Industrial Wastewater Treatment And Other Environmental Problems In .

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UPTEC F05 000Examensarbete 20 pMaj 2007Industrial wastewater treatmentand other environmental problemsin Wuhan Is Swedish technology a solution?Industriell avloppsvattenrening och andramiljöproblem i Wuhan Kan svensk miljöteknik vara lösningen?Anna Hagberg

ABSTRACTIndustrial wastewater treatment and other environmental problems in Wuhan Is Swedish technology a solution?Anna HagbergIn 2000 a co-operation between Wuhan in China and Borlänge Energi in Sweden started. Thetwo parts decided in 2005 together with IVL, the Swedish Research Institute, to co-operate inthe fields of sustainable energy production, sustainable waste management and theestablishment of an Environmental Technology Centre, supplying Swedish environmentalexpertise to companies in Wuhan. As a first step for the establishment of an EnvironmentalTechnology Centre in Wuhan, an investigation was made to find out in which sectors Swedishenvironmental technology could be established.The investigation took aim at observing the industrial wastewater treatment in Wuhan and tosee which types of companies that have problems with the wastewater treatment and if thereexisted Swedish technology that could solve the problems. The investigation was performedthrough interviews with the authorities and some selected companies. It was difficult to getinformation about companies that did not comply with the National Chinese wastewaterstandards. This meant that some of the visits were made to companies that comply with thestandards, also taking into consideration other problems with the environment that thecompanies might have. Visits were also paid to municipal wastewater treatment plants to getan overview over the municipal wastewater treatment situation. An overall survey of theenvironmental situation in Wuhan was also made and a presentation of the most importantenvironmental departments and institutions is given.The greatest challenge for Wuhan is to construct wastewater treatment plants for the around3.5 million people that still discharge their wastewater directly to rivers and lakes, rather thanto improve the industrial wastewater treatment further. The treatment rate of the industrialwastewater has reached 97%, but the municipal wastewater treatment rate has only reached70%.After the visits to the selected companies and municipal wastewater treatment plants theconclusion was made that Swedish technologies and expertise can be applied to the followingareas; handling sludge from the wastewater treatment plants, construction of wasteincineration plants and handling flue gas and dioxins. Most of the visited companies couldfollow the wastewater standards. Although much can be done to improve their technologiesfurther, this is not done since it is too expensive. It is possible for Wuhan to apply stricterlocal wastewater treatment standards. This could be used as a tool to make companies investmore money in improvements of their technologies.Keywords: Industrial wastewater, Swedish technologies, sludge, flue gas cleaning, Wuhan, China.iDepartment of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 UppsalaISSN 1401-5765

