RESEARCH REPORT - Mental Health Foundation
R E S E A RC H R E P O RT1
Good mental health is fundamental to thriving in life.It is the essence of who we are and how we experiencethe world. Yet, compared to physical health, so little iscommonly known about mental ill health and how toprevent it. That must change.The Mental Health Foundation is the UK’s charity foreveryone’s mental health. With prevention at the heartof what we do, we aim to find and address the sources ofmental health problems.We must make the same progress for the health of ourminds that we have achieved for the health of our bodies.And when we do, we will look back and think that this wasour time’s greatest contribution to human flourishing.The Mental Health Foundation is a UK charity that relieson public donations and grant funding to deliver andcampaign for good mental health for all.Citation:Mental Health Foundation (May 2018). Stress: Are we coping?London: Mental Health FoundationProduced by:Chiara Samele, Harry Lees-Manning, Victoria Zamperoni, IsabellaGoldie, Lucy Thorpe, Emily Wooster, Toni Giugliano, ChrisO’Sullivan, Antonis Kousoulis, Josefien Breedvelt, Mark Rowland& Richard Grange2
ContentsWhat is stress?4How many people feel stressed?6How does stress affect us physically?8How does stress affect us psychologically?10What makes us stressed?13Distribution of stress across the population17How can stress be addressed and managed?19Conclusion and Recommendations243
WHAT ISSTRESS?4
While we all know what it feels like tofeel overwhelmed or unable to cope withthe pressure we face, when it comesto research around stress, it can besurprisingly difficult to pin-point whatexactly ‘stress’ is.such as running a marathon, or giving aspeech to a large crowd. We can quicklyreturn to normal (called ‘homeostaticbaseline’) without any negative effectson our health if our exposure to thestressor is short-lived.3 Many peopleare able to deal with a certain levelof stress without any lasting adverseeffects. This ability to resist and grow ourresistance to stressors (sometimes called‘resilience’) varies between individualsaccording to their genetics, experiences,and the environment in which they findthemselves.At the most basic level, stress is ourbody’s response to pressures from asituation or life event (called a ‘stressor’).What counts as a ‘stressor’ can varyhugely from person to person and differsaccording to our social and economiccircumstances, the environment we livein, our genetic makeup and physiology.Some common features of stressorsinclude experiencing something new orunexpected, something that threatensyour competence/ego, and a feeling oflittle control over a situation.1For many of us there are timeswhen exposure to stressors becometoo frequent or too intense todeal with. If our stress response isactivated repeatedly, or it persistsover time without recovery periods,the physiological effects result incumulative wear and tear on the body(or allostatic load) and can cause us tofeel permanently in a state of ‘fight orflight’.4 Rather than helping us pushthrough, this pressure can make us feeloverwhelmed or unable to cope.When we encounter a stressor, animportant pathway in our body andbrain, the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, is stimulated toproduce stress hormones (cortisol andcatecholamines) that trigger a ‘fight orflight’ response. Our immune system isalso activated to prepare for possibleinjury.2 This process helps us to respondquickly to dangerous situations.While stress is not a mental healthproblem in and of itself, experiencingoverwhelming stress for a long period oftime is often called chronic, or long-termstress, and it can impact on both physicaland mental health.Sometimes, this stress response canbe an appropriate, or even beneficialreaction. The resulting feeling of‘pressure’ from the stress responsecan help us to push through situationsthat can be nerve-wracking or intense,This overwhelmed feeling is what werefer to as ‘stress’ throughout this report.Stress is our body’s response to pressuresfrom a situation or life event.5
