2907-1398Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status.An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Departmentof Agriculture cooperating. Mark A. McCann, Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Alma C. Hobbs, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State, Petersburg.
Curly Dock (Rumex crispus) – Toxin(s) involved:Soluble Oxalates. Potential for Toxicity: Moderate.Toxic when dry? N/A Clinical Signs: Oxalates bindto calcium and magnesium in the blood leading tomuscle tremors, weakness, depression, andrecumbency. Treatment: Intravenous Ca, Mg, glucose,electrolytes. Oral limewater to decrease furtheroxalation.Groundsel/ ragwort (Senecio vulgaris) – Toxin(s)involved: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Potential forToxicity: Extremely high. Toxic when dry? Yes.Clinical Signs: 15 mg/kg BW over 2 weeksinduces irreversible liver disease. May also causephoto-sensitization, weight loss, and jaundice.Treatment: Once liver damage is done, treatment isunsuccessful. Humane euthanasia recommended. Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) –Toxin(s) involved: Cynarin and apocynein. Potentialfor Toxicity: Low-moderate. Toxic when dry? Yes.Clinical Signs: Diarrhea, colic, hemorrhagic,gastroenteritis, abnormal heartbeat. 15-30 grams ofleaves can be lethal. Treatment: Symptomatictreatment.Horse Nettle (Solanum carolinense) – Toxin(s) involved:Solanine. Potential for Toxicity: Moderate. Toxic when dry?Yes. Clinical Signs: Toxic effects more common when plant isin processed feed. Symptoms include Salivation, colic,diarrhea, muscle tremors, and weakness. Treatment: Fluidtherapy, activated charcoal, via stomach tube. Physostigminemay be used cautiously in severely poisoned animals.2
Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) - Toxin(s)involved: Hyoscyamine, Hyoscine, andAtropine. Potential for Toxicity: High. Toxicwhen dry? N/a. Clinical Signs: Within minutesto hours of ingestion, symptoms such asbehavioral changes, colic or diarrhea appear.Treatment: Symptomatic therapy and activatedcharcoal to prevent further absorption. Severelyaffected animals may benefit from treatmentwith Physostigmine.Milkweed (Asclepias species) – Toxin(s) involved:Cardenolides. Potential for Toxicity: Moderate. Toxic whendry? Yes. Clinical Signs: Colic, incoordination, tremors, heartproblems, respiratory difficulty. Treatment: Supportivetherapy. Onions and Garlic (Allium spp) – Toxin(s) involved: Npropyl disulphide. Potential for Toxicity: Low. Toxic whendry? Yes. Clinical Signs: More than 25% of the diet as onionswill result in fast, weak pulse; staggering and collapse as aresult of anemia. Treatment: Reduce stress, whole bloodtransfusions in severely anemic animals. 3
Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) –Toxin(s) involved: Coniine, gamma-coniceine.Potential for Toxicity: High. Toxic when dry?Less toxic when dry. Clinical Signs: Toxins blockspinal cord reflexes leading to muscle tremors,incoordination, paralysis, frequent urination, andsudden death.4-5 pounds of leaves are lethal to ahorse. Treatment: Supportive Therapy.Pokeweed (Phytolacca Americana) – Toxin(s)involved: Phytolaccatoxin and Phytolaccigenin.Potential for Toxicity: Low. Toxic when dry? Yes.Clinical Signs: Colic and diarrhea. Treatment:Supportive Therapy. Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculate) – Toxin(s)involved: Cicutoxin, and cicutol. Potential forToxicity: Extremely High. Toxic when dry? Yes.Clinical Signs: The most toxic poisonous plantknown. 0.05%BW intake is lethal. Signs includeconvulsions and death due to respiratory failure.Treatment: Due to rapid 15 minute - 8 hoursfollowing ingestion, veterinary intervention isunlikely. In some cases sodium Phenobarbitalmay help.4
Yellow and White Sweet Clover(Melilotus spp) – Toxin(s)involved: Coumarin. Potential forToxicity: Moderate. Toxic whendry? Yes *fresh undamaged sweetclover is safe for consumption.Clinical Signs: Toxin, coumarin,can be converted to dicoumarol inmoldy hay containing sweet clover.Signs include weakness, visiblebleeding, and pale mucousmembranes. Treatment: Vitamin Kadministration.Common Forage Plants Causing Toxicity in Horses Alsike Clover (Trifolium hybridum) – Toxin(s)involved: Unknown. Potential for Toxicity: Lowmoderate. Toxic when dry? Yes. Clinical Signs: Primarysign is photosensitization especially in non-pigmentedareas. May advance to chronic liver damage withprolonged intake. Treatment: Remove horse from thesource. Prognosis is good if photosensitivity is only sign,poor when liver damage is involved.Tall fescue (festuca arundinacea) – Toxin(s) involved:Acremonium coenophialum. Potential for Toxicity:Moderate. Toxic when dry? Yes. Clinical Signs: Toxiceffects in broodmares only including prolongedgestation, retained placenta and agalactia. Treatment:Remove the mare form fescue for the last 30-90 daysprior to expected foaling date. Treatment with oralDomperidone at least 15 days prior to expected foalingdate.5