REFERATIndustriell avloppsvattenrening och andra miljöproblem i WuhanKan svensk miljöteknik vara lösningen?Anna HagbergÅr 2000 startades ett samarbete mellan Wuhan i Kina och Borlänge Energi i Sverige. De tvåparterna bestämde år 2005 tillsammans med IVL, Svenska Miljöinstitutet, att samarbeta inomföljande områden; hållbar energiproduktion, hållbar avfallsproduktion samt grundandet av ettmiljöteknikcentrum i Wuhan. Miljöteknikcentrumet är till för att vara en plattform för svenskmiljöteknik och expertis. Som ett första steg inför grundandet av ett miljöteknikcentrumgjordes en undersökning för att se inom vilka sektorer svensk miljöteknik kan etableras.Undersökningen var inriktat på industriell avloppsvattenrening i Wuhan; bedömning av vilkatyper av industrier/företag som har problem med avloppsvattenreningen och i vilkenutsträckning det finns svenska tekniklösningar på problemen. Undersökningen genomfördesgenom intervjuer med myndigheter och en del utvalda företag. Det var svårt att få framinformation om vilka företag som inte följer de kinesiska gränsvärdena, varför en del besökgjordes till företag som lever upp till gränsvärdena. På grund av detta togs även andraproblem med miljön som företagen hade upp. Några kommunala reningsverk besöktes ochintervjuades också för att få en bättre bild av den kommunala vattenreningssituationen. Engenerell beskrivning av Wuhans miljösituation utfördes också samt en beskrivning av deviktigaste miljömyndigheterna och institutionerna.Wuhans största utmaning är att konstruera reningsverk till alla de 3.5 miljoner somfortfarande släpper sitt avloppsvatten rätt ut till sjöar och floder, snarare än att ytterligare renadet industriella avloppsvattnet. Behandlingsgraden av det industriella avloppsvattnet har nått97 % medan behandlingsgraden av det kommunala avloppsvattnet endast nått 70 %.Besök vid de utvalda företagen och kommunala reningsverk ledde till slutsatsen att svenskteknik och expertis kan införas i följande områden: hantering av slam från reningsverk,byggandet av förbränningsanläggningar för sopor och hur man löser problemet med att renaluften från gaser som SO2 och dioxiner. De flesta företagen kunde följa de kinesiskagränsvärdena för utsläpp av avloppsvatten men mycket kan göras för att förbättra företagenstekniker ytterligare. Detta utförs dock nästan aldrig eftersom det är en ekonomisk fråga. Detär möjligt för Wuhan att sätta lokala, hårdare gränsvärlden för att tvinga företagen att förbättrasina reningstekniker ytterligare.Nyckelord: Industriellt avloppsvatten, svensk teknik, slam, gasrening, Wuhan, Kina.iiInstitutionen för Geovetenskaper, Uppsala universitet, Villavägen 16, 752 36 UppsalaISSN 1401-5765

��之道呢?Anna ��洁,中国武汉iiiDepartment of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 UppsalaISSN 1401-5765

PREFACEThis thesis is part of an MSc degree in Environmental and Aquatic Engineering at UppsalaUniversity and covers 20 Swedish academic credits. The thesis was initiated by BorlängeEnergi and IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, to be a first step in theestablishment of an Environmental technology centre in Wuhan China. Ronny Arnberg hasbeen the supervisor at Borlänge Energi and Lars-Christer Lundin has been the supervisor atthe Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University.The language has of course been a problem in writing this report. All of the documents havebeen in Chinese and the translation of the documents has been very time-demanding. Thereare also few people in China that can speak English. My level of Chinese wasn’t good enoughto discuss about technological issues. Anyhow, the staff at the Environmental Protection andResearch Institute was really more than helpful and made me feel like one of them during mystay. So I would like to thank Gong Yuan, Zhang Naidi, Zhichao Zhu and Xiong Yu at theEnvironmental Research Institute, Li Zhan at the Environmental Bureau, Yixin Lin at theWuhan University, and all other wonderful people that have helped me so much during mytime in Wuhan. Finally I must thank Lars-Christer for all the help with writing the report andRonny Arnberg at Borlänge Energi that initiated this report and supported me all the way!Anna HagbergBorlänge, april 2007ivCopyright Anna Hagberg and the Department of Earth Sciences, Air- and Water Science,Uppsala University.UPTEC W 07 017, ISSN 1401-5765Printed at the Department of Earth Sciences, Geotryckeriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala2007

