Effect Of Integrated Management Of Organic Manure And Inorganic
Joumal of Crop and Weed 4(1): 10-U (2008)Effect of integrated management of organic manure and inorganicN fertilizer on rice (Oryza sativa) and its residual effect on utera linseed(Linum usitatissimum) and soil fertilityS. JANA, D. DUTTA, D. MAITY AND P. BANDYOPADHYAYDepartment of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia,West Bengal, India, PIN-741252ABSTRACTA field experiment was carried out during rainy (kharif) and Winter (rabi) seasons of2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at the RegionalResearch Substation, Sekhampur, West Bengal, to study the effect of integrated management of organic manure and inorganicN fertilizer on rice (Oryza saliva L.) and its residual effect on utera crop linseed (Unum usitatissimum L.) and fertility buildup of soil. The yield, yield attributes, N content and N uptake of rice (cv. IR-36) were significantly higher under 75%recommended dose of nitrogen (RON) along withJ tonnes poultry manure than all other treatments on pooled data basis, butremained on a par with 75% RON 4 tonnes Sesbania green-leaf manure and 75 % RDN 5 tonnes FYM. The per centincrease in grain yield with 75% RDN 2 tonnes poultry manure, 75% RDN 4 tonnes green manure and 75% RON 5tonnes FYM/ha over I 00% RDN (60 kg/ha) alone were 27.7, 25 and 22.8% respectively. The nitrogen use-efficiency parametersrevealed that agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency were highest with 75% RON 2 tonnes poultry manure, followedby 75% RON 4 tonnes green manure and 75% RDN 5 tonnes FYM. After harvest ofrice, the organic carbon status of soilwas enhanced in all organic added treatments than initial level. Substantial build up P was noticed in FYM and Sesbaniagreen-leaf applied plots. The available K was in declining trend under all the treatments except rice straw incorporated plots.The residual effect of different treatments (applied to kharif rice) on the succeeding utera linseed (cv. Neela) during rabiseason was not significant.Key Words : Integrated nutrient management, rice, utera crop, linseed, soil fertilityInte grated nutrient supply involvingconjunctive use of chemical fertilizers and organicsources has a great significance for improving cropproductivity due to inadequate availability offerti lizers. Integrated nutrient supply leads to soil andcrop sustainability by balanced application ofnutrients, as these supply micronutrients to meet thecrop needs which is also pre-requisite to increaseferti lizer- use efficiency (Singh et al., 1999).Nitrogen, a key element, is considered to be the mostlim iting factor for realizing higher yield of rice.Nitrogen management is distinctly fundamentalconsidering the amount of loss to the extent of 4060% that persistently occur in rice growingconditions. Fertilizer N-use efficiency varies from18 to 40% in rice soils, because applied inorganic Nis rapidly lost from the soil by ammonia volatilizationand denitri fication (Natarajan and Pushpavalli,1994). Acid lateritic soils are deficient in plantnutrient elements and organic matter. Therefore,nutrient scheduling through inorganic and organicsources is necessary. The existing system offertilizerapplication is based on the nutrient requirement ofindividual crop ignoring the carry-over effect of themanure or fertilizer applied to the preceding crop.Organic sources ofnutrients applied to the precedingcrop benefit the succeeding crop to a great extent(Hegde, 1998). Keeping this in view, the presentstudy was undertaken to evaluate a suitable integratednitrogen supply system to rainy (kharif) season riceand its residual effect on succeeding utera croplinseed and soil fertility.MATERIALS AND METHODSA field experiment was conducted during2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at the Regional ResearchSubstation (RRSS) of Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Sekhanipur, Birbhum, West Bengal,on a medium land situation. The soil was lateritic(Entisol) having sandy-clay loam in texture, pH 5.6,organic carbon 0.43%, available N 230 kg/ha,available P 11 .63 kg/ha and available K 210 kg/ha.Ten treatments, viz. T 1, no nitrogen; T 2, I 00%recommended dose of N (RON) i.e., 60 kg/ha; T3,75% RON 5 tonnes FYM; T 4, 50% RON 5 tonnesFYM; T 5, 75% RON 4 tonnes green leaf manure(GLM) with Sesbania aculeata; T6, 50% RON 4tonnes GLM; T 7, 75% RON 2 tonnes poultrymanure (PM); T8, 50% RON 2 tonnes PM; T 9, 75%RON 7 tonnes rice straw (RS) and TIO' 50% RON 7 tonnes RS, were replicated thrice in randomizedblock design. The recommended dose of inorganicN was applied as urea in 3 equal splits attransplanting, tillering and panicle-initiation stages.
