IUCN SSC Asian Songbird Trade Specialist Group
IUCN SSCAsian Songbird TradeSpecialist Group2019 ReportDavid JeggoChairMission statementTargets for the 2017-2020 quadrenniumDavid Jeggo (1)AssessStuart Marsden (2) (Field research)Frank Rheindt (3) (Genetics)Andrew Owen and Luis Neves (4) (Ex situ breeding and reintroduction)Chris Shepherd (5) (Trade and legislation)Anuj Jain and Novia Sagita (6) (Education andcommunity engagement)The IUCN Asian Songbird Trade Specialist Group(ASTSG) exists to prevent the imminent extinction of songbirds threatened by unsustainabletrapping and the trade in wild-caught passerines. In addition, it seeks to address the impactof the trade and to find solutions through whichthe growing threat to an ever increasing numberof songbird species can be reversed andimprove the conservation status of all speciesinvolved.Red List Authority CoordinatorProjected impact for the 2017-2020BirdLife ation(1)Jersey, Chanel Islands, British IslesManchester Metropolitan University,Manchester, UK(3) Department of Biological Sciences,National University of Singapore, Singapore(4) Chester Zoo, UK and Wildlife ReservesSingapore, Singapore(5) Big Lake Ranch, B. C., Canada(6) Birdlife Asia and Planet Indonesia(2)Number of members50The ASTSG gained official approval in mid-2017.This gave additional impetus to activities aimedat addressing the threat faced by a number ofspecies as a result of the caged bird trade. Asan outcome of the Songbirds Crisis Summits,hosted by Wildlife Reserves Singapore inOctober 2015 and February 2017, the Group hadan existing framework allowing it to target andprioritise activities. The up-listing in the 2016Red List of a number of the songbirds withinthe Group’s focus, several to Critically Endangered, underlined the urgency of implementingmeasures to address their conservation needs.In September 2017, the European Associationof Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) launched a newconservation campaign, “Silent Forest” (https://www.silentforest.eu/), which will raise muchneeded awareness and funding in supportof the Asian Songbird Crisis. We, along withTRAFFIC and Birdlife, have signed as partners to the campaign. The resulting funds willgo directly to projects that the group sees aspriorities and therefore will directly support ouractivities.Research activities: (1) conservation of Tenggara Hill Myna (Gracula venerata); (2) field studyof Black-winged Myna (Acridotheres melanopterus) and Bali Myna (Leucopsar rothschildi); (3) conduct socio-economic researchon cagebird keeping in Java; (4) re-survey JavanWhite-eye (Zosterops flavus); (5) survey Javamountains targeting Critically Endangeredsongbirds; (6) survey Mt. Slamat for CriticallyEndangered subspecies of the Rufous-frontedLaughingthrush (Garrulax rufifrons slamatensis); (7) publish papers that provide data onthe trade in Asian songbirds and its effects;(8) conduct Blue-crowned Laughingthrush(Garrulax courtoisi) status survey; (9) conductSangkar White-eye (Zosterops melanurus)status survey; (10) conduct Bare-throated Whistler (Pachycephala nudigula) survey and trademonitoring; (11) White-eye from Wangi Wangi(Zosterops spp.) taxonomic and populationstatus; (12) conduct Collared Laughingthrush(Trochalopteron yersini) surveys; (13) analysegenomics of Straw-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotuszeylanicus); (14) study of genomics of Magpierobins; (15) taxonomy of West Sumatran IslandsHill Mynas; (16) Straw-headed Bulbul historicdecline; (17) Straw-headed Bulbul populationsurvey Singapore; (18) conduct surveys in NorthSumatra to establish more precisely the statusof a number of songbirds, including Sumatran Laughingthrush (Garrulax bicolor), Sumatran Mesia (Leiothrix laurinae), Aceh Bulbul(Pycnonotus snouckaerti), Ruby-throated Bulbul(Rubigula dispar) and Sunda Laughingthrush(Garrulax palliatus); (19) understand hobbyists:songbird owners and drivers of joining songbirdcompetitions in Java.
