EAZA Best Practice Guidelines YELLOW-FOOTED ROCK WALLABY

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EAZA Best Practice GuidelinesYELLOW-FOOTED ROCKWALLABY(Petrogale xanthopus)Compiled byH. Birot, A. Nowakowski, A. Petry, S. Brando and B. QuintardEditor:Name of TAG:TAG Chair:Mulhouse zoo, FranceEAZA Monotreme and MarsupialF. NielsenCopenhagen ZooEdition 1Publication date:2022

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First editionEAZA Best Practice Guidelines disclaimerCopyright (October 2021) by EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. All rights reserved. No partof this publication may be reproduced in hard copy, machine‐readable or other forms withoutadvance written permission from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Members ofthe European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) may copy this information for their own use asneeded.The information contained in these EAZA Best Practice Guidelines has been obtained fromnumerous sources believed to be reliable. EAZA and the EAZA Monotreme and Marsupial TAG makea diligent effort to provide a complete and accurate representation of the data in its reports,publications, and services. However, EAZA does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, orcompleteness of any information. EAZA disclaims all liability for errors or omissions that may existand shall not be liable for any incidental, consequential, or other damages (whether resulting fromnegligence or otherwise) including, without limitation, exemplary damages or lost profits arising outof or in connection with the use of this publication. Because the technical information provided inthe EAZA Best Practice Guidelines can easily be misread or misinterpreted unless properly analysed,EAZA strongly recommends that users of this information consult with the editors in all mattersrelated to data analysis and interpretation.EAZA PreambleRight from the very beginning it has been the concern of EAZA and the EEPs to encourageand promote the highest possible standards for husbandry of zoo and aquarium animals. For thisreason, quite early on, EAZA developed the “Minimum Standards for the Accommodation and Careof Animals in Zoos and Aquaria”. These standards lay down general principles of animal keeping, towhich the members of EAZA feel themselves committed. Above and beyond this, some countrieshave defined regulatory minimum standards for the keeping of individual species regarding the sizeand furnishings of enclosures etc., which, according to the opinion of authors, should definitely befulfilled before allowing such animals to be kept within the area of the jurisdiction of those countries.These minimum standards are intended to determine the borderline of acceptable animal welfare. Itis not permitted to fall short of these standards. How difficult it is to determine the standards,however, can be seen in the fact that minimum standards vary from country to country.Above and beyond this, specialists of the EEPs and TAGs have undertaken the considerabletask of laying down guidelines for keeping individual animal species. Whilst some aspects ofhusbandry reported in the guidelines will define minimum standards, in general, these guidelines arenot to be understood as minimum requirements; they represent best practice. As such the EAZA BestPractice Guidelines for keeping animals intend rather to describe the desirable design of enclosuresand prerequisites for animal keeping that are, according to the present state of knowledge,considered as being optimal for each species. They intend above all to indicate how enclosuresshould be designed and what conditions should be fulfilled for the optimal care of individual species.2

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First editionAcknowledgementsMany thanks for their precious proof review to:- Ros Wilkins from the Wildlife Trade Regulation, CITES Management AuthorityDepartment of Agriculture, Water and the Environment,- Mélanie Berthet, Frank Brandstätter, Maria Delclaux, Šárka Mikátová from the speciescommittee,- Charlotte Desbois, Liliane Montjardet and Brice Lefaux from Mulhouse Zoo PopulationManagement team.Moreover, we thank Michelle Shaw who helped us writingthe nutrition part and Sabrina Brando for the wellbeing one.We would like to address our warm thanks to David Di Paolo for the drawings, to Michel Foosand Eric Isselée for the pictures.We would also like to thank Flemming Nielsen, the TAG chair, as well as Matthias Papies andAchim Winkler the two Vice-TAG chairs of the Monotreme and Marsupial TAG for approving the BestPractice Guidelines Questionnaire.Furthermore, we thank all the 10 institutions which participated in our survey:3