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Information on how many people in theUK population as a whole are affected bystress is very limited. However, our newsurvey found that over the past year,almost three quarters (74%) of peoplehave at some point felt so stressed thatthey felt overwhelmed or unable to cope.The survey, commissioned by the MentalHealth Foundation and undertaken byYouGov, polled 4,169 adults in the UK in2018.i This stress study had a sample sizeof 4,619 respondents. Another recentpoll concurs with this finding with 82%of people feeling stressed at least sometime during a typical week, and eightpercent that felt stressed all the time.5between effort and reward can causestress. Another suggests a lack ofbalance between demands made by ajob, and the control given to managetasks, may contribute to stress.7One recent poll found that womenreport more stress than men (89% vs.76%)8 This may be the case both ingeneral, and in the workplace.9 Certainethnic groups also experience morework-related stress (particularly AfricanCaribbean women), which has beenlinked to reported incidents of racism.10As people become much older (70years and over) they very often have todeal with long-term health problems ordisability, the loss of friends and familyand coming to terms with their ownmortality, but interestingly they havebeen found to report less stress.11 Oneprevious poll found that people aged55 and over report the least amountof stress, with 29% reporting not beingstressed at all.12 This can also be seenin our survey, where 30% of thoseaged 55 plus reported “never” feelingoverwhelmed or unable to cope in thelast year, compared to 7% of youngadults (aged 18-24).One area of stress that is frequentlyresearched is self-reported workrelated stress. The number of peopleexperiencing work-related stress, aswell as mental health problems suchas anxiety, or depression in the UK hasremained broadly stable since 2006/7but nevertheless persistent. Aroundhalf a million people are experiencingwork-related stress in the UK.6 Theliterature on stress at work suggestsseveral models of stress in the workplace.One model posits that a lack of balance74% of people haveat some point felt sostressed that theyfelt overwhelmed orunable to cope.All figures, unless otherwise stated, are from YouGov Plc. Total sample size was 4,619 adults.Fieldwork was undertaken between March 29th and April 20th, 2018. The survey was carried outonline. Figures have been weighted and are representative of all UK adults (aged 18 ).i7
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The impact of long-term stress variesenormously from person to person andcan have far reaching consequences ifleft unmanaged. People may notice thattheir sleep and memory are affected,their eating habits change, and/or theyfeel less inclined to exercise. Somepeople may smoke, consume morealcohol or take drugs to relieve stress.In our survey, of adults who reportedexperiencing stress, 46% reported thatthey ate too much, or ate unhealthily dueto stress. 29% reported that they starteddrinking or increased their drinking, and16% reported that they started smokingor increased their smoking.have been linked to high blood pressure,the development of diabetes andischemic heart diseases such as angina.15Chronic stress can also affect theimmune system, with prolonged orfrequent activation of the stressresponse thought to play a role indisrupting healthy immune responses.This may be especially problematic forolder people as immune function alsodeclines with age, making it harder tofight off viral infections.16 It may alsoexplain why one of the first signs ofchronic stress can be experiencingfrequent short illnesses. The effects ofchronic stress on the immune systemmay also be linked to inflammation in thebody, which recent research suggestsmay be a risk factor for depression.17, 18Long-term stress, and the associatedstress response, can also impact on ourphysical health in other ways. In termsof specific physical health problems,stress can affect our gastrointestinalsystem as our brain activity and gutare closely inter-connected. Irritablebowel syndrome, for instance hasbeen associated with psychosocialstressors (e.g. work-related stress, moneyproblems, lack of social support).13Stomach ulcers are a classic example ofthe impact of stress and gastrointestinalfunctioning.Poorer physical health and shorterlife expectancy have been found inpeople with lower education and loweroccupational status compared to thosewith higher occupational status.19 TheWhitehall studies, a series of researchstudies looking at the relationshipbetween health and job grade in civilservants, found that the lower a person’sjob status the more likely they were toexperience ischaemic heart disease.They also reported having more stressfullife events in the previous year andmoney problems, compared to peoplein higher occupational grades.20 In thesame study, more women reportedhaving angina (ischemic heart disease),indicating a difference in the types ofphysical illness experienced by eachgender group.Significant attention has also beengiven to the link between stress andcardiovascular disease. For example, theINTERHEART study, conducted across52 countries, found a strong relationshipbetween psychosocial stress andmyocardial infarction (a heart attack),comparable to the effects of smokingand hypertension.14 Stressful livingcircumstances or working conditions9