Common Trees Causing Toxicity in Horses Black Locust (Robinia pesudoacacia, andneomexicana) – Toxic(s) involved: Robin. Potentialfor Toxicity: Moderate. Toxic when dry? Unknown.Clinical Signs: Colic, constipation, diarrhea, muscleweakness, laminitis and irregular heartbeat may occurwithin one hour of eating; Fatalities are rare.Treatment: Prevent further ingestion and treat clinicsigns.Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) – Toxin(s) involved:Unknown. Potential for Toxicity: Moderate. Toxicwhen dry? Yes. Clinical Signs: Horses bedded onshavings containing 20% more black walnut developsevere laminitis, limb edema and colic within 12/18hours. Treatment: Remove the bedding, treat theclinical signs. Buckeye/ Horse Chestnut (Aesculus spp.) – Toxin(s)involved: Aesculin, fraxin and possibly narcoticalkaloid. Potential for Toxicity: Moderate. Toxic whendry? Unknown. Clinical Signs: Toxin is found inleaves and young sprouts. Clinical signs include colicand neurologic signs such as trembling, staggering, anddifficulty in breathing. Treatment: Supportive Therapy.6
Cherry (Prunus spp.) – Toxin(s) Involved:Cyanide Potential for Toxicity: High Toxicwhen dry? Probably not Clinical Signs:Breathing difficulties, anxiety, staggering,convulsions, collapse, and death, withinminutes of ingestion Treatment: If horse is aliveafter 2-3 hours, chances are good it will recover.Veterinary treatment includes intravenousadministration of sodium thiosulfate andsodium uirite. Oak (Quercus spp.) – Toxin(s) Involved: Gallotoxins.Potential for Toxicity: Moderate. Toxic when dry?Unknown. Clinical Signs: New young leaves andgreen acorns most toxic leading to poor appetite,weight loss, diarrhea or constipation, increaseddrinking, increased urination, edema, death ispossible. Treatment: Aggressive fluid therapy andlow stress environment.Red Maple and hybrids of red maple (Acer rubrum) –Toxin(s) involved: Unknown. Potential for Toxicity:Extremely High. Toxic when dry? Yes. Clinical signs:Massive destruction of red blood cells leading tobreathing difficulties, jaundice, dark brown urine, anddeath. Treatment: Supportive therapy, Ingestion of 1 ½kg is toxic, 3 kg is lethal to horses (50-75%death/euthanasia rate).Common Ornamentals causing toxicity in Horses Rhododendron, Mountain Laurel, Azalea(Rhododendron spp.) – Toxin(s) involved:Grayanotoxins (glycosides) Potential for Toxicity:Moderate. Toxic when dry? No. Clinical Signs: 0.2%BW green leaves will cause colic, abnormal heart rateand rhythm, convulsions, coma, and death.Treatment: Supportive Therapy.7
Spurge (Euphorbia spp.) – Toxin(s) involved: Diterpene esters.Potential for Toxicity: Moderate. Toxic when dry? Yes. ClinicalSigns: Blistering upon contact, colic and gastrointestinalirritation. Treatment: Remove plants from animal’s diet and theywill recover uneventfully.Yew, English or Japanese (Taxus spp.) – Toxin(s)involved: Taxine (alkaloid). Potential for Toxicity:Extremely High. Toxic when dry? Unknown.Clinical Signs: Within one hour of ingestion:paresis, ataxia, trembling and death within 15minutes of appearance of clinical signs. Treatment:Supportive therapy including activated charcoaland saline cathartic. Atropine to counterdepression.Resources Equine Nutrition Problems: Toxic Plants in the Mid-Atlantico Erin D. Pittman, Institute of Applied Agriculture, University of Maryland,College Park, MD 20742. Photos courtesy of Virginia Tech Weed ID Guide.8
breathing difficulties, jaundice, dark brown urine, and death. Treatment: Supportive therapy, Ingestion of 1 ½ kg is toxic, 3 kg is lethal to horses (50-75% death/euthanasia rate). Common Ornamentals causing toxicity in Horses Rhododendron, Mountain Laurel, Azalea (Rhododendron spp.) - Toxin(s) involved:
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