CONTENTABSTRACT . iREFERAT . ii摘要 .iiiPREFACE . ivCONTENT . v1. INTRODUCTION . 31.1 AIM . 32. BACKGROUND . 32.1 CHINA’S ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS . 32.1.1 Environmental policies . 52.1.2 Water resources and water pollution . 52.1.3 Wastewater treatment in China. 62.1.3.1 Wastewater discharge system . 72.2 WUHAN. 72.2.1 History . 92.2.2 Trade and industry in Wuhan . 92.3 THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION OF WUHAN . 102.3.1 Air pollution . 102.3.2 Waste . 102.3.3 Water . 112.3.3.1 Drinking water . 112.3.3.2 Surface water quality . 112.3.3.3 Rivers. 112.3.3.4 Lakes. 122.3.3.5 Eutrophication. 132.3.3.6 Organic monitoring. 132.3.4 Water resource investigation in the Huangpi district. 132.3.5 Wastewater . 142.3.5.1 Wastewater treatment sludge . 153. MATERIAL AND METHODS . 153.1 STANDARDS . 163.1.1 Chinese standards . 163.1.2 Swedish standards. 173.2 REGULATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES IN WUHAN. 173.2.1 Regulations for industries in Wuhan . 173.2.2 EPB and the Wuhan Environmental Protection of Science Research Institute. 173.2.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Department . 173.2.3 Wuhan Environmental Law Supervising Office. 184.1 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN WUHAN . 194.1.1 The Han Xi wastewater treatment plant . 194.1.2 The Zhuankou wastewater treatment plant. 204.2 INDUSTRIES . 224.2.1 Wuhan Paper Mill. 224.2.2 Wuchang coking plant . 254.2.3 The East Lake hi-tech development zone . 284.2.3.1 Wuchang coal power plant. 294.2.3.2 Wuhan Kernel Bio-Pesticide Co., LTD. . 304.2.3.3 Green World . 31v

4.2.4 Wuhan Slaughterhouse (Wǔhàn Ròu Lián Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī 武汉肉联有限公司) . 325. IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS . 345.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AT THE SELECTED COMPANIES ANDMUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN WUHAN . 345.1.1 Wastewater treatment plants. 345.1.2 Paper mill. 355.1.3 Coking plant . 355.1.4 Coal power plant. 355.1.5 Kernal and Green World Company . 355.1.6 Slaughterhouse . 355.2 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS– EXAMPLES FROM SWEDEN . 355.2.1 The sludge problem . 355.2.1.1 Scandinavian Biogas. 365.2.1.2 Ragnsells Agro. 365.2.1.3 Econova Company. 365.2.1.4 Chematur Engineering and Feralco. 375.2.2 The coking plant wastewater problem . 385.2.3 The power plant SO2 problem . 385.2.4 The paper mill. 395.2.5 Slaughterhouse . 396. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS . 397. REFERENCES . 42APPENDIX 1 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS . 47APPENDIX 2 MAPS OF WUHAN . 49APPENDIX 3 WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGIES. 51APPENDIX 5 WATER RESOURCE INVESTIGATION . 58vi

1. INTRODUCTIONChina is a country that is developing extremely fast. However, its rapid development has asevere effect on the environment. Eutrophicated lakes and watercourses, air-pollution anddecreasing groundwater levels are only a few of the problems that China is facing.In 2000 a co-operation and friendship exchange between the Chinese city Wuhan and theSwedish city Borlänge started. Since then the two parts have met on a regular basis to discussfuture co-operation and projects. Borlänge Energy and IVL, Swedish Environmental ResearchInstitute got involved early in the co-operation between Wuhan and Borlänge. They agreed inSeptember 2005 that they would co-operate in the future in three fields 1) Sustainable energyproduction, 2) Sustainable waste management and 3) Establishment of an EnvironmentalTechnology Centre in Wuhan.1.1 AIMThe aim of this master thesis is to investigate which Swedish environmental technology isfeasible in supporting the Wuhan companies in achieving their environmental qualityobjectives. This report is also a feasibility study for the establishment of an EnvironmentalTechnology Centre in Wuhan. The Centre will supply Swedish environmental expertise tocompanies in Wuhan and work like a meeting place for Swedish and Chinese companies. Thisstudy includes the following steps;1) Overall survey of the trade and industry in Wuhan.2) General description of the environmental situation of Wuhan and different environmentaldepartments and institutions. Investigate the municipal wastewater treatment situation inWuhan.3) Selection of around five different companies in Wuhan that have problems to comply withthe Chinese wastewater standard. Visits and interviews at the companies to find out whattypes of problems they have and if they have other environment problems. Comparisonbetween Chinese wastewater standards and Swedish standards.4) Could Swedish technology solve the problems found in the companies? In which sectorscould Swedish environmental technology be established?2. BACKGROUND2.1 CHINA’S ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSChina’s population of 1.3 billion people is the largest in world. The rate of urbanization inChina is also very high and brings along many severe environmental problems. Historically ithas been the industry that has been the main contributor to the increased pollution. However,since China has managed to apply some rules and regulations through out the industries andalso has closed down several industries, the pollution load from the industry sector seems tobe stabilized. Today it is rather the fast urbanization that causes the greatest environmentalproblems.3

