Research And Development Case Study Robotics And Autonomous Systems .

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Research and development case studyRobotics andautonomoussystems researchNovember 2017

IntroductionSummary1 Who is involved?2 What happens?3 How much is spent?4 What did we find?IntroductionThis case study on robotics and autonomous systemsresearch is one of a series that we have developed to support andcomplement our published report on research and development.Our examination of robotics and autonomous systems researchfocused on arrangements to coordinate the funding of researchinto new enabling technologies in areas ranging from health andsocial care to transport.Other case studies focus on research relating to: advanced materials; animal and plant health; climate;If you would like to know more about theNational Audit Office’s work on science andresearch, please contact:Sian JonesDirector for value for money audit work onbusiness, skills, science and industrysian.jones@nao.gsi.gov.uk0191 269 1889Heather ThompsonAudit managerheather.thompson@nao.gsi.gov.uk020 7798 7690If you are interested in the NAO’s workand support for Parliament more widely,please contact:Parliament@nao.gsi.gov.uk020 7798 7665 energy; and human health.2Research and development case study: Robotics and autonomous systems researchThe National Audit Office (NAO) scrutinises public spendingfor Parliament and is independent of government. TheComptroller and Auditor General (C&AG), Sir Amyas MorseKCB, is an Officer of the House of Commons and leads theNAO. The C&AG certifies the accounts of all governmentdepartments and many other public sector bodies. He hasstatutory authority to examine and report to Parliament onwhether departments and the bodies they fund have usedtheir resources efficiently, effectively, and with economy.Our studies evaluate the value for money of public spending,nationally and locally. Our recommendations and reportson good practice help government improve public services,and our work led to audited savings of 1.21 billion in 2015.

IntroductionSummary1 Who is involved?2 What happens?3 How much is spent?4 What did we find?1 Who is involved?SummaryFunders, coordinators, researchers, influencers14 What did we find? Some evidence ofcoordination mechanismsbut an absence ofstrategic leadershipConsolidated informationto support decisionmaking is at an early stageof development2 What happens?4Roboticsand autonomoussystems research233 How much is spent?Government has invested or plans to investover 300 million in robotics and autonomoussystems research since 20123Research and development case study: Robotics and autonomous systems researchStages of research activityVideoThe real world view:autonomous car technology

IntroductionSummary1 Who is involved?2 What happens?3 How much is spent?4 What did we find?1 Who is involved?The fundersThe coordinatorsThe researchersThe influencers Research institutes UniversitiesPolicymakers andparliamentarians Industry Learned societies (including theRoyal Academy of Engineering) International 4UK government departments(including the Department forBusiness, Energy & IndustrialStrategy and the Ministryof Defence)Research councils (includingthe Engineering and PhysicalSciences Research Council(EPSRC)) Innovate UK Industry (including theautomotive, healthcare andtransport sectors) European UnionResearch and development case study: Robotics and autonomous systems research EPSRC Robots andAutonomous (RAS) network(academia focus)Innovate UK’s KnowledgeTransfer Network via its RASSpecial Interest GroupCatapults – specifically HighValue Manufacturing andTransport Systems

IntroductionSummary1 Who is involved?2 What happens?3 How much is spent?4 What did we find?2 What happens?Stages of research activity5Description of researchBasicAppliedTranslationalPurpose of researchKnowledge expansion – asks questions about roboticsand autonomous systems. Research is approached as ascientific study rather than to address specific needsSolutions-focused – research is concernedwith finding a solution to a specific questionor problemProduct development – takes the findings frombasic or applied research and uses them to developnew products and treatmentsWhat is involved?Experiments by academics and researchers at universitylaboratories or research institutionsTesting and observation at demonstratorsite facilitiesDevelopment of new products at demonstratorsite facilitiesFunders includeresearch councils; government departmentsInnovate UK; National Institute for HealthResearch; industry; EUInnovate UK; industry; EUExamples of successesResearch into advanced control algorithms and flightdynamics has helped drones to fly level and straight.Eye surgery – ongoing clinical trials are testingthe use of robotics in surgical procedures(phased trials but early successes).Autonomous underwater vehicles have beendeveloped and brought into use for purposes suchas collecting data and inspecting underwater oil andgas equipment.Examples of currentprogrammesand projectsEPSRC collaborative project with academia andindustry to develop robotics technologies capable ofoperating autonomously and effectively within hazardousenvironments such as nuclear facilities. The project willlook to overcome issues about the current limitationsof smaller robots, while also developing systems ableto improve issues around grasping and manipulation,computer vision and perception.Driverless cars – Innovate UK is makingfunding available to projects that targetdevelop and test autonomous car technology,e.g. safety improvements.Agricultural robotics – the development of roboticsin agriculture to replace manual labour in tasks suchas harvesting and handpicking.Research and development case study: Robotics and autonomous systems research

