Design And Analysis Of Compact Giraffe-Shaped Patch Antenna For UWB .
International Journal of Engineering Trends and TechnologyISSN: 2231 – 5381 /doi:10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I3P202Volume 70 Issue 3, 13-21, March, 2022 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group Original ArticleDesign and Analysis of Compact Giraffe-ShapedPatch Antenna for UWB Applications: A FDTDand Hybrid PSO Algorithm ApproachGirish Bhide1, Brijesh Iyer2, Anil Nandgaonkar3, Sanjay Nalbalwar4 and Abhay Wagh512Research Scholar, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad 402103, IndiaAssiatant Professor, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad 402103, India3,4Professor, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad 402103, India5Director, Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra, MUMBAI, 40001, Indiaggb rtn@yahoo.co.in, brijeshiyer@dbatu.ac.in, abnandgaonkar@dbatu.ac.inAbstract — This paper reports a compact ultra-wideband(UWB) Giraffe-shaped patch antenna designed usinghybrid particle swarm optimization (HPSO) algorithm.The shape of the rectangular microstrip antenna is dividedinto multiple small squares called pixels. These pixels areassigned binary values 1 or 0 based on decision criteriainto the algorithm, known as a fitness function. Theoptimization algorithm implemented in the HFSS platformremoves the pixels with value 0 and achieves ultrawideband performance for the antenna within threeiterations. The FDTD analysis using the convolutionalperfectly matched layer (CPML) technique is used tovalidate the HFSS simulation results. The antenna isfabricated on an FR4 substrate with a permittivity of 4.4.The overall size of the antenna is 14 mm x 25.8 mm x 1.6mm. The measured gain of the antenna ranges from 2.95dBi to 4.45 dBi over the operating frequency range 3.2GHz to 9.8 GHz. The measurement results show the bestagreement with the HFSS simulation and FDTD analysisresults.Keywords — FDTD analysis, Giraffe-shaped patchantenna, Hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm,MATLAB coding, Ultra-wideband antennas.I. INTRODUCTIONUltra-wideband (UWB) antennas have a variety ofapplications, including microwave imaging, handhelddevices for personal area network (PAN), positioning,RFIDs, through the wall imaging, ground-penetrating radar(GPR), breast tumour detection, etc. The FederalCommunications Commission (FCC) approved the 3.1GHz to 10.6 GHz band as UWB spectrum in 2002; sincethen, particular attention has been received to design theUWB antenna in this range [1]. Several techniquesavailable in the literature for the design of UWB antennasare discussed here.An antenna with a double Y-shape slot that provideshigh gain and circular polarization has been reported by J.Wei et al. [2]. A broken heart shape antenna exhibitingultra-wideband performance is discussed in Rahman et al.[3]. A Vivaldi antenna using a stepped connectionstructure has been reported in Wu et al. [4]. An antennahaving an elliptic shape with a central circular slot isdiscussed by Azenui and Yang [5]. The design of theantenna using three identical pairs of printed half-wavedipoles and its analysis using finite difference time domain(FDTD) is reported by Chengyang Yu et al. [6]. Gong etal. [7] said an antenna uses a compact slot. An antennausing a dual-band fork-shaped monopole is written byMishra et al. [8]. A modified rectangular plus-shapedantenna is reported in Deshmukh and Mohadikar [9]. Anantenna with a stepped triangular shape using the PSOalgorithm is written in Trimukhe and Hogade [10]. Allthese antennas are centred around a compact size design.Recently the use of PSO has gained popularity to designcompact UWB antennas. A hexagonal patch structuredesigned using PSO is reported in Bhattacharya et al. [11].An improved PSO with neighbourhood-dispatch (NRPSO) techniques is explained in Li et al. [12]. The groundplane’s effect on the performance of multiband PIFAantenna using GA and PSO is discussed in Wakrim andIbnyaich [13]. A MIMO antenna performing over theUWB band is discussed in [14].This article discusses the work that uses a hybrid PSOalgorithm