In 1980 the urban dwellers were less than 20% of the whole population, in 2000 they hadincreased to 36% and in 2020 they are projected to be 54%. The cities1 in China haveincreased from being 190 in 1978 to 663 in 2000. The small cities, established towns andtownship concentrations have increased from being 8,000 in 1985 to almost 18,000 in 2004.This part of the urban dwellings represents 44% of the total urban population (World Bank2,2006).China needs to improve its water supply systems, reduce its coal-based air pollution, increaseits sanitary drainage systems and wastewater plant systems, reduce industrial pollution andimprove its solid waste management (Fritz et al., 2004). OECD3 has announced somesuggestions for China’s future environmental work:Water- Improve operational performance of treatment plants- Increase cost recovery- Distinguish responsibilities between water utilities and local authorities- Integrate river basins managementWaste-Adopt plans for waste management (provincial and local)Adopt targets for reducing, reuse and recyclingExtend the waste treatment capacityClearer and more streamlined responsibilitiesEstablishing of financing mechanismsSupervision of old landfillsAir-Cleaner fuelsEnergy efficiency targetsMass transportMore ambitious emission reduction targetsSupervision of wider range of pollutantsChina needs to1. Strengthen the effectiveness of the implementation of its environmental policies2. Enhance the integration of environmental concerns into economical decisions(From a speech the 7th of November 2006 by Mr. Olsson, vice director of SwedishEnvironmental Protection Agency.)1According to the government in China a community is called a city when it has at least 100,000 nonagricultural population. A city with less than 200,000 non-agricultural population refers to a Small city, 200,000500,000 non-agricultural population is a Medium city, 500,000-1,000,000 non-agricultural population is a Largecity and 1,000,000 non-agricultural population is an Extra-large city (Wikipedia, 2007).2References to homepages and other digital sources are underlined.3OECD stands for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.4

2.1.1 Environmental policiesDuring the last 30 years China has managed to establish a strong water pollution controlsystem including a variety of legislation and policy instruments. Recently there has been anincrease in environmental management systems like ISO 14 000 and cleaner production butearlier the two main methods to control the water polluters were by command and controlsystems like for example industrial permit systems and by economic instruments likepollution levy fees.China’s main administrative body to handle environmental issues is the State EnvironmentalProtection Administration, SEPA. SEPA cooperates with the local EPBs, EnvironmentalProtection Bureaus, and other relevant ministries such as Ministry of Water Resource, MWR,to supervise the environmental aspects of Chinas development.However, co-operation between different institutions and ministries is very bad and has leadto a lack of clarity of responsibility and even to duplication of tasks. The regulatory system isalso incomplete and complicated. Since the water quality despite this control system in mostplaces has stayed about the same or even worsened it’s quite clear that something must bedone to improve the present system (World Bank, 2006).The Government of China’s interventions and investment have led to some water resourcesimprovement such as decline in industrial COD loads but much more needs to be done. Themost important task for the Government is to create an environmental awareness andresponsibility among the general population (World Bank, 2006).2.1.2 Water resources and water pollutionChina’s annual renewable water resources are about 2,500 billion m3. Water is abundant inthe south of China but the water scarcity in the north is severe. The water quality in manyplaces in China is still very bad. According to the Ministry of Water Resources more than 300million rural residents consume unsafe water. The health risks from both biological andmicrobial pollutants are still widespread (World Bank, 2006).The water pollution in the Chinese water system is a combination of organic substances,nutrients and heavy metals. The three main water pollutant sources are industrial, municipaland agriculture non-point sources.China has established a water quality classification system based on purpose of use andprotection target, following Environmental Quality Standard GB3838-2002, see Table 1. Theongoing water monitoring shows that the average water quality in China is poor. In 2004,only 28% of monitored river water was in categories I to III, while as much as 31% was in theworst two categories (World Bank, 2006).5