S. Jana, D. Dutta, D. Maity and P. Bandyopadhyay11Application of Pp 5 and Kp were uniform@30 kg!ria each as single super phosphate and muriate ofpotash respectively. Full dose of Pp5 and Kp wereapplied as basal. The N content in various organicmanures was analyzed (Table 1). All organics wereapplied 10 days before transplanting. Seedlings ofIR-36 ' (120 days) rice were transplanted at 20 cm 10 cm at an age of 28 days during last week ofluly. The plot size was 20 m1 . N uptake in grain andstraw was determined separately and the total uptake 5 tonnes FYM. The effect may be atfi'ibuted toslow and steady supply ofN through PM, GLM andFYM, resulting in efficient utilization. However,reduction of RON by 50% markedly reduced theyield components of rice irrespective of the variousorganic manuring to rice.was calculated. Nitrogen use efficiency such asincrease in grain yield owing to 75% RDN 2 tonnesrecovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency werePM, 75% RDN 4 tonnes GLM and 75% RDN 5tonnes FYM over 100% RON alone were 27.7, 25computed as described by Stalin et al. ( 1999). Soilwas analyzed initially and after harvest of rice (0-15cm depth) for organic C and available P and K bystandard methods. Seeds of linseed cv. 'Neela' werebroadcasted @ 15 kg/ha over the standing rice crop( 15 days before harvesting of rice) during 2nd weekGrain yield ofrice under 75% RDN 2 tonnesPM was significantly superior to all otherstreatments, but remained on a par with 75% RDN 4 tonnes GLM and 75% RON 5 tonnes FYM. Theand 22.8% respectively. This may be attributed tohigher yield components under these treatments. Thestraw yield was also maximum with 75% RDN 2tonnes PM, being on a par with 75% RDN 4 tonnesGLM and 75% RON 5 tonnes FYM. The superiorof November and harvested on 1 1 week of March.performance under these three treatments may alsoObservation on yield and yield components werebe owing to improvement in physical, chemical andrecorded after harvest of the crop. The total rainfallmicrobiological environment of soil favouringduring the cropping period was 1090 and 1160 mmincreased availability of macro and micro-nutrientsin l ' 1 and 2nd year of experimentation.(Sengar et al., 2000). The influence of treatmentson harvest index was significant in pooled data.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONHowever, treatments involving integrated NRiceapplication were statistically similar but remainedYield components, yield and harvest indexsuperior to no-nitrogen and 100% RDN alone.Yield components ofrice, viz. effective tillers/m1 and grains/panicle were varied significantly underdiffere nt treatm ents, however, the test weightN content and uptake(PM) recorded the maximum effective tillers/m1 andThe mean data on N content in grain and strawof rice for 2 years are presented in Table 2. Thetreatments 75% RDN applied with 2 tonnes PM or 4tonnes GLM or 5 tonnes FYM were comparable andrecorded significantly higher N content in grain thangrains/panicle, followed by application of75% RDNother treatments. A similar trend was noticed in caseemained at par with each other on the basis of pooledanalysis (Table 2). Application of75% RDN throughinorganic fertilizer along with 2 tonnes poultry manure4 tonnes green-leaf manure (GLM) and 75% RONof N content in straw.fable 1. Chemical composition of organic manures applied (on dry-weight basis) ·ManureMineral composition(%)pKNC:N ratioFarm yard manure0.610.270.5220.0Sesbania green-leaf0.3 l0.890.9512,0Poultry manure0.82l.60l.0516.0Rice straw0.450.131.6580.0
