Geospatial Technologies For The Agricultural Sciences
Geospatial Technologies for theAgricultural SciencesMaggi KellyAssoc. Cooperative Extension SpecialistDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy & ManagementDirector, GIIFUC BerkeleyKarin TuxenGIIFCollege of Natural ResourcesUC BerkeleyGeospatial Imaging & Informatics FacilityCollege of Natural Resources @ UC Berkeley
Outline What are the technologies? GPS details– Improving GPS accuracy/reducing error– GPS units Integration with GIS– GIS software packages, including freeware– Geospatial data & imagery Applications for agricultural field research
What is GPS?Global Positioning Systems 24 satellites make up civilian GPS 6-7 satellites are visible from any spot on Earth 4 or more GPSsatellites used tocompute X, Y, and Z.
How GPS Works Need 4 or more satellites for accurate location!Image credit: NOAA
GPS AccuracyAccuracy primarily depends on:1. Number of satellites used to calculatepositionGOOD PDOP2. Strength of the signal of those satellites3. Satellite position Positional Dilution of Precision (PDOP)GOOD PDOP – BAD VISIBILITY4. Differential Correction Procedures WAAS (can improve to 2-5m)DGPS (can improve to 0.1-1m)(Your GPS unit must be WAAS- orDGPS-compatible!)POOR PDOPImage credit: P.H. Dana, Garmin
What is GIS?Geographic Information Systems Entry, editing, storage, query andretrieval, transformation, analysis,and display & printing of spatialdata. GIS integrates spatial data frommany sources, scales, and formats. Key point: All data in a GIS isgeoreferenced, i.e. located by meansof geographical coordinates withrespect to some reference system.
What is remote sensing? The capture of information about the Earth’s surface from adistance, usually an airplane or satellite.
Electromagnetic SpectrumBlue: soil, plants, roads, waterGreen: vegetation type differences, roadsRed: vegetation type differences & man-made featuresNear infrared: biomass, veg types, soil moistureMiddle infrared: moisture in veg and soils, rocksThermal infrared: vegetation stress, soil moisture, relative heat
Applications for Agricultural Field Research Precision agriculture includes the use of GPS, GIS, and remote sensingto manage practices in variable field conditions. Map, monitor, and manage:– Crop Production Crop Pattern Crop Yield (using NIR bands)– Irrigation– Moisture, Water stress(using Thermal bands)– Soil Management Moisture (using Thermal bands) Nutrients– Pests detection and monitoring Spray applicationsImage credits: http://www.gisrs.com/Agric.html
GPS Options for Field Research Garmin w/ field notes–––Handheld GPSField notebookPROS Simple, light-weight, andinexpensive– CONS Only gives GPS coordinates Restricted to lower accuracy(2-15 m error) Field PDA system––––PDAGPSSoftwarePROS Collects data electronically Uses custom programs andforms Overlay GPS points onimagery in the field Improved accuracy(up to 10 cm)– CONS ExpensiveSometimes NOT user-friendlyLess light-weight
Handheld GPS Units Accuracy is usually 5-15m;can be as much as 50mdue under heavy canopy,PDOP, etc. Cannot set PDOPthreshold Some have WAASdifferential correction toimprove accuracy to 2-5m.
Guide to the Handheld Garmin models C – Color displayS – Electronic compass and barometric altimeterX – Expandable memory, new SiRF chipGarminGPSmap 76 CGarminGPSmap 60 CSxGarmineTrex Vista Cx
Field PDA GPS:What You Need PDA: GPS (if needed): SoftwareGPS Pathfinder Office
GPS for Agricultural Field Research What are your accuracy needs?– 2-15 m handheld units are okay– 2 m mapping-grade units areneeded GPS good for mapping points, lines,and polygons of relatively small areas– Very large areas should bemapped/digitized using imagery in aGIS. How much data will you collect?– Points, lines, AND polygons?– Extensive field note taking?