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First editionSummaryEndemic from Australia, the yellow-footed rock wallaby (YFRW) is listed as Near Threatened (IUCN,2016) because its habitat is fragmented and declining (probably not much greater than 20,000 km2)and its population is likely to be less than 10,000 mature individuals. Due to its IUCN status, YFRWs inare under intensive level of management under an Ex-situ Programme (EEP) in European zoos. Thepurpose of this programme is to secure a genetically healthy and sustainable captive populationwhich may serve as a backup population for the wild.This species is closely follow-up by the Australian government and deep cooperative conservationefforts are implemented between the EEP and the Australian government. It is an AmbassadorAgreement (AA) species and the Department of the Environment and Water Resources (DEW) ofAustralia ensures that all holding institutions meet the husbandry and management requirements forthe species, following their own Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines.These Best Practice Guidelines combine all our current knowledge about general biology andhusbandry requirements to provide a high level of well-being for YFRWs in captivity. It is addressedto YFRWs holders to get the most up to date knowledge on housing this emblematic species in theappropriate and best possible way, and for future holders which should be prepared to offer to theanimals optimal housing and care. Regularly consulting the Guidelines and sharing them with all staffmembers (especially keepers!) is recommended. Holders are advised to contact TAG members withany concerns or queries about YFRWs husbandry.Section1. Biology and Field Data reflects our current knowledge of this species in the naturalenvironment using the most recent taxonomic information. The philosophy behind this is that ex-situconservation can be used more effectively as a conservation tool if it is part of an integratedapproach to species conservation (IUCN, 2014). The potential need for a conservation role of an EAZAex-situ population has therefore been decided in consultation with in-situ specialists. This sectionprovides wide and actual information.Section 2. Management in Zoos covers housing and exhibition, nutrition, food presentation, welfareand enrichment, social structure, behaviour, and veterinary care. This part was written relying on onesurvey realized in March-April 2021 among all the 10 European institutions housing YFRWs. Controlof breeding is an essential component of successful managed programmes and comprehensiveinformation to assist zoo veterinarians to decide on the most appropriate contraception method fortheir animals is provided. Managed programmes rely on control of breeding and movement ofanimals between zoos. This document provides advice on birth control, handling, and transportation.A comprehensive veterinary section provides information on current knowledge on all aspects ofmedical care. It is essential that YFRWs are provided with complex environments and there isdetailed practical information on environmental enrichment and medical training.Section 3: References & Appendices includes, amongst other documents, a summary of referencesto each section and examples of appropriate YFRWs diet provided in different EEP institutions.4

Table of contentsSection 1: Biology and field data . 101.Taxonomy . 121)Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupialia) . 122)Order Diprotodontia. 133)Sub-Order Macropodiformes . 144)Family Macropodidae . 145)Sub-family Macropodinae . 146)Genus Petrogale . 147)Species yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus) . 162.Morphology . 161)Body size . 162)General description . 163)Atypical anatomy. 173.Longevity . 194.Zoography and ecology . 191)Distribution . 192)Habitat . 193)Threats. 204)Conservation Status . 205.Diet and feeding behaviour . 206.Reproduction . 217.Behaviours . 22Section 2: Management in zoos . 241.Housing . 261)Indoor enclosure . 262)Outdoor enclosure . 292.Feeding . 321)Basic diet . 332)Special dietary requirements . 343)Method of feeding. 344)Water . 343.Social environment. 341)Group structure and size . 342)General behaviour repertoire and communication . 353)Introduction methods . 354)Mixed species exhibit . 36

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First edition4.Breeding . 371)Reproductive strategies . 372)Pregnancy and parturition. 373)Development of the joey . 374)Pouch-check . 395)Hand rearing . 396)Cross-fostering . 405.Population management . 406.Animal management . 401)Animal training . 402)Handling . 413)Transportation . 427.Animal welfare . 431)Assessing animal welfare . 442)Choice and control . 448.Veterinary: Considerations for wellbeing. 451)Routine Health Inspections . 452)Clinical techniques. 483)Preventive health . 564)Overview of diseases in yellow-footed rock wallabies. 575)Non-infectious diseases. 586)Infectious diseases . 639.Contraception . 751)Males . 752)Females. 7510.Specific problems . 7811.Recommended research . 78References . 79Appendix . 896