Aerial view of PCBA Songbird ConservationBreeding Centre, Prigen, West JavaPhoto: ASTSG archivesPlanCommunication: (1) compile best practiceguidelines for Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush;(2) compile best practice guidelines for BaliMyna.Planning: hold biennial meeting of ASTSG.Policy: raise awareness of the significance ofinternational trade in songbirds in the CITESarena.ActCapacity building: citizen science: promote birdwatching as an alternative to bird keeping.Communication: engage in school educationprogrammes.Conservation actions: (1) establish captivepopulation of Javan Green Magpie (Cissa thalassina); (2) support conservation breeding centresin-country; (3) Blue-crowned Laughingthrush,Global Species Management Programme(GSMP); (4) conservation of endemic Hill Mynasand Shamas (Kittacincla spp.) in the West Sumatran (Barusan) Islands; (5) community engagement to save the Straw-headed Bulbul in Singapore; (6) establish a conservation breedingprogramme for Javan Pied Starling (Gracupicajalla); (7) engage songbird breeders and competition event organisers.Research activities: (1) conduct captivebreeding trials on Greater Green Leafbird (Chloropsis sonnerati); (2) alternative livelihoods:remove social barriers that can reduce songbird trapping pressure; (3) alternative livelihoods: close down songbird shops and movetraders onto new sources of income via microfinance; (4) understand hobbyists: songbirdowners in Singapore; (5) explore perceptionstowards bird keeping in Singapore; (6) alternative livelihoods: engage local community in BaliMyna conservation; (7) conservation genomicstudy of Javan Pied Starling; (8) study on theconservation genomics of Black-winged Myna;(9) study the conservation genomics of Rufousfronted Laughingthrush; (10) Big Month citizenscience event; (11) citizen science: promote birdwatching as an alternative to bird keeping.Synergy: partner the European Associationof Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) conservationcampaign “Silent Forest” to raise awarenessand funds in support of the Asian SongbirdCrisis.Activities and results 2019AssessResearch activitiesi. Work conducted on status of the TenggaraHill Myna, including the impact of collection forcagebirds. (KSR #12)ii. Field study of Black-winged Myna and BaliMyna: Data collection undertaken in Bali BaratNational Park on Bali Myna; two data collectionsundertaken in Baluran National Park on Greybacked Myna (Acridotheres tricolor); three PhDwrite ups commenced. (KSR #12)iii. Paper published in Biological Conservation: Marshall, H., et al. (2020). Spatio-temporal dynamics of consumer demanddriving the Asian Songbird Crisis. BiologicalConservation 241:1082372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108237]. Harry Marshall andcolleagues at Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) undertook the first large-scaleinvestigation of consumer demand for cagebirds in Indonesia, since 2007. The headline
White-eyes, Zosterop melanurus buxtoni, for sale in a market.In 2019, research showed that this widely traded White-eye,previously considered to be the Least Concern OrientalWhite-eye, Z. palpebrosus, is a separate species, the SangkarWhite-eye, Z. melanurus, which was then listed as VulnerablePhoto: Andrew Owen, Chester Zooresult reveals that one third of Java’s 36 millionhouseholds keep approximately 66–84 millioncagebirds, over half of which are non-nativespecies. It contributes to conservation effortsby providing estimates of the numbers of birdsin households and trends over time to informconservation priority setting exercises byIUCN or CITES. The paper also demonstratesthe importance of understanding variation inconsumer demand for cagebirds to informevidence-based behaviour change interventions. It contributes to future demand reduction efforts to decrease the threat posed bybird keeping to wild populations by highlightingregional hotspots where demand for songbirdsis high. The paper received extensive mediacoverage and appeared as an item on the televised BBC news 744435). (KSR #43)iv. A survey on Javan White-eye carried outsome years ago was repeated. The results ofthis are being written up. (KSR #12)v. A number of Javan Mountains have beensurveyed by a team of researchers. The resultsof this MMU/Rainforest Trust project are beinganalysed. (KSR #12)vi. A survey on Mt. Slamat for the CriticallyEndangered subspecies of the Rufous-frontedLaughingthrush was done as a priority as part ofa Java Mountain project. The results are as yetunpublished. (KSR #12)vii. The Blue-crowned Laughingthrush statussurvey is being undertaken as a three-year PhDstudentship. The first two years of the PhD arecompleted. (KSR #12)viii. The Sangkar White-eye recently split asgood species. It is heavily traded and thereforethere is a need to establish the impact of thistrade on its status in the wild, and a survey isrequired. (KSR #12)Meeting of the Asian Songbird Trade Specialist Group’s coregroup in Singapore March 2019Photo: Jess Lee, Wildlife Reserves Singapore