GPS Standardization Position Format– How 3-D earth is mapped on a2-D surface– Same thing as “projection” Map Datum– Mathematical model that fitsthe earth to an ellipsoid
GPS Standardization Latitude/longitude is OK, but – Lat/long is not consistent across Earth.– Misinterpretation of the three different formats(degrees-minutes-seconds, degrees-decimalminutes, and decimal degrees) can cause error.– Rounding lat/long numbers can cause error. Use UTM– Numbers represent meters, so each integer is a meter.– Split into zones so there are never negative numbers Most important thing is to be consistent and document whatyou do!
Geospatial Data ExamplesRiversCensus dataCountiesGPS dataSoil typeRoadsHabitat boundaries
Geospatial Data ExamplesElevationTemperatureSatellite imageryDigital USGStopo mapLandcover/landusePrecipitationAerial photography
Free Geospatial Data for Calif. California Spatial Information Library:http://gis.ca.gov/data.epl Cal GAP ap data2.html CDF s geospatial data, such as political, cultural,and physical data.Also includes some imagery!
Imagery National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) – free!http://new.casil.ucdavis.edu/casil/remote sensing/naip 2005/Annual true-color aerial photography for the entire state of CA (1m)Near-infrared flown but not yet available. USGS: http://seamless.usgs.gov/ - free!Aerial photography of urban areas flown in 2002 (60cm) & in2004 (1m) – not of entire state though! NextMap California: evation and imagery of the entire state (1m) Satellite imagery? can be very expensive. Fly your own aerial photography? useful but can beexpensive.
High Resolution ImageryADARIKONOSNAIP photoQuickbirdCIR photoSPOTOrbView 3NextMap CaliforniaIfSAR data
GIS Software:Visualizing your geospatial dataGoogle Earth Plus( 20/yr)Google Earth Pro( 400/yr)Pros: Easily integrate yourGPS data Add geospatial data Use Google’s hugedatabase of imageryCons: Imagery might not begood for your site No spatial analyses
GIS Software:Make mapsQuantum GIS (QGIS)(free)Pros: Add geospatial data Transfer your GPSpoints, after some setup Runs on PC and MacCons: Sometimes finicky No spatial analyses Projection & datummust be the same
GIS Software:Analyzing your geospatial dataArcGISPros: Extremely powerfulspatial analyses The sky is the limit! Projection on-the-flyCons: Steep learning curve forperforming analyses–––What to do?Where to find the tool?How to prepare the data?)
Spatial Analysis ExampleYou have GPS point samples––Water levelNitrateYou can: Download NAIP imageryof your site, Plot your GPS points(with water level andnitrate as attributes), Interpolate contours ofwater level, Interpolate surface ofnitrate concentration, and Make a map fordistribution!
GIIF Workshops for UCCE Introduction to GPS & GIS– Wednesday, May 23– Wednesday, June 13 TenCh tativeck e dIntermediate/Advanced GISw e at ebsi s:– Thursday, July 5thte!–––Tuesday, July 24thTuesday, August 14thWednesday, September 5th Email Karin (karin@nature.berkeley.edu) to register! Visit http://GIIF.cnr.berkeley.edu/RREA/ for more info!Funded by Renewable Resources Extension Act (RREA)
Handouts for Further Referencehttp://GIIF.cnr.berkeley.edu
Geospatial Technologies for the Agricultural Sciences Maggi Kelly Assoc. Cooperative Extension Specialist Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management Director, GIIF UC Berkeley Karin Tuxen GIIF College of Natural Resources UC Berkeley Geospatial Imaging & Informatics Facility College of Natural Resources @ UC Berkeley
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
of geospatial basic big data, a complete geospatial big data is formed, which provides the basic data source for the following geospatial big data application, national spatial information infrastructure platform, projectinformation system, etc. 3. APPLICATIONS OF GEOSPATIAL BIG DATA The geospatial big data is widely used in the Internet, obile M
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