to optimize the antenna for bandwidthenhancement. The primary antenna structure is developedusing Ansys HFSS. The simulation results are fed into thehybrid PSO algorithm implemented in PYTHON.The antenna performance is also validated using thecomputational electromagnetics method, FDTD [15]-[16].The antenna’s geometry can be created using thisresource's MATLAB code "define geometry" [16]. Thedetails of antenna design and geometry are given in sectionII. Section III discusses the FDTD analysis of the proposedantenna. The results and discussions are presented insection IV, along with the qualitative analysis of theproposed antenna. Finally, section V consists of theconclusions and future scope.II. ANTENNA DESIGN AND GEOMETRYThe antenna shape design is done with the objectiveof wideband response. A rectangular shape is modifiedusing the PSO algorithm in association with highfrequency simulation software (HFSS). Thus, theThis is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license )
Girish Bhide et al. / IJETT, 70(3), 13-21, 2022“x” direction, while n indicates a number of pixels in the“y” direction. The substrate size is 14 mm x 25.8 mm x 1.6mm, which means an area of 361.2 mm2. Each square pixelis of size 0.1 mm x 0.1 mm. The calculations for a totalnumber of pixels, m, and n, are shown below in eq.(1- 3).simulation software HFSS is not used to implement thealgorithm. Instead, the PYTHON platform is used. Itreduces computational complexity since the simulationand algorithm are executed on different platforms. Thiscombination is labelled as HPSO, explained in the nextsection.𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑠 A. Hybrid PSO AlgorithmThe block diagram of HPSO is depicted in fig. 1. Theinitial rectangular antenna designed as per thespecifications is simulated in HFSS. The optimizationparameters, logic, and fitness function are decided usingthese results. Now antenna simulation results are fed to thealgorithm implemented in PYTHON. The algorithmsearches and removes pixels that do not meet the setcriteria. The microstrip grammar rules are then applied togenerate the antenna shape [17]. The simulation of anantenna with a modified shape is again done in HFSS. Theresults extracted are fed to the algorithm iteratively. Thisprocess continues unless and until the design criteria aremet. This algorithm can produce unique shaped antennas.One can set the criteria to make band notches, dual-bandor multiband antennas, for improving antennas’ existingbandwidth, which is specific to the design goal [18]-[19].(1)14 1400.1(2)25.8 2580.1(3)𝑚 𝑛 361.2 361200.1 0.1The selection criterion was applied, then to find outwhich pixels meet the criterion. All such pixels meetingthe criterion were assigned value 1, rest of the pixels weregiven value 0. At the convergence of the algorithm, thisdata was fed into antenna simulation software, all thepixels marked with value 0 were eliminated, andsimulation was carried out. Once antenna simulationresults are generated from simulation software, i.e., HFSS,results are extracted, the algorithm evaluates the fitnessfunction. Keeping the ultra-wideband specifications inmind, the fitness function is given in eq.(4) is used.𝐹(𝑥) (𝑆11 3.1 𝐺𝐻𝑧 𝑆11 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ) 𝑢 (𝑆11 10.5 𝐺𝐻𝑧 𝑆11 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 )𝐴3 ( 1)𝐴1(4)In eq.(4), u is a Heaviside step function having valueseither 0 or 1. A3 is the aperture of iteration 3, and A1 is theaperture of iteration 1. This fitness function depends onthe return loss value of the antenna. The acceptable returnloss value is set to be -10 dB [20]. Aperture areas arecalculated from combined areas of pixels having value 1as per the S11 acceptable criterion. Here A3 is not the finaliteration. One can wait till iteration number 7 andconverge the algorithm. In such a case, the numerator inthe equation will be A7.In the algorithm, a pixel is treated as a particle. Theequations below make the algorithm's basic steps derivedfrom particle swarm optimization. As given in eq (5), wecan write the pixel position for ith iteration and mth pixel.𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑖 1 𝑝𝑖𝑚 𝑣𝑖 1Fig. 1 Hybrid PSO (HPSO) algorithm(5)𝑚Where 𝑣𝑖 1Is pixel value change velocity.Generalized pseudo-code followed for optimization isgiven in Table 1.In the proposed design, initially, the substrate area wasdivided into equal squares of array 𝑚 𝑛. The values of mand n are decided as per the fine mesh settings used inFDTD analysis. Here m indicates a number of pixels in the14