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There is a growing strong body ofresearch which unsurprisingly suggeststhat chronic stress, and exposure tostressors, can have a negative impact onmental health.There may be many reasons for thislink between stress and mental health.Some researchers believe that stresscan interact with existing biological,psychological, or social risk factors toproduce a cumulative effect that cancontribute to the onset of mental healthproblems.26, 27 This suggests that somepeople may be more susceptible to theeffects of chronic stress and stressful lifeevents than others, either as a result ofencountering more stressors, or becauseof the presence of other pre-existing riskfactors.The experience of stressful life eventshas been found to be associated withdepressive symptoms and the onset ofmajor depression,21, 22 as well as suicide,suicidal thoughts23 and self-harm.24This was also the case in our survey,where we found that over half of adults(51%) who felt stressed reported feelingdepressed, and 61% reported feelinganxious. Of the adults in our survey whosaid they had felt stress at some pointin their lives, 16% said they had selfharmed, and 32% said they had suicidalthoughts and feelings.This may particularly be the case forthose living in poverty, from minoritycommunities, people who are sociallyisolated, or with pre-existing or ongoinghealth problems or disabilities.For example, the psychological andphysical harm stress can have onminority communities, such as thosewho are LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexualand transgender), tends to be greaterbecause of the impact of stigma anddiscrimination.28 This may also be thecase for individuals from minorityethnic groups, with research suggestingthat there are ethnic and genderStress may also play a role inexacerbating existing mental healthproblems. For people living with severeand enduring mental health problemsstress can precipitate symptoms andpotentially result in relapse. For example,stressful life events have been foundto be associated with acute relapse ofschizophrenia.25Over half of adults (51%) who feltstressed reported feeling depressed,and 61% reported feeling anxious.Of the adults who said they had feltstress at some point in their lives, 16%said they had self-harmed, and 32% saidthey had suicidal thoughts and feelings.11
differences in the link between stressand depression, potentially perpetuatinghealth disparities.29and experiencing a lack of respect orbeing undervalued in the workplacecould contribute to the development ofdepression or anxiety.35Financial stress because of personaldebt is another well recognised riskthat can lead to common mental healthproblems.30 For people living in poverty,stress has been found to contribute tothe relationship between lower socioeconomic status and poorer mentalhealth outcomes.31, 32 High levels of debtand financial insecurity increases thelikelihood of living in an unstable or poorquality housing situation, experiencingjob stress, having more adverse lifeevents and less social support, all ofwhich can further erode our mentalhealth.33Work-related stress in 2016/17accounted for an average of 23.9 workdays lost for every person affected.36 Ithas now been estimated that around 15%of people at work have a mental healthcondition;37 and 300,000 people witha long-term mental health problem inthe UK lose their jobs each year.38 Forthese reasons, tackling stress at workshould be a major priority, as should becreating a supportive workplace culturethat promotes mental health and enablespeople to seek help safely, withoutrisking adverse consequences.39There is a robust body of research on theimpact of adverse childhood experiencesand trauma on mental health. We cannotdo justice to this wealth of evidencewithin the scope of this report, but itshould be acknowledged that theseevents can not only be extreme stressorsat the time they are experienced, butthey can also increase the impact of andsusceptibility to other sources of stressin future.Stress may also impact on mentalhealth more indirectly, by affectinghow individuals interact with others,including partners, and family members,potentially placing strain on theserelationships.40 In our survey, 37% ofadults who reported feeling stressedreported feeling lonely because of stress.Reported loneliness declined with age,with figures ranging from 53% of 18-24year olds to 25% of those aged 55 andover. A 2010 report by Mental HealthFoundation further elaborates on therelationship between loneliness andstress, with some research suggestingthat loneliness may be both a source ofstress and can increase perceptions ofstress.41Work-related stress can also contributeto common mental health problems suchas depression.34 Job strain and havingfew decision-making responsibilitiesmostly explain this relationship. Amore recent review found that animbalance in job design, job insecurity12
