TRAFFIC SIGNAL DESIGN MANUAL - Chandleraz.gov
TRAFFIC SIGNAL DESIGNTechnical Design Manual #5January 20162020
TRAFFIC SIGNAL DESIGNCITY OF CHANDLERTable oOf ContentsSectionPageFOREWORD . vi1.- DEVELOPER’S CHECKLIST.12.- ELECTRICAL SERVICES .33.- PLAN DEVELOPMENT .54.- SIGNAL POLES .64.1Signal Pole Types .64.2Pole and Pushbutton Placement .75.- PULL BOXES .76.- CONDUITS AND CONDUCTORS .87.8.9.10.6.1Conduit .86.2Conductors .96.3Communication Cables . 106.4Fiber Support Equipment. 12- CONTROLLER AND CABINET . 127.1Controller. 127.2Cabinet . 127.3GPS . 12- DETECTORS. 138.1Video Detection . 138.2Preemption Equipment . 13- CCTV CAMERA . 13- SIGNAL HEADS . 14City of ChandlerJanuary 20162020Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
11.10.1Placement of Signal Heads . 1410.2Signal Lamps . 14- INTERNALLY ILUMINATED STREET NAME SIGNS. 15Forward1.01.Developer’s Checklist.12.0Electrical Services.13.0Plan Development.24.0Signal Poles.35.0Junction Boxes.46.0Conduit and Conductors.6.1 Conduit.6.2 Conductors.6.3 Interconnect RequirementsCommunicationCables . 56.4 Fiber Support Equipment . 65557.0Controller and Cabinet.7.1 Controller.7.2 Cabinet.6778.0Detectors.8.1 Video Detection. . . 78.2 Opticom.779.0Signal Heads.79.1Placement of Signal Heads. 79.2Signal Lamps. . 89.2.1 Vehicle Signs 89.2.2 Pedestrian Signals .8City of ChandlerJanuary 20162020Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
Internally Illuminated Street Name Signs.8City of ChandlerJanuary 20162020Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
FiguresTS-2Cover Sheet . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-3Plan Symbols . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-4Plan Symbols . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-5Plan View (Sheet 1) . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-6Details and Schedules (Sheet 2) . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-7Cabinet and Pole Schedule . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-8Meter Pedestal . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-9Conductor Schedule . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-11 Installation of I.M.S.A. Signal Cables . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-12 Terminal Block Wiring Details . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-13 Pole Placement for ADA Accessibility of Traffic Signal Push Buttons .Error!Bookmark not defined.TS-14 Pull Box and Conduit Locations . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-17A Signal Head Placement With Left Turn Phase Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-17B Signal Head Placement Without Left Turn Phase . Error! Bookmark notdefined.TS-18 Internally Illuminated Signs . Error! Bookmark not defined.TS-19 Cabinet Foundation Conduit Layout Detail . Error! Bookmark not defined.City of ChandlerJanuary 20162020Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
FORWARDFOREWORDThe purpose of this manual is to assist developers and their consultants in theplanning and design of traffic signals within the city City of Chandler’s right of way.The guidelines contained within this manual are intended for use by professionalengineers and designers with a background in the underlying fundamentals inTraffic Engineering. This manual does not provide the answers for all situationsinvolving the design of traffic signals. It does, however, provide the tools for solvingmost of them. It is expected that those designing traffic signals within the City ofChandler bring to each project the skills and abilities to provide the optimum trafficcontrol device to the public. This may include any new signal design concepts thatresult in a higher quality of traffic control and/or cost effectiveness. Deviationsfrom these standards must be approved by the City of Chandler, CityTransportation Engineer prior to submittal for review and approval.This manual is divided into the following sections:Developer’s ChecklistElectrical ServicePlan DevelopmentSignal PolesConduit & ConductorsJunction BoxesController & CabinetDetectorsInternally Illuminated Street Name SignsSignal HeadsAny questions regarding the signal design should be addressed to:City Transportation EngineerCity of Chandler215 East Buffalo StreetMail Stop 402P.O. Box 4008Chandler, Arizona 85224-4008Phone: (480) 782-3470City of ChandlerJanuary 20162020Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