IntroductionSummary1 Who is involved?2 What happens?3 How much is spent?4 What did we find?3 How much is spent?Who are the principal funders of robotics andautonomous systems research?6 Government has invested or plans to invest over 300 millionin robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) research since2012. Investment comes from various funders within governmentdepartments and agencies. Total investment in RAS research isnot reported consistently or in one place, which makes it difficult tocalculate an accurate figure. Government funding includes a joint 100 million government/industryprogramme to support driverless cars in the UK, 100 million of researchcouncil grants, 25 million of Innovate UK funding for RAS-related innovationprojects, and 32 million for research into unmanned aerial vehicles. The UK has been very successful in securing EU funding for roboticsresearch – the Council for Science and Technology estimated that 80% offunding for UK RAS research came from the EU.Research and development case study: Robotics and autonomous systems researchForward look at RAS funding opportunities: Investment of 93 million from the Industrial Strategy ChallengeFund (ISCF) towards activities in the area of Robotics and ArtificialIntelligence for extreme environments was announced in April 2017.The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council will awardgrants to universities to drive the translation of fundamental science inthis area. The ISCF will also support a 35 million innovation programmeand a 16 million demonstrator programme.

IntroductionSummary1 Who is involved?2 What happens?3 How much is spent?4 What did we find?4 What did we find?Some evidence of coordination mechanisms but anabsence of strategic leadershipMany different parts of government invest in RAS but there is not a strategic,joined-up approach to investment and there is no evidence of any top-downaction to set, coordinate or align priorities. The cross-cutting nature of RASmakes coordination difficult. But effective leadership and coordination acrossfunders would help government to develop a coherent investment strategyand ensure that investment is targeted where it most needed.7Research and development case study: Robotics and autonomous systems researchThe RAS Special Interest Group (a group of experts from industry andacademia) is funded by Innovate UK through the Knowledge Transfer Networkand has played an important role, leading work to identify opportunities forinvesting in RAS, including: publishing a national strategy to coordinate the development of assets,challenges, clusters and skills; mapping investment activity to identify gaps and highlight thetranslation problem; analysing the impact that RAS could have in three types of process:producing goods; providing services; and delivering goods andresources; and identifying ‘hot spots’ for investment, including aerospace, agriculture,automotive, energy, health, manufacturing, marine, nuclear and transport.

IntroductionSummary1 Who is involved?2 What happens?3 How much is spent?4 What did we find?4 What did we find? continuedConsolidatedinformation tosupport decisionmaking is at anearly stage ofdevelopmentThe RAS Special InterestGroup mapped outpublic sector researchinvestment activityacross the spectrum,from basic researchto commercialisation,to highlight gaps ininvestment.Mapping investment activity on the commercialisation spectrumTechnology Strategy Board National and MRCResearch councilsEuropeNetworks of excellenceTechnologyreadiness level1–3: Basic research4–8: Applied research7–9: Commercialisation1Research councilsDevolved administration,regional fundingEuropeNumerousprogrammes23Departmentof Health’sNationalInstitutefor HealthResearch4Technology StrategyBoard National5Research councils67Devolved administrationregional fundingTechnologyStrategy BoardNationalEuropeEuropeBusinesses,business angels,venture capitalistsand privateinvestors89Technology StrategyBoard NationalDevolvedadministrationregional fundingNote1 Technology Strategy Board (TSB) was Innovate UK’s predecessor.2Each of the funders shown on this chart uses various instruments of investment depending on the technology readiness level of the research being funded.Source: A more detailed chart is included in RAS Special Interest Group, RAS 2020 Robotics and Autonomous Systems which is the information source for this abridged version of the chart.8Research and development case study: Robotics and autonomous systems research

IntroductionSummary1 Who is involved?2 What happens?3 How much is spent?4 What did we find?4 What did we find? continuedConsolidated information tosupport decision-making is atan early stage of developmentThe RAS Special Interest Groupproduced analysis to demonstrate theimpact that RAS could have on threetypes of process – producing goods;providing services; and delivering goodsand resources – within various industrysectors. For each sector, diagrams weredeveloped to show the typical chain oftasks and to identify the opportunitiesand impact of RAS.The analysis demonstrates thebreadth of impact associated with RAS,and its wide ranging applications (theapplication of RAS in food productionis shown opposite).Outcomes for the application of RAS in food productionFarmFood processorWholesale and cessingStorage d assemblyWrappingand packingCustomisationPurchaseOn the farmDisruptive logisticsThe advantages of RAS on the farm are considerable:reduced pesticide use, less ground compaction,selective application of fertilisers, selective weeding,per plant processing, early pest detection, precisedata on crop condition, and selective harvesting atthe optimal time.RAS based processing on the farm for delivery direct to theconsumer. Daily on demand delivery of food means a reducedneed for fridges and freezers.All of these will increase yield and reduceenvironmental impact while lowering costs.Pizza, salads and sandwiches can be customised at the retailoutlet based on customer demand.In-store automated shelf restacking that can dynamicallyrespond to demand and the weather.RAS will disrupt the agri-food supply chain.Source: Robotics and Autonomous Systems Special Interest Group, The UK landscape for robotics and autonomous systems, 2015Analysis could be developed further toquantify benefits and outcomes and helpmake the case for further investment intranslational research.9Research and development case study: Robotics and autonomous systems research

Design and Production by NAO External RelationsDP Ref: 11452-002 National Audit Office 2017

2 Research and development case study: Robotics and autonomous systems research Introduction This case study on robotics and autonomous systems research is one of a series that we have developed to support and complement our published report on research and development. Our examination of robotics and autonomous systems research

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