WHATMAKES USSTRESSED?13
There are many things that can act asstressors. The death of a loved one,divorce/separation, losing a job andunexpected money problems are amongthe top ten causes of stress according toone recent survey.42 But not all stressfullife events are negative; even positive lifechanges, such as getting married, havinga baby or retirement are by no meansstress-free.43being stressed about work, with manyreporting taking work calls and checkingemails outside of working hours (59%and 55% respectively).45Balancing home and work can bedifficult at the best of times, particularlyfor people working in demanding orpressured jobs. A 2017 Unison surveyfound 92% of people felt they hadbeen under too much pressure at workat some point, and 67% consideredexcessive work demands as the sourceof their stress at work.46 Much of thiswas attributed to working long hours(e.g. 12 hours a day all week), staff cutsand having to take on more work tocompensate for this, difficulties withtheir line manager and conflicting workand home demands. What is more, UKworkers are working an average of 7.7hours a week of unpaid overtime.47Long-term Health ConditionsLong-term health conditions (eitherone’s own, or those of close family andfriends) was the top stressor reportedin our survey, with 36% of all adults whoreported stress in the previous yearciting it as a stressor. While long-termhealth conditions can be stressful fora variety of physical and psychologicalreasons, stress may be exacerbated bythose individuals feeling unsupportedby services, in particular with regardsto their mental health and wellbeing. Arecent Mental Health Foundation report,which interviewed cancer patientsin Scotland, found that 49% felt theyreceived no support or advice fromhealth services about managing theirmental health, and over half felt thatbetter communication from serviceproviders would have improved theirwellbeing during and after treatment.44Work-related stress in NHS staff hasreached alarming levels. Recent figuresshow that in 2016, 15 million workingdays were lost because of stress,anxiety or depression.48 Frontlinehealthcare staff in the NHS, particularlythose supporting clinical staff (5.5%),ambulance staff (5.4%) and nurses(4.5%) have the highest absence rates.49Overall, stress, depression and anxietyare the fourth most common reasons forabsence; affecting female staff (7.8%)slightly more than male staff (7.6%).50WorkFurthermore, stress-related absenceis increasing for other public sectorworkers (including those working in localgovernment), with figures from a 2016survey showing an increase of almosttwo thirds reporting mental healthproblems compared to 2015. This istwice that reported by employees in theprivate sector.51We spend a huge amount of time atwork. We know that good work can bevery beneficial to mental health, butit isn’t surprising that work has beenidentified as a major stressor for manypeople. One recent poll found that morethan a third of people (38%) reported14
MoneyOur survey also found that 29%of non-working adults, or adultsworking in skilled, semi-skilled, orunskilled occupationsii reported nothaving enough money to meet basicneeds as a source of stress. Thisreduced to 17% for adults working insupervisory, managerial, administrativeor professional occupations.iii Thisgroup were also more likely to reportthe long-term health conditions ofthemselves, close friends, or family asa stressor (41%) compared to adults insupervisory, managerial, administrativeor professional occupation.Financial concerns are another majorstressor. A previous poll found that formany the concern is about pay or salaryprospects (72%) and paying householdbills (60%).52 Not having enough moneyto meet basic needs was one of the topthree listed sources of stress reported byadults in our survey, with 22% of adultswho reported stress in the previous yearciting it as a source of stress.Recent figures have shown that althoughthe number of employed people hasincreased, earnings have not risenmuch since before the 2008 recession;subsequently in-work poverty hasincreased and living standards have beenfalling.53 Overall, 14 million people livein poverty in the UK, with rates recentlybeginning to rise.54 Struggling to makeends meet can be a stressor for many,especially for those living on low incomesor below the poverty line and can leaveindividuals susceptible to physical andmental health problems.55Technology and social mediaWhile technology and