Table 1: Water Quality classification, GB3838-2002 (World Bank, 2006).GRADEDESCRIPTIONIMainly applicable to the source of waterbodies and national nature preserves.IIMainly applicable to class A water sourceprotection areas for centralized drinkingwater supply, sanctuaries for rare species offish, and spawning grounds for fish andshrimps.IIIMainly applicable to class B water sourceprotection areas for centralized drinkingwater supply, sanctuaries for commonspecies of fish, and swimming zones.IVMainly applicable to water bodies for generalindustrial water supply and recreationalwaters with no direct human contact.VMainly applicable to water bodies foragricultural water supply and for generallandscape requirements.V Essentially useless.2.1.3 Wastewater treatment in ChinaThe water used 2005 in China was 557.3 billion m3, distributed as 8.5% for domestic use,90.1% industry use and 1.4% for ecological and environmental use. According to the Ministryof Water Resource, China produced 52.4 billion cubic meters of wastewater in 2005, which isan increase of 26% from year 2000. Only 52% of this wastewater was treated beforedischarge (MRW, 2006).Sewage in most of the 17,000 towns in China still drains directly into rivers and lakes withoutany treatment. Since 2002, 310 out of 610 cities operate wastewater treatment plants. Themost commonly used methods in old municipal wastewater treatment plants are secondarytreatment processes such as screening, primary sedimentation, conventional activated sludgeand secondary sedimentation. In newer plants technologies such as absorption-biodegradingprocess (AB), anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process (A/O), anaerobic-anoxic-aerobicactivated sludge process (A/A/O), cyclic activated sludge system (CASS), sequencing batchreactor (SBR) plus activated sludge process, oxidation ditches, and stabilized ponds are used(U.S. Department of Commerce, 2005). The municipal wastewater treatment plants are allowned by the government but operation may be leased to private companies.Industrial wastewater treatment plants in China are usually owned by the enterprise itself. Theauthorities put pressure on the industries to improve their wastewater treatment plants but thequality is still low. Many factors contribute to this; high wastewater treatment costs, badmonitoring from the local Government, low penalties for environment violating, pooreconomy and low environmental awareness. Technologies used for industrial wastewatertreatment in China are often biological treatments since they have low construction andoperation cost. Some examples are upflow aerobic sludge bed (UAB), which is used in thebrewing industry, immobilized micro-organisms technologies, which are used for textilewastewater treatment, and A/A/O processes that are widely used to treat wastewatercontaining elevated ammonium (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2005).6

The recycling of water in the municipal wastewater plants is limited, whereas the recycling ofwater from the industries is more extensive. The water recycled in the industries is mainly thecooling water. Use of water-saving technologies, products, and equipment must increase (U.S.Department of Commerce, 2005).In China sewage sludge is directly used for agriculture without any pre-treatment or it isdeposited in landfills. Since more and more wastewater treatment plants are being built, Chinaurgently needs to find sustainable solutions for dealing with the sludge (Songa et al., 2005).2.1.3.1 Wastewater discharge systemThe wastewater discharge system in China is divided into two different groups: The pollutedwastewater discharge group, which includes industrial and domestic water, and the nonpolluted wastewater discharge group, which includes storm water. Separate drainage systemsfor wastewater and storm water discharges are needed in facilities that discharge to amunicipal wastewater treatment plant. For industrial and domestic wastewater discharges, theNational Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 18198-2002) applies, see Appendix4. The wastewater discharges limits are divided into three classes, class I, class II and class III(U.S. Department of Commerce, 2005).The EPBs issues permits for enterprises to discharge waste

3.5 million people that still discharge their wastewater directly to rivers and lakes, rather than to improve the industrial wastewater treatment further. The treatment rate of the industrial wastewater has reached 97%, but the municipal wastewater treatment rate has only reached 70%.

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