2.1.- DEVELOPER’S CHECKLISTA checklist has been developed to assist developers/consultants in the design oftraffic signals in the City of Chandler (City). This checklist is not intended to be allinclusive, but a helpful guide in the design of traffic signals.The following items should be researched for inclusion into the traffic signal designplans or in the development of the plans: Contact Blue Stake (602-263-1100) to determine existing utilities in the area. Survey the intersection for the development of a base plan. This survey shouldbe performed after the intersection has been Blue Staked by the utilitycompanies. In addition to the utilities, the survey should locate all existingroadway features within the intersection and 200 -feet up each leg of theintersection. This includes face-of-curb, back-of-sidewalk, curb inlets, pavementmarkings, signs, walls and any landscaping that may affect the location of trafficsignal equipment. Conduct a field visit of the intersection to verify the survey. Obtain maps from the utility companies and roadway as-builts from the City tosupplement the survey. Contact the electric service company (Arizona Public Service (APS) or Salt RiverProject (SRP) or Arizona Public Service (APS) to determine a power sourcelocation for the signal. Obtain existing and/or future right-of-way in the area and identify on the plans.The developer/consultant should anticipate a minimum of two (2) submittals to theCity prior to approval of the traffic signal. Upon approval of the signal, seven (7)sets of approved plans should be delivered to the City. These will be distributed asfollows:3 Sets2 Sets1 Set1 SetCity of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 2020-Development Services Plans Review BranchTraffic Engineering BranchSignal Maintenance ShopInspection1Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
Plan approvals are limited to six (6) months after the approval date and may berenewed for another six (6) months if no changes to the existing or futureintersection configuration have occurred.City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 20202Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
3.2.- ELECTRICAL SERVICESThe City of ChandlerCity is served by two electrical service companies: Salt RiverProject (SRP) and Arizona Public Service (APS). All areas of the City are served bySRP except for the APS area shown on the map below. The signal designer shouldcontact the appropriate utility company early in the design process so that a “pointof service” location can be identified.All new traffic signals shall use metered power service.City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 20203Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
\City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 20204Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
4.3.- PLAN DEVELOPMENTTraffic signal plans submitted for approval by the City should be prepared using theComputer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) software AutoCAD(r) and comply withthe City’s CADD Standards as indicated below.The City uses a coversheet and two plan sheets for the design of traffic signals, seeFigures TS-2, TS-5 and TS-6.Coversheet (Figure TS-2) contains the project title, vicinity map and thegeneralNnotes. Contact the City Development Services for format andcontent requirements.Sheet 1 (Figure TS-5) is used for the signal layout and contains a legend andthe notes to the contractor.Sheet 2 (Figure TS-6) contains the pole and cabinet schedule, conductorschedule, phasing schedule and wiring diagrams.The schedules and wiring diagrams in Fig. TS-6 are shown in greater detail inFigures TS-7 through 7-12. All symbols used in the design of traffic signals shallconform to ADOT standards. Some of these are summarized in Figures. TS-3 andTS-4.AutoCAD(r) has the ability to place design information on several different layers ina file. This allows the separation of different design elements onto separate layers.The following is a recommended layering structure for the design of traffic signals:SHEET 1 (Plan View)Layer 1 (name – Title) shall be reserved for the border, title block, andlegend.Layer 2 (name – Ex. Roadway) shall be reserved for the existing roadwayconfiguration including curbs, sidewalks, striping, signing and edge ofpavementsLayer 3 (name – Utilities) shall be reserved for any existing signals,including pull boxes and conduit specifically used for traffic signal andcommunication cables.City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 20205Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