social media canhave positive effects for many, for some,it can also have negative effects. Whilstbeyond the scope of the current report,it is clear that while technology andsocial media can serve as a protectivefactor, in some ways it may alsocontribute to stress.There has been much coverage aboutthe impact of technology and socialmedia on stress, a phenomenon nowsometimes termed ‘digital stress’.Ofcom’s survey of media and digitalparticipation conducted in 2016identified interesting demographictrends in the use of technology, finding asteep rise in the number of people over65 who use smart phones and accesssocial media.57 This suggests that anincreasing number of adults of all agesThe cost of consumer loans/credithas increased by 10%, far more thanrises in income. There is also evidencethat people are using more creditto buy goods; which could result inunmanageable debts if they are unableto make repayments on time.56 Indeed,our survey found that of adults whoreported feeling stressed in the last year,more than one in five (22%) reportedfeeling stressed due to debt.ii Based on C2DE social gradeiii Based on ABC1 social grade15
are accessing social media and thussusceptible to the effects of social mediaon stress.that nearly half (49%) of 18-24 year oldswho have experienced high levels ofstress, felt that comparing themselvesto others was a source of stress, whichwas higher than in any of the older agegroups.The immediacy and ubiquity of socialmedia means that pressure to alwaysbe available online can have negativeimpacts. In our survey, of those adultsonline who reported feeling high levelsof stress, more than one in ten (12%) saidthat feeling like they need to respondinstantly to messages (e.g. replying toWhatsApp messages, messages on socialmedia etc.) was a stressor.Wider issues that can act asstressorsEvents outside the sphere of ourimmediate personal lives can contributeto feelings of stress. Societal factorsranging from the daily news tocommuting delays can also take theirtoll.59 Natural disasters, as well as othertraumatic events can induce extremestress responses, including posttraumatic stress disorder.60Smartphones have become central tonavigating daily life. People are morelikely to access the internet via theirsmartphone, using it for a variety ofthings. Becoming over-dependant ona smartphone can be a risk, and somepeople feel anxious if their phone is notclose by, and even more so if it’s lost. Thisis most marked for people aged 18-34.58In the US, a recent survey of stress foundthat almost two-thirds of adults werevery or significantly stressed about thefuture of the nation (63%), followedswiftly by concerns about money (62%)and work (61%).61 In our survey, nearlyone in five (19%) adults in the UnitedKingdom who use the internet, and whoreported high levels of stress, said theirfeelings about current affairs were asource of stress.For young people the scrutiny of socialmedia can become overwhelming.The constant pressure to keep up withtheir peers for fear of being left out orexcluded can be a powerful source ofstress. For example, our survey found16
DISTRIBUTIONOF STRESSACROSS THEPOPULATION17
that 36% of women who felt high levelsof stress related this to their comfortwith their appearance and body image,compared to 23% of men, highlighting acritical need for preventative action.The distribution of stressors has beenfound to vary between groups. Onereview found that traumatic andstressful life events are more frequentlyreported in people living in deprivation,from minority ethnic communities, andin younger age groups (18 years andabove).62For adults aged over 55, personal longterm health conditions and/or thoseof close family and friends can be asignificant stressor. Our survey foundthat 44% of adults in this group reportedthis as a source of stress in the last year.One recent poll found that womenreport similar stressors to men; however,they prioritise them slightly differently.The leading stressors in women includepersonal finance (43%), health of familyand friends (41%) and personal health(40%), whereas for men it is workpressures (41%), personal health (32%)and personal finance (30%).63 Thesedifferences may in part be explained bytraditional gender roles and the way menand women are socialised.64For young people, our survey foundhousing worries (paying rent, affordingto buy a house) to be key stressors, withmore than one in three adults (32%)aged 18-24 reporting this as a source ofstress in the last year (compared to 22%of 45-54 year olds, and 7% of those aged55 ). They also reported higher stressrelated to the pressure to succeed, with60% of 18-24 year olds, and 41% of 2534 year olds reporting this as a stressor,compared to only 17% of 45-54 yearolds, and 