Knowledge Acquisition For An Expert System For Diabetic Type-2 Diet

International Journal of e-Healthcare Information Systems (IJe-HIS), Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2017Knowledge Acquisition for an Expert System for Diabetic Type-2 DietIbrahim M.Ahmed1, Abeer M.Mahmoud2, Abdel-Badeeh M.Salem21Karray University, Khartoum, Sudan2Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptAbstractDiabetes is a serious health problem today. Mostof the people are unaware that they are in risk of ormay even have type-2 diabetes. Type-2 diabetes isbecoming more common due to risk factors like olderage, obesity, lack of exercise, family history ofdiabetes, heart diseases . Along with good lifestyleand healthy diet, reduces the risk of development oftype 2 diabetes for treatment of elder people , propercare of diet, exercise and medication as well is moreimportant. The research in developing intelligenceknowledge base systems in diabetic domain isimportant for both health industry and diabetespatients. Recently expert systems technology providesan efficient tools for diagnosing diabetes and henceproviding a sufficient treatment. The main challengein building such systems is the knowledge acquisitionand development of the knowledge base of thesesystems. Our research was motivated by the need ofsuch an efficient tool. This paper presents theknowledge acquisition process for developing theknowledge base of diabetic type-2 diet.1. IntroductionDiabetes is one of the major risky diseases forhealth care in our lives. If people were aware of thefactors of diabetes and know how much risks they areof getting diabetes, diabetes may be prevented early[1]. Type 2 diabetes is a disease resulting from arelative, rather than an absolute, insulin deficiencywith an underlying insulin resistance. Type 2diabestes is associated with obesity, age, and physicalinactivity [2, 3]. It is more common as compare totype-1 diabetes, usually 90 to 95%. It is diagnosed inboth adults and young people. In this type pancreasdoes not produce enough insulin to control keepingblood sugar level within normal ranges. Actually it isserious type of diabetes where mostly people are notaware they are suffering from it. Three major causesof diabetes type 2 are lifelong bad diet, inactive orsedentary lifestyle, and overweight [4].Actually, In the domain of medical treatment bycontrolling patient food (healthy diet) there arenumerous variables that affect the decision process ofselecting interesting food list from the patient point ofview and efficient list in treatment from theCopyright 2017, Infonomics Societydoctor's point of view. These numerous variablescausing the differences in the opinions of thepractitioners. Also, there are many uncertain riskfactors resulted from eating certain types of food withcertain amount. Therefore, an accurate tool will be ofa great help for an expert to consider all these riskfactors and show certain results.On the other hand the research in developingintelligence knowledge base systems in diabeticdomain is important for both health industry anddiabetes. Expert system is a computer program thatprovides expert advice as if a real person had beenconsulted where this advice can be decisions,recommendations or solutions. A few numbers ofexpert systems are utilized in diabetic health researchwhere each of these systems attempts solving part orwhole of a significant problem to reduce the essentialneed for human experts and facilitates the effort ofnew graduates [5].The paper is organized as follows. Section 2presents major risk factors Diabetic Diet and DiabeticFood Pyramid. Section 3 describes the related work.Section 4 present the knowledge acquisition and therepresentation process. Section 5 screening ofdiabetics. Section 6 reasoning techniques in diabeticexpert systems. Section seven ends up withConclusion.2. Related workM. Beulah et. al (2007) [6] introduced the abilityto access diabetic expert system from any part of theworld.They collect, organize, and distribute relevantknowledge and service information to the individuals.The project was designed and programmed via the dotnet framework. The system allows the availability todetect and give early diagnosis of three types ofdiabetes namely type 1, 2, gestational diabetes forboth adult and children.Szajnar and Setlak [7] proposed a concept ofbuilding an intelligence system of support diabetesdiagnostics, where they implemented start-of-artmethod based on artificial intelligence forconstructing a tool to model and analyze knowledgeacquired from various sources. The initial target oftheir system was to function as a medical expertdiagnosing diabetes and replacing the doctor in thefirst phase of illness. Diagnostics the sequence of120