Layer 5 (name – New Signal) shall be reserved for all new signal andcommunication equipment as part of the signal design. Any general notesshall be included on this layer.Layer 6 (name – Striping) shall be used for any striping or signingchanges to beadded in conjunction with the signal design.Layer 7 (name – Construction) shall be reserved for any roadwayimprovementsneeded in conjunction with signal installation.Layer 8 (name – Future) shall be reserved for any futureimprovements to theroadway, traffic signal, etc.SHEET 2 (Schedules and Diagrams)Layer 1 (name – Title) shall be reserved for the border and title block.Layer 2 (name – Schedules) shall be reserved for the pole and cabinet,conductor and phase schedules.Layer 3 (name – Diagrams) shall be reserved for the wiring diagrams.The Developer/Consultant shall submit electronic files to the City when plans aresubmitted for their approval signature. Approval of the design plans is contingentupon conformance to the above design formats.5.4. - SIGNAL POLES5.14.1 4.1Signal Pole TypesThe City of ChandlerCity uses standard Arizona Department of Transportation(ADOT) signal poles and foundations. It is recommended that the designer obtain acurrent copy of ADOT’s “Traffic Signals & Lighting” Standard Drawings and the latestSpecial Provisions. All poles shall be per ADOT specifications. Traffic Signal Tenonlayouts are shown in the Figures TS-17A and TS-17B.TENON SCHEDULEPole TypeArm LengthK, R45’, 50’, 55’3J, Q35’, 40’3City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 2020No. of Tenons6Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
J, Q25’, 30’2E, F15’, 20’14.2 Pole and Pushbutton PlacementThe City typically requires one pole for each corner of the intersection. Where sitecondition dictates, two poles may be used. One pole shall be a type 'A' pole (or type'G' pole depending on street lighting needs), while the other shall be a 'J' 'K' or 'Q' 'R'depending on mast arm length and whether or not a luminaire is included on thepole.Typical two pole placement layout is shown in Figure TS-13. The desirable polelocation is within 5-feet from crosswalk line and 10-feet from face-of-curb. Themaximum pole location is A maximum of 10-feet from crosswalk line and 20-feetfrom face-of-curb is allowed with the approval of the City Engineer or designee.5. - JUNCTIONPULL BOXESThe City of ChandlerCity uses three sizes of junctionpull boxes, No. 5, No. 7, andNo. 9. The pullboxespull boxes are required to shall meet the requirements ofADOT’s Standards and Specifications. #9 pull boxes, or approved equivalent, shallbe installed at all arterial/arterial intersections as well as end of project conditions.ADOT standard #7 pull boxes, with extension, shall be installed at ¼ mile intervalsand/or points of known or future signalized intersections with collector streets.The No. 5 junctionpull box is placed adjacent to the electrical “point of service”location as agreed to by the utility company.The No. 7 junctionpull box is placed on all corners of the intersection, using a No. 7with extension (See Detail No. TS-23) in front of the traffic signal cabinet. It isgenerally placed behind the sidewalk at the center of the radius. If no sidewalk ofcurbing exists or is planned with the signal installation, then the junctionpull boxshould be placed as close as possible to the ultimate location.The All junction boxes containing interconnect cable shall be No. 7 with theextension or No. 9 (See Detail No. TS-22), as determined by the City TransportationEngineer. Figure TS-14 provides typical locations for junction boxes, meter pedestal,and controller.No. 9 pull boxes shall be installed at all arterial/arterial intersections,City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 20207Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
proposed and future splice locations as well as end of project conditions. ADOTstandard No. 7 pull boxes with extension, shall be installed at ¼-mile intervals tohelp pull through the cable. All pull boxes containing interconnect cable shall be No.7 with the 24-inch extension or No. 9, as determined by the City TransportationEngineer.Figure TS-14 provides typical locations for pull boxes, meter pedestal, andcontroller.6. - CONDUITS AND CONDUCTORS6.1 ConduitThe City uses the following sizes of conduits for the traffic signal cables.