Girish Bhide et al. / IJETT, 70(3), 13-21, 2022Table 1. Pseudocode For PSO OptimizationFor each pixel pFor each limit dInitialize 𝑝𝑖𝑚 randomly within dimensions of the antenna.Initialize 𝑣𝑖𝑚 randomly within the distribution of the antenna.EndEndIteration i 1DoFor each pixel pCalculate fitness function value, fitval.𝑚If fitval is better than 𝑝𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡in history𝑚Set current fitness value as 𝑝𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡and set b 1 for pixel p𝑚Else keep fitval as 𝑝𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡in history and set b 0 for pixel pEndChoose pixels having the best fitvalas global best.For each pixel pFor each limit dCalculate velocity for each pixel and apply grammar rules.Update particle positionGenerate matrix b.EndEndIteration i 1While set iterations reachedB. Evolution of the Antenna ShapeThe HPSO algorithm is used iteratively to develop theantenna shape for ultra-wideband operation. The roughcontours generated are smoothed using grammar rules [17].In iteration 1, the algorithm has removed the top left sidetriangular portion of the rectangular patch. In iteration 2,the algorithm removed the strip near the lower part and asmall portion at the top right side of the rectangular patch.In iteration 3, the algorithm removed some portions oneither side of the strip feed line and some portions near thecentre of the patch. The shape obtained in the third iterationis quite similar to the head of the animal “Giraffe”, henceincluded in the title. The original rectangular patch andground plane are shown in fig. 2 and fig.3, respectively.The ground plane is common for all the iterations. Theevolution of the patch (top side) after iteration one is shownin fig.4. Similarly, the patch after iteration two is shown infig. 5. The patch after iteration 3, which is the final shapelooking like a Giraffe head, is shown in fig. 6. Thedimensions of the antenna shown in fig. 2 to 6 are in mm.Fig. 2 Rectangular Patch15
Girish Bhide et al. / IJETT, 70(3), 13-21, 2022Fig. 3 Ground PlaneFig. 6 Iteration 3 - Giraffe Shaped AntennaC. Simulation ResultsThe HFSS simulation results of S11 were obtained for arectangular shape, and all three iterations are given in fig. 7.It is observed from the simulation results that S11 improvedfrom dual-band to triple band and then to ultra-wideband asthe iteration number is increased. The -10 dB bandwidthobtained in final iteration 3 (Giraffe-shaped) is from 2.9GHz to 10.2 GHz.Fig. 4 Iteration 1Fig. 7 Simulated S11 ResultsIII. FDTD ANALYSISThe validation of HFSS simulation results is carriedout using one of the most widely used computationalelectromagnetics methods, FDTD. There are many variantsof FDTD based on boundary conditions, such as uniaxialperfectly matched layer FDTD (UPML-FDTD), CPMLFDTD, etc. The reference book used by us titled magnetics with MATLAB Simulations” is based onFig. 5 Iteration 216
Girish Bhide et al. / IJETT, 70(3), 13-21, 2022CPML-FDTD [16]. The introduction to CPML-FDTD isgiven here in brief for ready reference.A. Geometry Implementation in FDTDThe success of FDTD analysis of a microstrip patchantenna mainly depends upon the correct implementation ofthe antenna’s geometry. The FDTD analysis of microstrippatch antenna is done previously but not for an antennahaving such a compact size and irregular shape [21]-[25].The algorithm for this implementation is developed inthis work. This implementation is nothing but the correctformation of bricks of the desired material such as dielectricand perfect electric conductors. The antenna shape obtainedin the third iteration is implemented in the code routinecalled “define geometry” using the actual dimensions. Thefinal shape of the proposed antenna is non-regular,containing a triangular edge, rectangular slot andsemicircular slots. Therefore, the shape is divided intodifferent contiguous rectangular sections; the algorithm forwriting the code for geometry implementation is given intable 2.The electric field intensity, Ex and magnetic fieldintensity, Hy, are given below in eq.