ix. The yet undescribed Wangi Wangi White-eyeflagged up as extensively in trade. As endemicto the small island of Wangi Wangi, the population must be small and vulnerable. A briefvisit to island found it extant and quite easy tolocate. (KSR #12)x. Trade in Collared Laughingthrush may be atlow level and therefore not of great concern,but this has not yet been accessed. Link within-country conservationists and BirdLife. (KSR#12)xi. A study on detailed population survey ofStraw-headed Bulbul across Singapore is inreview (Chiok et al.). (KSR #12)xii . Analyses in conservation genomics ofMagpie-robins are ongoing. (KSR #12)xiii. A study on West Sumatran island taxa/populations of Hill Mynas is in final stages ofacceptance by Ibis (now with the journal fortypesetting): Ng et al. (2020). (KSR #12)xiv. A study on range-wide historic decline andpopulation trajectory of Straw-headed Bulbul inreview (Chiok et al.). (KSR #12)xv. A study on detailed population survey ofxvii. Research was conducted to understandthe economy of songbird competitions andassess what is the potential to introduce captivebred birds. Data was acquired in the latterhalf of 2019 through socio-economic surveys.Approximately 11,300 participants in the wholesix provinces of Java were interviewed: owners(not songbird competition goers), songbirdcompetition goers, sellers (180 sellers in sixprovinces) and around 30 songbird competition organisers. With competition organisers,they asked if the competition will be open toincluding captive bred birds in their competition.The participants were generally receptive whentalking about the economy and captive bredbirds. Some in Jakarta were quite closed andunhappy with our presence. (KSR #31)PlanCommunicationi. Best Practice Guidelines for Rufous-frontedLaughingthrush compiled by Anise Tritto andofficially approved by EAZA. (KSR #28)ii. Work on Best Practice Guidelines for BaliMyna is ongoing. (KSR #28)Straw-headed Bulbul across Singapore in review(Chiok et al.). (KSR #12)Planningxvi. No real progress with surveys in NorthASTSG held a meeting prior to a three-dayconference. On day 1, each sub-group reportedon their achievements for the past year. Onday 2, each sub-group met separately anddiscussed and agreed priorities for the nextyear and beyond. On day 3, sub-groupsreported back on the previous day’s discussions. Some 50 members of ASTSG attended.Sumatra to establish the status of a numberof songbirds, but the project remains a highpriority. The resulting clearer picture of thestatus of, in particular, Sumatran Mesia andAceh Bulbul will be valuable in the planning ofthe actions required to conserve them. Information from the field on other species such asSumatran Laughingthrush and Ruby-throatedBulbul will also be extremely useful. (KSR #12)i. Biennial meeting of ASTSG: Core group ofPolicyi. Jointly with the US and Sri Lanka, we have putin a position statement on international trade ofsongbirds to CITES and held a side event at theMeeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP)to CITES. (KSR #26)ActCapacity buildingi. Promotion of bird watching as an alternativeto bird keeping: Birdwatching activities engagingstudents and the public were conducted inBandung, Bogor and Jakarta. Capacity buildingwas provided to university students in Java onbird and biodiversity survey methods. This ledto a bird monitoring activity in Bogor BotanicalGarden involving university students.Communicationi. Visits to schools are carried out on an ad hocbasis and presentations given about the workthat Cikananga carries out and why, and aboutecosystem values of the surrounding area. Bothtopics cover songbird conservation.ii. The Education team has undertakenprogrammes in all schools in Melinggih Kelodand Melinggih villages with curriculum rangingfrom kindergarten to year 7; the high schoolcurriculum includes ecotourism and its benefit.Another focus area is about waste managementand recycling.Conservation actionsi. The European Ex situ Programme (EEP)for Javan Green Magpie was approved. Thisincludes holdings in Javan conservationbreeding centres. (KSR #25)ii. Conservation breeding centres in-country:The centre at Cikananga has received funds torebuild several of its aviary blocks. The breedingcentre at Prigen continues to increase thenumber of aviaries and develop. Constructionof a block of aviaries at the Haven in Sumatrawas commenced and the Facility for Hill Mynason Nias continued to be developed. Much ofthe funding for these developments came fromEAZA’s Silent Forest Campaign. (KSR #25)
iii. Blue-crowned Laughingthrush, GlobalSpecies Management Programme (GSMP): Theannual meeting to draw up the managementplan for the following year was held in Prague.The GSMP manages three regional populations:Europe, North America and Asia. In 2019, theglobal ex situ population was almost 300 individuals. (KSR #25)viii. A captive population of Straw-headedv. Perceptions towards bird keeping in Singa-Bulbul is being established. Jurong Bird Park,Singapore, now has a number of breeding pairsand are starting to build an ex situ population.They are in the process of establishing BestPractice Guidelines from their experiences. Thegoals of the conservation breeding programmeare yet to be set. (KSR #25)pore: We investigated the relationships betweenpeople’s relationship with nature and pet birds.We also asked if songbird keeping was a funhobby, part of culture and tradition in Singaporeand perceptions about captive bred or wildcaught songbirds.iv. Status surveys of endemic Hill Mynas andResearch activitiesShamas have been conducted; two conservation breeding programmes are being planned;some community work is underway, but thisneeds to be ramped up and tailored towards theconservation of these target species. Resultsinclude