--One 2-inch conduit shall be used to connect the pull box and the signal polefoundation at each corner. One 2.5-inch conduit shall be used between the pointof service and the meter pedestal. OOne 2-inch conduit shall be used between the meter pedestal and the trafficsignal cabinet cabinet foundation.One 2-inch conduit shall be used between the meter pedestal and the No. 7pullboxpull box to service streetlights and Illuminated Street Name Signs.One 3-inch conduit shall be used to connect the pull box and the signal polefoundation at each corner.One 4-inch conduit shall be used between the No. 7 pull boxes and is also usedfor any conduit run underneath the travelled way.Two 4-inch conduits shall be used between the No. 7 with extension junctionpull boxes and the traffic signal cabinet foundation.See figure TS-14 for JunctionPull Box and Conduit Locations. All conduits enteringthe controller foundation shall be oriented per Ffigure TS-19 Controller FoundationConduit Layout Detail. All conduit runs shall be straight when possible.Communication conduit shall be comprised of four 2-inch conduits, one blackreserved for city use and the other three grayunique colors with different colorstripes. All unused conduits shall have 2500 pound detectable mule tape installed,with detectable members spliced across junctionpull boxes using continuouslydetectable run. One 2-inch conduit (black) shall enter the junction pull boxes using45-degree sweeps with no less than a 36-inch sweep radius. The other three 2-inchconduits shall run continuously under or beside adjacent to the junction pull boxesCity of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 20208Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
or vault, unless otherwise specified. All empty and occupied conduits shall includeNo. 8 AWG tracer wire. Install warning tape “Caution: Buried Fiber Optic cable”along the conduit alignment and 12-inches below the finish ground.Communication conduit shall be installed at a depth no less than 36-inches. Everyeffort shall be made to minimize variations in the conduit profile (i.e. bends, vertical& horizontal shifts, etc.). Galvanized Rigid Conduits (GRC) elbows shall be used forthe elbows/bends in the conduit. The elbows shall be wrapped in PVC tape. Nomore than 360-degree in total bends and no more than two 90-degreeelbows/sweeps shall be used between pull boxes.A 2-inch conduit shall be installed directly into the cabinet foundation exclusivelyfor the communication cable. This 2-inch conduit shall run between the controllerfoundation and the communication junctionpull box (or intersection junctionpullbox in the event that an exclusive communication junction pull box is unavailable inthat corner).Communication conduit shall be installed at a depth no less than 48-inches. Allconduit shall enter pull boxes with 45-degree sweeps (where required) with no lessthan a 36-inch bend radius anywhere within the conduit run. Every effort shall bemade to minimize variations in the conduit profile (i.e. bends, vertical & horizontalshifts, etc.).6.2 Conductors6.2 ConductorsThe City of ChandlerCity uses standard International Municipal Signal Association(IMSA) conductor cables for the traffic signal wiring. The following describes thetype and use of conductors:-No. 6 American Wire Gauge (AWG) solid or stranded, AWG is used between thepower supply and the controllercabinet.IMSA 20-1 signal cable, No. 14 AWG solid 20-conductor is used between thecabinet and each pole.No. 14 AWG, solid, AWG, 5- conductor AWG is used from signal pole to insidemast arm head.No. 14 AWG, solid, 7 -conductor is used from signal pole to outside mast armhead.City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 20209Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
-No. 10 AWG solid or stranded, is used for the internally illuminated street namesigns (IISNS) and the Luminaire.No. 8 AWG solid or stranded, bare bond (green) is used in all conduit runs.In addition, a common shall be included in the runs. Streetlight Conduction shallbe red and street name sign conduction shall be brown. Conductors shall be fusedin the No. 7 junction pull box.6.3 InterconnectCommunication CablesThe communication cable shall be fiber optic cable only.InterconnectCommunication cable shall be between 48 and 144 strands (as determined by theCity Transportation Engineer) with 12 fibers per buffer tube, single mode, fiber opticcable meeting the following specifications listed in below table:.The fiber optic communication cable shall run continuous for the complete extentof the project limits. Full splicing of the fiber optic communication cable mid-projectwill not be allowed. Any construction requiring the relocation or replacement oftwisted-pair copper shall be replaced with fiber optic cables. All the infrastructureshall be constructed “fiber friendly”.Gator patch (12-port) shall be installed from the cabinet to the pull box or vault. Thegator patch shall run continuous and unspliced between the cabinet and pull box.The following equipment shall be installed in the #No. 9 vault. Contact TrafficEngineering for the latest approved equipment list.- Fiber optic splice enclosure (using gel cable sealing technology)- Hanging bracket assembly.Fibers per cableCity of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 202048 to 144 strands for main trunkline10Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