(6, 7), respectively,which express the indexing scheme in the computationaldomain. The other components follow the same patterncyclically.𝐸𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) ((𝑖 0.5) 𝑥, (𝑗 1) 𝑦, (𝑘 1) 𝑧 )(6)𝐻𝑦 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) ((𝑖 0.5) 𝑥, (𝑗 1) 𝑦, (𝑘 0.5) 𝑧 )(7)Maxwell’s curl equations are expressed using finitedifferences as shown in eq. (8). 𝐸𝑥1 𝐻𝑧 𝐻𝑦 ( 𝜎𝑥𝑒 𝐸𝑥 𝐽𝑖𝑥 ) 𝑡𝜀𝑥 𝑦 𝑧(8)Equation (9) is an expansion of equation 8 using theabove indexing scheme.𝐸𝑥𝑛 1 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝐸𝑥𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝑡 1 1𝜖𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)1)Sketch the antenna shape on paper.2)Mark long contiguous rectangular regions(bricks) in vertical and horizontal directionsto cover most of the portion of the antenna.3)Note down the coordinates of corners ofthese bricks as per the xyz frame.4)Identify the rectangular portions in which thesemicircular slots are to be created.5)Do not delete any brick already created. Ifthere is a need of deleting a brick go back tostep number 2) and reorganize the brickssince there will be an error at the time ofimplementation if any brick is deleted.6)Obtain the coordinates of corners of smallrectangles surrounding the semicircular slots.7)Fill the region outside the semicircular slotswith small rectangles identified in stepnumber 6).2𝜀𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝑡𝜎𝑥𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)2𝜀𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝑡𝜎𝑥𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)8)Use “for loop” for creating triangular and orcircular sections using rectangles which wasnot covered earlier.2 𝑡9)The circular shape extending into the slots bedeveloped at the end.10)Compare the developed shape with thedesired one for accuracy.𝑛 𝐻𝑧 2 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)1𝑛 𝐻𝑧 2 (𝑖, 𝑗 1, 𝑘) 𝑦1𝑛 𝐻𝑦 2 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)1𝑛 𝐻𝑦 2 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 1)1𝜖𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝑧1𝜎𝑥𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝑛 121𝑛 𝐸𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝐸𝑥 2 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)𝜀𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)𝜀𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) Table 2. Algorithm for geometry implementationStepActionNumber(9)After some manipulations, equation 6 can be expressedwith the help of coefficients, as shown in eq. (10).𝐸𝑥𝑛 1 𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝐸𝑥𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝐶𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)𝑛 (𝐻𝑧12𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝐻𝑧12(𝑖, 𝑗 1, 𝑘)) 𝐶𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑦 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)𝑛 1𝑛 1 (𝐻𝑦 2 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝐻𝑦 2 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 1))𝑛 1 𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑗 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝐽𝑖𝑥 2 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)(10)Where𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝐶𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) (2𝜀𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝑡𝜎𝑥𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)) 𝑦𝐶𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑦 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 2 𝑡(2𝜀𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝑡𝜎𝑥𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)) 𝑧𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑗 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) The triangular, semicircular, and circular portionswithin the geometry of the antenna can be achieved usingnovel image algorithms developed by Bhide et al. [26]. The2 𝑡2𝜀𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝑡𝜎𝑥𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)17