J2Effect of integrated management of organic manure and inorganic N fertilizer on rice and its residual effecton utera linseed and soil fertilityTable 2. Yield attributes, yield, harvest index, N content and N uptake of rice as influenced byintegrated nutrient management (mean data of 2 (g)Grainyield(t 795.88T,3208721.83.856.10T92796420.53.305.70T111CD (P 0.05)246.48NS0.160.27Treatments details are given in materials and methods; NS, Not significantT1T1TlT.T,T,,HarvestindexTotal NUptakeN content(% 36.04Table 3. Nitrogen-use efficiency and soil fertility as influenced by integrated nutrient management(mean data of 2 years)TreatmentNitrogen-use efficiencyAgronomicRecoveryAvailable PAvailable 13.7012.6112.65168172195189207191198188240. 18.2139.190.5611.89231T1T2TlT T,T6T1T,T9T,OrganicTreatment details are given in materials and methodsTable 4. Yield and yield attributes of utera linseed as influenced by different treatments of kharif rice(mean data of 2 years)TreatmentPlant e100-seedweight(g)Seed 5.855.655.785.53CD (P 0.05)NSNSNSNSNSNSTsT6T1Treatments details are given in materials and methods; NS, Not significant
S. Jana, 0. Dutta, D. Maity and P. BandyopadhyaySignificantly higher uptake ofnitrogen in totalof gram and straw was observed under 75% RDN 2 ton nes PM than the other treatments . Butcomparable N uptake was also recorded from 75%RON 4 tonnes GLM or 75% RON 5 tonnesFYM. This organic manure mineralized slowly andreleased the nutrients for the crop later that led tohigher uptake of N. The treatment of no-nitrogenshowed the lowest N uptake.Nitrogen-use efficiencyThe nitrogen-use efficiency was computedthro ugh agronomic efficiency and recoveryefficiency and the mean values revealed that theagronomic efficiency was highest with 75% RDN 2 tonnes PM (26.1 0), followed by 75% RDN 4tonnes GLM (24.69) and 75% RON 5 tonnes FYM(24. 76) (Table 3). This is indicative of the fact thatthese treatments increase the production capacityper kg N applied, which might be due to prolongedN avai labi lity (Lakpale et al., 1999). The recoveryefficiency of 75% RON 2 tonnes PM was highest(66.19), followed by 75% RON 5 tonnes FYM(63.44) and 75% RON 4 tonnes GLM (62.45).This could be attributed to higher N uptake underthese treatments. Similar observation was alsoreported by Upadhyaya et al. (2000). Higheragronomic efficiency under these treatments couldbe a reflection of higher recovery efficiency.Soil fertilityThe residual soil fertility was determined interms of organic carbon(%) and available P and Kafter harvest of rice (Table 3). The organic carbonstatus of soil enhanced substantially in all organicsadded treatments compared with its initial level. Itsstatus was declined markedly in the no-nitrogen and100% RON plots. Among the treatments, moreorgan ic carbo n was present in rice strawincorporated plots where the mineralization was slowdue to wider C: N ratio. This result confirms thefindings of Prasad and Power (1991 ).Available P was enhanced in all organics addedilots. The build up was maximum with FYM,followed by Sesbanja green-leaf manure. Soil supply--rq 13ofN only through chemical fertilizer resulted in slightdecline in available P. Similar observation was alsomade by Raju and Reddy (2000).There was a decline in available K in all thetreatments, except rice-straw incorporated plots.Being rich in K (1.6%), rice-straw enriched the Kstatus of soil despite heavy removal by the crop.The magnitude of decline was high in no-nitrogenand inorganic N fertilizer plot but low in organicadded plots. The uptake ofK by rice was much higherthan its application, but still the changes in availableK status after rice cropping was of smaller magnitude.This may probably be due to utilization of largeamounts of non-exchangeable