cables6 12 strands for branch cables125.0 microns8.3 microns nominal 1.0 micron (0.3 typical)-34 C to 74 C50 15 micronsLoose tubePolyethylene20 x Dia. minimum600 poundsDielectric9.3 0.5 microns1300 to 1320 nm 0.092 picosec/nm2-km1260 nm 0.1dBCladding diameter:Core diameter:Core eccentricity:Temperature range:Coating thickness:Cable construction:Outer jacket:Bending radius:Tensile strength:Strength member:Mode field diameter:Zero dispersion wavelength:Zero dispersion slope:Cutoff wavelengthPoint discontinuities at 1300 nm:6.4 The interconnect cable shall be fiber optic cable only. The fiber opticinterconnect cable shall run continuous for the complete extent of theproject limits. Full splicing of the fiber optic interconnect cable mid-projectwill not be allowed. Any construction requiring the relocation orreplacement of twisted-pair copper shall be replaced with fiber opticcables.6.56.6 All infrastructure shall be constructed “fiber friendly”. The interconnectconduit shall be 4-inch conduit with three 1 ¼ inch innerducts in threedifferent colors. All empty innerducts shall have 2500 lb detectable muletape installed, with detectable members spliced across pull boxes, creatinga continuous detectable run. ADOT standard #9 pull boxes, or approvedequivalent, shall be installed at all arterial/arterial intersections as well asend of project conditions. ADOT standard #7 pull boxes, with extension,shall be installed at ¼ mile intervals and/or points of known or futuresignalized intersections with collector streets. All conduit shall enter pullboxes with 45-degree sweeps (where required) with no less than a 36-inchbend radius anywhere within the conduit run. Every effort shall be made tominimize variations in the conduit profile (i.e. bends, vertical & horizontalshifts, etc.).City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 202011Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
The fiber optic communication cable shall run continuous for the completeextent of the project limits. Full splicing of the fiber optic communicationcable mid-project will not be allowed. Any construction requiring therelocation or replacement of twisted-pair copper shall be replaced withfiber optic cables. All infrastructure shall be constructed “fiber friendly”.The Communication conduit shall be comprised of four 3-inch conduits.Black conduit is reserved for traffic communication.6.76.86.4Fiber Support EquipmentThe following equipment shall be installed in the traffic signal control cabinet.Contact Traffic Engineering for the latest approved equipment list.--Ethernet A 2-PORT SFP FIBER OPTIC MANAGED SWITCH WITH AT LEAST6 ETHERNET PORTS (RJ45)Switch with 2-5 KM SFP Modules andpower supplyDeviceMaster RTS 4-port DB912 Fiber termination patch panelPatch panel cablesLine Interface Unit (LIU), if required.7. - CONTROLLER AND CABINET6.96.106.117.1 ControllerThe Controller Unit shall be MCCAIN ATC eX2 NEMA TS 2 Type 1 with Linuxoperating system, wired with aan “DA” connector and Systems Input/Outputterminal facility.6.127.2 CabinetThe Controller Cabinet shall be a TS2 Type IV per Arizona Department ofTransportationADOT Standard Specifications, 1990. It shall be fabricated fromaluminum and the finish shall be unpainted and clean.7.3 GPSGPS Modules, microprocessor-based Universal Time Base (UTB) devices thatprovide accurate time-of-day information for traffic signal controllers shall beinstalled in the cabinet.City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 202012Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