Girish Bhide et al. / IJETT, 70(3), 13-21, 2022complete code for the generation of antenna geometrydeveloped by us using the above algorithm given in Table 2is of around 1000 lines.The implementation of the geometry using theMATLAB code is shown in fig. 8, which exactly matcheswith the final Giraffe shape obtained using the HPSO. Thelong contiguous regions (bricks) mentioned in step number2) of the algorithm in Table 2 are clearly visible. Theshaded portions also consist of bricks but of very smallsizes created using steps numbers 6) to 8) of the algorithm.There are a total of 173 bricks used for the implementationof the geometry. Out of this, one brick was used for thesubstrate, 3 for the ground plane, 21 big to medium sizebricks (visible in fig. 8 with pink colour), and the remaining148 small size bricks to make up the various semicircular,circular, and triangular shapes on the top side (patch). Oncethe geometry is developed, the main routine called “fdtdsolve” from the resource is run to obtain the antenna'sreturn loss and radiation pattern.𝑛𝑥 14 𝑚𝑚 2(8 10) 1760.1 𝑚𝑚(12)𝑛𝑦 25.8 𝑚𝑚 2(8 10) 2940.1 𝑚𝑚(13)1.6 𝑚𝑚 2(8 10) 400.4 𝑚𝑚(14)𝑛𝑧 The following setup, as given in Table 3, was used to runthe FDTD simulation on the MATLAB platform.Table 3. FDTD SetupParameterValue ParameterValuenx176dx0.1 mmny294dy0.1 mmnz40dz0.4 mmCPML buffercells8Number of timesteps5000Air buffer cells10Caurant factor0.9IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSThe proposed antenna was fabricated using aneconomical FR4 substrate and tested using Rohde &Schwarz Vector network analyzer (2 ports, 9 kHz - 13.6GHz), model ZVL13. The prototype of the Giraffe-shapedantenna is shown in fig. 9. The overall dimensions of thesubstrate are 14 mm x 25.8 mm x 1.6 mm.Fig. 8 The geometry of the antenna developed usingMATLAB codeB. FDTD SetupThe substrate size is 14 mm x 25.8 mm x 1.6 mm.Further, the shape of the antenna contains many circles andsemicircles, wherein the radius of the smallest circle is 0.35mm. It was therefore decided to use a fine mesh fordiscretization. The values selected are dx 0.1 mm, dy 0.1 mm, and dz 0.4 mm. The formula for calculating thenumber of cells in the “x” direction called “nx” is given byeq. (11). The actual calculations for “nx”, “ny”, and “nz” isshown in eq. (12 – 14) respectively.𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑥 2(𝐶𝑃𝑀𝐿 𝑏𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠)a)b)Fig. 9 Proposed fabricated antenna a) Top view b)ground planeThe S11 values obtained in the simulation are comparedwith measurement values. This comparison is shown in fig.10. It is found that measured values of S11 are in goodagreement with HFSS simulation and FDTD analysis. The 10 dB bandwidth obtained is from 3.2 GHz to 9.8 GHz. Thebandwidth is 103.12% of the centre frequency 6.5 GHz.𝑛𝑥 (11)18
Girish Bhide et al. / IJETT, 70(3), 13-21, 2022Fig. 10 Comparison of S11 – Iteration 3 - Giraffe Shapedantenna with FDTD analysis and Measurement results.Fig. 11 Peak Gain – Simulated and MeasuredThe measured gain is close to the simulated gain over theentire bandwidth. The radiation patterns of the proposedantenna are measured at three frequencies 3.6 GHz, 6.6GHz, and 9 GHz. The radiation patterns for co-planar andcross planar orientations are measured in the XZ and YZplanes. The radiation patterns are found stable over theimpedance bandwidth. These simulated and measuredradiation patterns at 3.6 GHz, 6.6 GHz, and 9.0 GHz areshown in fig. 12, 13, and 14, respectively. The measuredpatterns are analogous to simulated ones.The proposed antenna's gain was measured andcompared with simulated gain. The comparison is shown infig. 11.Fig. 12 Radiation patterns - Simulation and Measured 3.6 GHz19