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First editionList of figuresFigure 1 : Global geographic repartition of marsupial species. 12Figure 2 : Phylogeny of the Metatheria infraclass . 13Figure 3 : Two anatomic key features of diprotodonts . 14Figure 4 : Illustrations of the six different species of Petrogalehold in captivity . 15Figure 5 : Anatomy of the epipubic bones in Macropodids . 18Figure 6 : Distribution map of Petrogale xanthopus in Australia. . 19Figure 7 : Reproductive cycle of yellow-footed rock wallabies . 21Figure 8 : Body scoring for YFRW on tail vertebras . 45Figure 9 : Overview of diseases in Petrogale xanthopus in ZIMS medical . 58Figure 10 : Traumatic injuries reported by European holders of YFRWs . 59Figure 11 : Skin pathologies ever reported by European holders of YFRWs. 59List of tablesTable 1 : Body size of Petrogale xanthopus xanthopus and Petrogale xanthopus celeris . 16Table 2 : General description of P.x.xanthopus and P.x.celeris. 17Table 3 : Advantages and disadvantages of different types of barrier . 32Table 4 : Mixed exhibit actually done in European Zoos with YFRWs . 36Table 5 : Hematological normal values in yellow-footed rock wallabies (Petrogale xanthopus) . 51Table 6 : Biochemistry normal values in yellow-footed rock wallabies (Petrogale xanthopus) . 53Table 7 : Petrogale xanthopus morbidity and mortality analysis. 58List of picturesPicture 1 : Full-face and side profile photos of an adult Petrogale xanthopus xanthopus . 17Picture 2 : Litter used in indoor enclosure . 27Picture 3 : Indoor elevated door . 28Picture 4 : Indoor facilities and Vari-kennels disposal at Besançon zoo and Parc Zoologique etBotanique de Mulhouse . 28Picture 5 : An adult YFRW in the snow . 29Picture 6 : Example of a complex environment at Mulhouse zoo and Besançon Zoo . 30Picture 7 : Example of a complex environment at La Boissière du Doré Zoo and African Safari . 31Picture 8 : Complete digestive tract of a Yellow-footed rock-wallaby . 33Picture 9 : Mucous plug on a YFRW female's cloaca . 37Picture 10 : Female YFRW with joey (bumpy pouch, head out, head and forearms out). 37Picture 11 : Different development stages in pouch of a YFRW joey (estimated ages). 38Picture 12 : Sex identification of joeys in pouch: females and males . 39Picture 13 : Medical training on an adult YFRW for voluntary weighting for voluntary weighting . 41Picture 14 : Handling methods of YFRWs . 42Picture 15 : Large vari kennels used for transportation. . 43Picture 16 : Different health checks on YFRW individuals: dental check, routine pouch check, cardiorespiratory auscultation . 46Picture 17 : Mucous stopper emitted by the female before parturition . 47Picture 18 : Microchip reading on a young and on an adult . 48Picture 19 : Putting up a microchip on a young YFRW; ear tag on an imported YFRW . 48Picture 20 : Facial marking can help recognize individuals . 49Picture 21 : Intubation technique: maximal extension of the head in order to see the trachealopening. . 49Picture 22 : Monitoring on an anesthetized animal with a pulse oximeter and a stethoscope . 50Picture 23 : Ventral tail vein punction site and lateral caudal vein punction site. 50Picture 24 : Catheter on the lateral caudal vein on an anesthetized YFRW. . 517

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First editionPicture 25 : Necropsies of YFRW: epipubic bone which can be observed in males and females andabdominal organs after opening the abdominal wall . 55Picture 26 : Necropsies of a normal spleen with two tails and a complete digestive tract . 55Picture 27 : Necropsies of the urogenital tract of female and male, and the 3 part vagina in YFRW . 55Picture 28 : Intranasal toxoplasmosis vaccine administration . 56Picture 29 : Mammary cyst on a female YFRW . 60Picture 30 : Severe scale formation on all teeth of an old YFRW. 60Picture 31 : Calcium carbonate urolith of an YFRW . 61Picture 32 : Necropsy of urolith in the right ureter of a YFRW causing an hydro ureter and renalurolith . 62Picture 33 : Wet forearms can be an indicator of lumpy jaw. . 64Picture 34 : Osteomyelitis caused by chronic lumpy jaw on a Bennet wallaby . 64Picture 35 : Photos of poisoning plants. 74List of abbreviationsBPGQ: Best Practice Guidelines QuestionnaireHR: Heart RateMCH: Mean Corpuscular HemoglobinMCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ConcentrationMCV: Mean Corpuscular VolumeM&M TAG: Monotreme and Marsupial TAGPY: Pouch YoungRR: Respiratory RateYFRW: Yellow-footed Rock Wallaby8

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First edition9

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First editionSection 1: Biology and field data10

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First edition11

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First edition1. PetrogalePetrogale xanthopus, Gray 1855, Flinders Ranges, South Australia, Australia1) Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupialia)The infraclass of Metatheria has diverged from the Theria in the Jurassic, around 160 millionyears ago (Luo et al., 2011). It contains all the seven marsupial orders, equivalent to more than 300living species. All marsupial mammals share a reproductive strategy, giving birth to undevelopedyoung nursing them in a pouch or marsupium, and having prolonged investment in lactation (Aplin &Archer, 1987; May-Collado et al., 2015). Marsupials mostly inhabit Australasia and America (Nilssonet al., 2010).Figure 1 : Global geographic repartition of marsupial species12