International Journal of e-Healthcare Information Systems (IJe-HIS), Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2017dealing with their system were as flow: (1) gettingpatient information and symptoms (2) competingbasic medical examination in details (3) based onprevious information the system find out whether thepatient has diabetes and decides whether it is type1 ortype2. The systems used decision tree as a model forclassification.Kumar and Bhimrao [8] developed a naturaltherapy system for healing diabetic, they aim to helppeople's health and wellness, which don't cost theearth. Their main goal was to integrate all the naturaltreatment information of diabetes in one place usingESTA (Expert System Shell for Text Animation) asknowledge based system. ESTA has all facilities towrite the rules that will make up a knowledge base.Further, ESTA has an inference engine which can usethe rules in the knowledge base to determine whichadvice is to be given to the user.Their system begins with Consultation asking theusers to select the disease (Diabetes) for which theywant different type of natural treatment solution thendescribes the diabetes diseases and their symptoms.After that describes the Natural Care (Herbal /ProperNutrition) treatment solution of diabetes disease.Bayu Adhi Tama, Rodiyatul and Hermansyah [9]proposed and boosted algorithm acquires informationfrom historical data of patient’s medical records ofMohammad Hoesin public hospital in SouthernSumatera. Rules are extracted from Decision tree tooffer decision-making support through early detectionof Type-2 diabetes for clinicians, table 1.Table 1. Expert systems for diabetestheir glucose level in their blood. It also helps toprevent diabetes patient from heart and blood vesselrelated diseases [10].Research shows that regardless of the makeup ofthe diet, eating just enough calories to maintain anideal weight is the most effective dietary strategy toprevent the onset of diabetic. Recommendations ofdiabetic diet differ for person to person, based on theirnutritional needs, lifestyle, and the action and timingof medications. [11]In Type 2 diabetic, the concern may be moreoriented to weight loss in order to improve the body'sability to utilize the insulin it does produce. Thus,learning about the basic of food nutrition will be ableto help in adjusting diet to suite the particularcondition. Recommended daily food portion containscarbohydrates, protein and fat.A Registered Dietitian assesses the nutritionalneeds of a person with diabetes and calculates theamounts of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and totalcalories needed per day. He will then convert thisinformation into a recommended list of food for dailydiet [11] (see Table 2).Table 2. Recommended daily food portion3.2. Diabetic Food Pyramid3. Diabetic Diet and Food groups3.1. Diabetic DietDiabetic Diet for diabetics is simply a balancedhealthy diet which is vital for diabetic treatment. Theregulation of blood sugar in the non-diabetic isautomatic, adjusting to whatever foods are eaten. But,for the diabetic, extra caution is needed to balancefood intake with exercise, insulin injections and anyother glucose altering activity. This helps diabeticpatient to maintain the desirable weight and controlCopyright 2017, Infonomics SocietyFigure 1. Food PyramidThe Diabetes Food Guide Pyramid is a tool thatshows how much you should eat each day from eachfood group for a healthy diet. The Diabetes Food121

International Journal of e-Healthcare Information Systems (IJe-HIS), Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2017Guide Pyramid is the best food guide for people withdiabetes. The Diabetes Food Guide Pyramid placesstarchy vegetables such as peas, corn, potatoes, sweetpotatoes, winter squash, and beans at the bottom of thepyramid, with grains. These foods are similar incarbohydrate content to grains. Cheese is in the Meatand others group instead of the Milk group becausecheese has little carbohydrate content and is similar inprotein and fat content to meat [12].Choosing foods from the Diabetes Food GuidePyramid can help you get the nutrients you need whilekeeping your blood glucose under control [12].Foods that are high in carbohydrates increase bloodglucose levels and are in the Grains, Beans, andStarchy Vegetables group, the Fruits group, and theMilk group.Other foods that raise blood glucose are Sweets,found in the top of the Pyramid. Starchy foods, sweetfoods, fruits and milk are high in carbohydrate. Foodslows in carbohydrates are found in the Vegetablesgroup, Meat and Others group and Fats. Diabetespatient should eat 6 to 11 servings Grains, 2 to 5servings Group Vegetable, 2 to 4 servings GroupFruit, 2 to3 servings Group Milk, 2 to 3 servings groupprotein, Group sugars and oils should rarely be eaten[12].4. Knowledge acquisition andrepresentation4.1. Knowledge acquisitionKnowledge acquisition is a very important phasein developing expert systems [4]. Our knowledge hasbeen gained by consultation of nutritionist. Actually,knowledge acquisition required time of three monthsform major Ibtehal and Nasik nutritionist of diabetesin the military hospital in Khartoum, in addition tosome related books and internet medical web sites. Inaddition we determine Sudanese food groups in Fig. 2and analyse the amount of each item in the foodgroups in Table 3.3.3. Food groupsFood groups are exchange lists of foods thatcontain roughly the same mix of carbohydrates,protein, fat, and calories, serving sizes are defined sothat each will have the same amount of carbohydrate,fat, and protein as any other. Foods can be"exchanged" with others in a category while stillmeeting the desired overall nutrition requirements.Food groups can be applied to almost any eatingsituation and make it easier to follow a prescribed diet.Figure 2. Sudanese food servings according to thediabetes food guide pyramidTable 3. Standards of itemsThere are six food groups [13]:1. Vegetables2. Starches and Breads3. Fruits4. Milk5. Fat6. Meats and Meat SubstitutesThe food groups are based on principles of goodnutrition that apply to everyone. The reason fordividing food into six different groups is that foodsvary in their carbohydrate, protein, fat, and caloriecontent. Each group contains foods that are alike; eachfood choice on a group contains about the sameamount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and calories asthe other choices on that group [14].Copyright 2017, Infonomics Society4.2. Knowledge representationKnowledge representation allows one to specifyand emulate systems of a growing complexity.Knowledge representation schemes indeed haveknown an important evolution, from basic schemessupporting a rather heuristic approach, to advancedschemes involving a deeper consideration of the122