Girish Bhide et al. / IJETT, 70(3), 13-21, 2022Fig. 13 Radiation patterns - Simulation and Measured at 6.6 GHzFig. 14 Radiation patterns - Simulation and Measured at 9 GHzTable 4. Comparison of proposed Giraffe shape antenna with other UWB antennasPatch Area (mm2)Technique UsedFR4,0.76 mm45 x 50(2250)Elliptic shape with a centralcircular slot0.55 – 1.3F4B,1.0 mm36 mm Diameter(1017.87)Three identical pairs of printedhalf-wave dipoles3.05 – 11.92.1 - 5.2FR4,0.8 mm23.7 x 23.7(561.69)Compact slot103.1 - 10.63.33 – 5.66FR4,0.8 mm24 x 24.4(585.6)Stepped triangular,Proposed3.2 – 9.82.74 – 4.45FR4,1.6 mm14 x 25.8(361.2)Unwanted pixels removalReference No.Freq. Band(GHz)Gain (dBi) Min Substrate and- Maxits height53.0 – 10.02.0 – 7.564.6 – 9.0720
Girish Bhide et al. / IJETT, 70(3), 13-21, 2022[7]A qualitative comparative analysis of the proposedprototype is given in Table 4. The similarly reportedprototypes to suffer from one or other reasons like the sizeof the antenna, its gain, and the complexity of the iterationprocess in the optimization process. In comparison with theabove-cited references, the size of the proposed antenna ismore compact. Further, the radiation patterns of theproposed antenna are more stable over the entirebandwidth. The gain of the proposed antenna is comparablewith above all except [5]. However, in [5], the high gain ofthe order of 7.5 is observed for a small portion of thebandwidth, and for the rest of the bandwidth, it is similar tothe proposed antenna. The implementation of HPSO in theproposed design is less complex than the one used in [10],considering the number of tiny dipoles used for theanalysis. The validation of the simulation results withFDTD analysis is an added feature of the reported work inthis paper. Hence, the proposed antenna is the bestcandidate for UWB applications.[8][9][10][11][12][13]V. CONCLUSIONA compact Giraffe-shaped antenna is designedusing the HPSO algorithm. The antenna is fabricated usingan FR4 substrate with overall dimensions of 14 mm x 25.8mm x 1.6 mm. The proposed antenna offers an S11 less than-10 dB (more negative) over the bandwidth of 3.2 GHz to9.8 GHz. The peak gain of the proposed antenna variesfrom 2.74 dBi to 4.45 dBi over the entire bandwidth. Theperformance of FDTD analysis using MATLAB code isencouraging for validation of non-regular shape antennas.The algorithm developed for implementing geometry isquite helpful for irregular shapes. The proposed antenna is asuitable choice for UWB applications.In the future, the proposed method can be extended todesign irregular-shaped antennas with different feedmechanisms and radiation e authors would like to acknowledge the cooperation extended by Dr Anand Kakade, Mr M.R. Jadhav,and Mr Vijay Patil of the Rajarambapu Institute ofTechnology, Sakharale Maharashtra, India, for themeasurement of antenna ]P. S. Hall and Y. Hao, Antennas and Propagation for Body-CentricWireless Communications, 2nd ed., Boston: Artech House, ( 2012).J. Wei, X. Jiang, and L.Peng, Ultrawideband and high-gain circularlypolarized antenna with double-Y-shape slot,IEEE AntennasWireless Propagation Lett. 16 (2017) 1508–1511, Jan. 2017.N. Rahman, M. T. Islam, Z. Mahmud, and M. Samsuzzaman, Thebroken-heart printed antenna for ultrawideband applications: designand characteristics analysis, IEEE Antennas Propagation Mag. 60(6)(2018) 45-51.J. Wu, Z. Zhao, Z. Nie, and Q. 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GHz to 10.6 GHz band as UWB spectrum in 2002; since then, particular attention has been received to design the UWB antenna in this range [1]. Several techniques available in the literature for the design of UWB antennas are discussed here. An antenna with a double Y-shape slot that provides
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Design and Analysis of Compact UWB BPF Using Parallel Coupled Microstrip Line With DGS By Satish Chand Gupta, Mithlesh Kumar & Ramswaroop Meena Rajasthan Technical University, Abstract- This paper presents design and analysis of a simple and compact ultra-wideband (UWB) band-pass-filter using parallel-coupled micro strip line with DGS.A two .
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