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First editionFigure 2 : Phylogeny of the Metatheria infraclass2) Order DiprotodontiaThe phylogeny of the Diprotodontia is still controversial but this order represents the largestone in marsupials with more than 125 living species. The Integrated Taxonomic Information System(ITIS) classified them into three sub-orders:- Vombatiformes which encompass the wombats and koalas,- Phalangeriformes composed of possums and gliders, which are entirely arboreal,- Macropodiformes composed of kangaroos and wallabies.The Diprotodontia are characterized by two key anatomical features. Their name comes fromthe meaning "two front teeth”. All diprotodonts species have a pair of large, procumbent incisors onthe lower jaw and lack lower canines. Most of them have three pairs of incisors in their upper jaws,but this number is reduced to only one pair in one family, the wombats (Meredith et al., 2009). Thesecond trait distinguishing diprotodonts is "syndactyly", a fusing of the second and third digits of thefoot up to the base of the claws, which leaves the claws themselves separate. Digit five is usuallyabsent, and digit four is often greatly enlarged. Syndactyly is generally considered as an adaptation toclimbing locomotion. However, many modern diprotodonts are strictly terrestrial and havedeveloped further adaptations to their feet. Most of the living (and extinct) diprotodonts areherbivorous, but few species specialized for nectarivory, folivory, and insect-omnivory (Aplin &Archer, 1987).13

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First editionFigure 3 : Two anatomic key features of diprotodonts: The lower jaw (right) and the syndactyly (left)3) Sub-Order MacropodiformesThe Macropodiformes, as well known as macropods, are divided in three families:- Hypsiprymnodontidae,- Macropodidae,- Potoroidae.4) Family MacropodidaeThis is the second largest family of Marsupials and is composed of two sub-families:- Sthenurinae represented by a single extant species, the banded hare-wallaby;- Macropodinae ( 60 extant species).Macropodids live in all regions and habitats of mainland Australia, New Guinea, Tasmaniaand on some nearby islands (van Dyck & Strahan, 2008).5) Sub-family MacropodinaeThis sub-family is composed of 10 genera:- Dendrolagus (tree-kangaroos),- Dorcopsis (New Guinean forest wallabies),- Dorcopsulus (lesser dorcopsises),- Lagorchestes (hare-wallabies),- Macropus (kangaroos, wallaroos and wallabies),- Onychogalea (nail-tail wallabies),- Petrogale (rock-wallabies),- Setonix (quokka),- Thylogale (pademelons),- Wallabia (swamp wallabies).6) Genus PetrogaleThe brush-tailed rock wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) was the first species of rock-wallabies tobe described in 1825 (Gray, 1827). Dr. John Edward Gray originally described it as Kanguruspenicillatus. The species name penicillata is derived from the Latin penicillus meaning brush. Gray14

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First editionofficially removed it from the genus Macropus but named a new genus Petrogale (petro rock, gale weasel) in 1837 (Gray, 1837).The genus Petrogale is the most diverse macropod genus and presents a high level ofspeciation. Species inhabit complex rocky habitats such as cliffs, gorges, outcrops and escarpments(Van Dyck and Strahan 2008) which have encouraged phylogeographical isolations and their rapiddiversification (Potter et al., 2014). In total, 23 species have been described, currently grouped into16 species (Eldridge and Close, 1992).Figure 4 : Illustrations of the six different species of Petrogalehold in captivity (Toni Llobet, Lynx Edicions )From top left to bottom right : Petrogale persephone ; Petrogale concinna canescens ; Petrogale penicillata ; Petrogalelateralis lateralis ; Petrogale xanthopus celeris and Petrogale xanthopus xanthopus.15

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for yellow-footed rock wallaby – First edition7) Species yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus)This species has a discontinuous geographical distribution and is divided into 2 subspecies:- Petrogale xanthopus xanthopus Gray, 1855 in South Australia and New South Wales(NSW),- Petrogale xanthopus celeris Le Souef, 1924 in Queensland.Dr. Gray originally described it as the yellow-le

The information contained in these EAZA Best Practice Guidelines has been obtained from numerous sources believed to be reliable. EAZA and the EAZA Monotreme and Marsupial TAG make a diligent effort to provide a complete and accurate representation of the data in its reports, publications, and services.

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