6% of those aged 55 .Rates of emotional problems for youngwomen are higher than those foryoung men, and have been found to beincreasing, with national data findinghigher rates in 2014 compared to 2009data.65 Some researchers have theorisedthat this may be due, in part, to anincrease in concerns around body imageand how this impacts on self-esteemin young women.66, 67 Our survey foundFor young people in higher education,exams are considered to be reasonablyor very stressful (90.5%), so too hasthinking about their career prospects(75.2%) and having enough money to getby (68.2%).68For young people, oursurvey found housingworries to be key stressors,with more than one in threeadults (32%) aged 18-24reporting this as a source ofstress in the last year.18
HOW CANSTRESS BEADDRESSEDAND MANAGED?19
Given the potential impacts of prolongedstress, learning ways of managing,reducing, and preventing stress can beimportant tools for mental and physicalhealth and wellbeing.elsewhere in this report, often people areaffected by stressors that are beyondtheir direct control (e.g. living in poverty,discrimination, with long-term healthproblems etc.) so we must also considerwhat can be done at a wider communityand societal level to mitigate and reducelong-term stress.There are actions that can be taken byindividuals to do this, but as discussedTOP 10 INDIVIDUAL ACTIONSRealise when it is causing you a problem andidentify the causes.You need to make the connection between feeling tired or illwith the pressures you are faced with. Do not ignore physicalwarnings such as tense muscles, over-tiredness, headachesor migraines. Sort the possible reasons for your stress intothose with a practical solution, those that will get betteranyway given time, and those you can’t do anything about.Take control by taking small steps towards the things youcan improve.Review your lifestyle.Are you taking on too much? Are there things you are doingwhich could be handed over to someone else? Can you dothings in a more leisurely way? You may need to prioritisethings you are trying to achieve and reorganise your life sothat you are not trying to do everything at once.Build supportive relationships and socialnetworksFind close friends or family who can offer help and practicaladvice to support you to reduce your stress. Joining a clubor enrolling on a course are good ways to expand yoursocial networks and to encourage you to do somethingdifferent. Equally activities like volunteering can change yourperspective and helping others can have a beneficial impacton your mood.20
Eat Healthily.A healthy diet will reduce the risks of diet-related diseases.Also, there is a growing amount of evidence showinghow food affects our mood. Feelings of wellbeing can beprotected by ensuring that our diet provides adequateamounts of nutrients such as essential vitamins and minerals,as well as water.Be aware of your smoking, drinking andcaffeine intake.Even though they may seem to reduce tension, this ismisleading as they make problems worse. Alcohol andcaffeine can increase feelings of anxiety.Exercise.Physical exercise can be an excellent initial approach tomanaging the effects of stress. Even going out to get somefresh air and taking some light physical exercise, like walkingto the shops, can help when you feel stressed. You do notneed to do much, walking 15-20 minutes, three times a weekis a good way to feel better.69Take time out.Take time to relax. Saying ‘I just can’t take time off’ is nouse if you are forced to take time off later through ill health.Striking a balance between responsibility to others and toyourself is vital in reducing stress levels.Be mindful.Mindfulness meditation can be practiced anywhere at anytime. Research has suggested that it can be helpful formanaging and reducing the effect of stress, anxiety andother related problems such as insomnia, poor concentrationand low moods, in some people.70 Our ‘Be Mindful’ websitefeatures a specially-developed online course in mindfulness,as well as details of local courses in your area: https://bemindful.co.uk/21
Get some restful sleep.Sleeping problems are common when you’re suffering fromstress. Try to ensure you get enough rest. Writing down yourto do list for the next day can be useful in helping you toprioritise but also to park these plans before bed.71 For moretips on getting a good night’s sleep read our guide ‘ How to .sleep better at: erDon’t be too hard on yourself.Try to keep things in perspective. Look for things in your lifethat are positive and write down things that make you feelgrateful.If you continue to feel overwhelmed by yourstress seek professional help to show youhow to reduce and manage the stress you areexperiencing. Cognitive behavioural therapy(CBT) has been shown to be helpful in reducingstress by changing the way we think aboutstressful situations; this might include focusingon more positive elements of a situation andreassessing what their likely impact might be.72Other psychosocial interventions include briefinterpersonal counselling which gives people theopportunity to discuss recent stressful situationsand develop coping strategies to address these.7322