a study on the extinction-in-progressof Barusan Shama (Rheindt, F., et al. 2019. Theextinction-in-progress in the wild of the BarusanShama Copsychus (malabaricus) melanurus.Forktail 35:28-35). We have engagement withthe Ecosystem Impact Foundation NGO basedin Simeulue. (KSR #12, 25)i. Small captive populations of Greater Greenv. As part of the Straw-headed Bulbul conser-vation planning workshop in May 2019 in Singapore, a local working group was setup in whichcommunity engagement was identified as asubgroup. Activities identified include raisingawareness about the beauty of this bird amongthe Singaporean public, conducting walks forpoliticians, and developing citizen scienceefforts.vi. Conservation breeding programme for JavanPied Starling commenced at Prigen Conservation Breeding Ark. (KSR #25)vii. We maintained communication with thebreeders and event organisers of songbirdcompetition in Java. Some of them alreadyestablished associations to accommodate thehobbyists and develop relevant programmes.(KSR #29)Leafbird are now present at both Jurong BirdPark and the Breeding Centre at Prigen andsome breeding activity is taking place. (KSR #32)ii. To reduce exploitative activities, such as birdtrapping, which is a major part of the work inall three landscapes, we use a ConservationCooperative approach, to secure resilient livelihoods, improve Community Health and Voluntary Family Planning, improve access to education, hire locals in SMART Patrols, reforestation(for Kubu Raya only), sustainable agriculture andagroforestry (for GNPL and AS landscapes only),and fisheries management (Kubu Raya only).The programme is underway. (KSR #36)vi. Six local breeders were engaged in acommunity-based conservation programmefor Bali Mynas. Birds were released through acommunity release programme. The communitysupports this initiative. A local village residentsaid, “I like to see the Bali Mynas flying aroundand especially when they come to my house!I don’t need to buy a bird myself to be put ina cage when I can see them fly.” This demonstrates a shift in mindset whereby locals cansee that birds can also be enjoyed in the wild,not that they have to be kept as pets.vii. A study (Baveja et al.) on conservationgenomics and identification of founders for aJavan Pied Starling breeding programme is nowsubmitted to a journal. (KSR #25)viii. A study (Sadanandan et al.) on conser-owners was completed and published in Journalof Tropical Conservation Science. (KSR #32)vation genomics and identification of bestbreeding strategies for Black-winged Mynas isnow submitted to a journal. (KSR #25)iv. Understand hobbyists: songbird ownersix. Results of work on the conservationin Singapore: Surveys with songbird owners(n 114) were conducted from November 2018–February 2019 so as to determine their demography and motivational factors for owning songbirds and whether they had any preference forwild-caught or captive bred birds. A peer-reviewed publication is being developed. Onefollow up activity is to test out various campaignmessages to see which ones are the mostpersuasive.genomics of Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush arebeing written up. (KSR #43)iii. A socio-economic study of songbird shopx. Promotion of bird watching as an alternativeto bird keeping: Forty Bali Myna were releasedin the Bali Safari Park area in April 2019, withbird watching societies, conservation agenciesin Bali, and communities around Bali Safari Parkinvited along with the Deputy Governor of Bali.xi. Promotion of bird watching as an alternative to bird keeping: Socialisation activities forthe return and release of the Bali Myna wereconducted from January–March 2019 in three
villages (Serongga Village, More Village, andSuburban Village) and nine elementary schoolslocated around Bali Safari and Marine Park.A total of 585 people have been targeted forconservation activities and release.Synergyi. Six preselected in-region conservation proj-Work in progress on the Manchester MetropolitanUniversity/Rainforest Trust Java Mountains ProjectPhoto: Gabby Salazarects were fully funded to address the AsianSongbird Crisis. Additional funds were raised tosupport further projects.AcknowledgementsASTSG would like to acknowledge WildlifeReserves Singapore for the support they givein, among other things, providing a home baseand, in 2019 in particular, for hosting its biennial meeting in March. The group’s Chair isextremely grateful to the Koln Zoo for the assistance he received from it, which is a great helpin facilitating his role within the Specialist Group.Also, special mention should go to EAZA’s SilentForest Campaign for not only helping to raisethe profile of the Asian Songbird Crisis, but formoney it has raised which is funding vital in situsongbird conservation projects.Summary of activities 2019Components of Species Conservation Cycle: 3/5Assess 17 Plan4 Act 23 Main KSRs addressed: 12, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31,32, 36, 43KSR: Key Species Result
Best Practice Guidelines for Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush compiled by Anise Tritto and officially approved by EAZA. (KSR #28) ii. Work on Best Practice Guidelines for Bali Myna is ongoing. (KSR #28) Planning i. Biennial meeting of ASTSG: Core group of ASTSG held a meeting prior to a three-day conference. On day 1, each sub-group reported
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