K from soil colloids.LinseedPerformance of utera crop linseed grownunder residual soil fertility after harvest of kharifrice was studied in both the years of experimentation,to assess the effect of different treatments appliedto rice on linseed (Table 4). The study revealed thatapplication of organic manures (FYM, GLM, PMand rice-straw) with 75% and 50% recommendeddose of nitrogen fertilizer to the preceding crop didnot exhibit any significant residual effect to thesucceeding utera linseed in both the years. However,the maximum seed yield (5.95 q/ha) was obtainedfrom utera linseed which received 75% RON 5tonnes FYM in kharifrice. Similar observation wasalso made by Sharma and Mitra ( 1990) in chickpeagrown on residual soil fertility after harvest of rice.Hence, considering the sustainability of cropproductivity and soil fertility, instead of soleapplication (chemical fertilizer) integrated use ofchemical N fertilizer@45 kg ha- 1 along with organicmanures like 2 tonnes poultry manure or 4 tonnesSesbania green-leaf manure or 5 tonnes FYM canbe recommended for rainy season rice in the lateritezone of West Bengal. On the residual soil fertility tothe succeeding utera crop linseed, the result wasnot encouraging and this indicated that for higherlinseed yield in this system, additional nutrients haveto be applied to linseed.- - -
4Effect of integrated management of organic manure and inorganic N fertilizer on rice and its residual effecton utera linseed and soil fertilityREFERENCESed ge, D.M . 1998. Long-term sustainability ofa Sengar, S. S., Wade, L. J., Baghel, S. S., Singh, R.productivity in rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat(Triticum aestivum) system in sub-humidecosystem through integrated nutrient supply.Indian Journal ofAgronomy 43 (2): 189-198.K. and Singh, G. 2000. Effect of nutrientmanagement on rice in rainfed low land ofsoutheast M.P. Indian Journal ofAgronomy 45 (2): 315-322.pale, R., Pandey, N. and Tripathi, R. S. 1999.Effect of levels of nitrogen andpreconditioned urea on grain yield and N statusSharma, A. R. and Mittra, B.N. 1990. In rice basedcropping systems in eastern India organicmanures should be combined with chemicalfertilizers. Indian Farming 40: 40-42.in plant and soil in rainfed rice. Indian Journalof Agronomy 44 (1 ): 89-93.Singh, R. P., Mundra, M. C. and Gupta, S. C. 1999. Jatarajan, K. and Pushpavalli, R. 1994. StrategiesResponse of integrated nutrient managementfor higher nitrogen use efficiency in low landin wheat based cropping sequences. Croprice. Indian Fertilizer Science Annual, pp. 93-.Research 18 (2): 195-198.103.Stalin, P., Thiyagarajan,. T. M. and Ragarajan, R.Prasad, R. and Power, S. F. 1991. Crop residue1999. Nitrogen application strategy andmanagement. Advances in Soil Science 15:use efficiency in rice. Oryza 36 (4): 322-326.204-25 1.Upadhyaya, S. K., Sarkar, C., Bajpai, R. K., Joshi,Raju, R. A. and Reddy, M. N. 2000. Sustainability ofB. S. and Tripathi, R. S. 2000. Grain yieldprod uctivity in rice (Oryza saliva) riceand N uptake of rice as influenced by Nsequential cropping system through integratedmanagement practices under rainfed low land.nutrient management in coastal ecosystem.Oryza 37 (1): 91-92.Indian Journal ofAgronomy 45 (3): 447-452.
microbiological environment of soil favouring increased availability of macro and micro-nutrients (Sengar et al., 2000). The influence of treatments . J 2 Effect of integrated management organic manure and inorganic N fertilizer on rice its residual effect on utera linseed and soil fertility Table 2. Yield attributes, yield, harvest index, N .
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