Community and SocietalActionsleadership and line management trainingand workplace interventions to reducestress and improve mental health atwork.75The topic of stress is a broad one thatcovers many aspects of life. Despitethe breadth of this topic and with somenotable exceptions many stress-specificinterventions are focussed on theindividual, highlighting a need for furtherresearch and innovation in this area andin particular around those communityand wider societal stress reductionmeasures. Given this, we have selecteda couple of top-line examples of wherestress can be addressed systematically.Mental Health and wellbeingfor everyone: There are variousinterventions for promoting mentalhealth and wellbeing at national andcommunity level. Although they maynot be focused on reducing stressspecifically, they do target many of thepotential consequences, such as mentalhealth issues, suicide, health inequalitiesand premature mortality and many ofthe determinants are the same. RecentPublic Health England (PHE) guidancedetails the responsibilities of healthcareprofessionals and local authoritiesin this area.76 One eleme
Good mental health is fundamental to thriving in life. It is the essence of who we are and how we experience the world. Yet, compared to physical health, so little is commonly known about mental ill health and how to prevent it. That must change. The Mental Health Foundation is the UK's charity for everyone's mental health.
Mental Health, Mental Health Europe NGO and the UK Royal College of Psychiatrists7. "No health without mental health" has also been adopted by the Irish organisation Mental Health Ireland, Supporting Positive Mental Health. Burden of Mental Disorders Mental disorders have been found to be common, with over a third of people worldwide
3.2 european Policy 12 3.4 Happiness and wellbeing debates 14 4.0 Concepts and definitions: what is mental health? 15 4.1 Dual continuum model of mental health 16 4.2 Measuring mental health 17 5.0 Benefits of mental health promotion 19 5.1 Benefits of preventing mental illness 19 5.2 Benefits of promoting positive mental health 22
15099.1 Mental health & Work report:15099.1 Mental health & Work report 7/7/08 16:19 Page 3 BACKGROUND 1 1.1oduction Intr 1 1.2ental Malth he problems and their prevalence 1 1.3ctors Fat tha affect the prevalence of mental health problems 2 1.4ciation Asso between mental health and physical health 2 1.5reatment T and outcomes 2 1.6he T impact and cost of mental health problems 3
3.1 Prevalence of mental ill health 9 3.2 Mental health service need 9 3.3 Mental health service provision gap 10 3.4 Housing system and homelessness 10 3.5 Entries into homelessness 11 3.6 Mental health and housing system capacity 12. 4 Links between housing and mental health 13 5 Housing for people with lived experience of mental ill health 16
A mental health policy (1996) and plan (2007-2011) existed. Emergency and disaster plans for mental health did not exist. Legislation A new Mental Health Act 846 2012 was passed in 2012 and was awaiting Government to establish the Mental Health Board. Financing of mental health services Mental health had a ring-fenced budget of 1.4% of
mental health is about much more than mental illness, and that there are significant benefits to be gained by approaching mental health from a public health perspective. Positive mental health, mental wellness and mental health promotion have emerged as the missing pieces in a system that has traditionally been
Mental capacity and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 - A literature review 1.0 SUMMARY This literature review was carried out to collate academic literature relating to mental capacity issues and to the implementation of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Mental capacity is the ability to make one's own decisions. The Mental Capacity Act (MCA),
BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI 2.1 Program Pensiun 2.1.1 Definisi Program Pensiun Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 tahun 1992 tentang Dana Pensiun didefinisikan bahwa program pensiun adalah setiap program yang mengupayakan manfaat pensiun bagi peserta. Manfaat pensiun itu berupa pembayaran berkala yang diberikan setelah peserta mencapai usia pensiun. Definisi tentang Dana Pensiun .