7.4 ARID DeviceAn Anonymous Re-identification Device shall be installed in the cabinet. ContactTraffic Engineering to confirm the project required ARID devices.The module retrieves time signals from the atomic clocks of the United StatesNational Institute of Standards broadcast on the GPS satellite network. Themodules then decode the signals and interfaces with the traffic control equipment.8. - DETECTORS6.138.1 8.1 Video DetectionThe City of ChandlerCity currently uses video vehicle detection FLIR TraffiSense2Dual at all intersections. Video detection cameras are typically mounted on thetraffic signal luminaire arm. When a 'J' or 'K' pole is used, refer to Detail TS-21 formounting requirements the detection camera shall be mounted on the signal poleper the manufacturer requirements and compatible brackets.Video detection system will be the Autoscope SoloPro Vision 4 channel system orapproved equaequivalentContact Traffic Engineering staff to confirm the projectrequired video detection systeml.6.146.158.2 8.2 OpticomPreemption EquipmentThe City of ChandlerCity uses OPTICOM pre-emption equipment for emergencyvehicles. OPTICOM detectors are mounted on the signal mast arms, centeredbetween the two outside signal heads.Detectors shall be Global TrafficTechnologies (GTT) model 700 series.9. - CCTV CAMERAThe City uses CCTV traffic monitoring cameras at all intersections. The City currentlyuses AXIS P5635-E Mk II Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) camera with AXIS T8134 60W MidspanPoE mounted on AXIS T91L61 Wall-and-Pole Mount.City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 202013Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
The camera shall be mounted on the luminaire with manufacturer suppliedmounting equipment. The camera shall be installed to optimize the overall view ofthe intersection approaches. The designer shall ensure that the camera views areclear of obstructions such as trees, poles, building structures etc.Contact Traffic Engineering staff to confirm the project required CCTV camerasystem.10. - SIGNAL HEADS6.1610.1 Placement of Signal HeadsThe placement of traffic signal heads shall follow the policy outlined below (seeDetail No. TS-17A and TS-17B).--For each unique signal display, there shall be a minimum of two (2) signal heads.For two-lane minor streets without left turn phase, two (2) Type F head shall beinstalled, one (1) on the mast arm and one (1) on the far left pole.For four or six-lane arterials without left turn phase, there shall be two (2) Type Fheads on the mast arm.For left-turn control on two-lane minor streets, two (2) Flashing Yellow Arrowheads shall be installed, one (1) on the master arm and one (1) on the far leftpole.For left-turn control on arterials, two (2) Flashing Yellow Arrow heads shall beinstalled, one (1) on the master arm and one (1) on the far left pole.For approaches with right turn deceleration lanes, one (1) signal head shall beinstalled on the far right pole.6.1710.2 Signal Lamps10.2.1 9.2.1 Vehicle SignalsAll signal lamps shall be LED and must comply with Vehicle Traffic Control SignalHeads (VTCSH) standards published in the Equipment and Materials Standards ofthe Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE).City of ChandlerJanuary 2016 January 202014Traffic Signal DesignTDM #5
10.2.2 Pedestrian Signals9.2.2Pedestrian SignalsPedestrian traffic signal lamps shall be LED type with pedestrian countdown timersand shall be enclosed in an 18”-inch pedestrian signal housing built to thePedestrian Traffic Control Signal Indicators (PTCSI) standards published in theEquipment and Materials Standards of the Institute of Transportation Engineers(ITE). “Hand” and “Man” symbols shall be 12- inches in height and conform to PTCSIstandards.11. - INTERNALLY ILUMINATED STREET NAME SIGNS10- INTERNALLY ILUMINATED STREET NAME SIGNSNew traffic signal installations require internally illuminated street name signs forall roadways. Sign installations and placement shall conform to the standards andspecifications outlined in the latest edition of the City of ChandlerCity’s StandardDetails, C-606 through C-610. If height restrictions and/or conflicts exist, the Citymay consider alternatives to the details. All designs and installations must beapproved by the City Transportation E
The City typically requires one pole for each corner of the intersection. Where site condition dictates, two poles may be used. One pole shall be a type 'A' pole (or type 'G' pole depending on street lighting needs), while the other shall be a 'J' 'K' or 'Q' 'R' depending on mast arm length and whether or not a luminaire is included on the pole.
Traffic-Roadway Section Traffic Signal Design Manual – Detector Plan January 2021 Page 6-2 6 Detector Plan This chapter will discuss all the design elements that are needed for detection system, in order of the recommended process for designing a new traffic signal. Design of the detection system typically begins after the signal design.
K.04 Traffic Signals K.04.1 Legal Authority K.04.2 Traffic Signal Timing and Operations K.04.3 Traffic Signal Records K.04.4 Maintenance of Traffic Signals K.04.5 Maintenance of Traffic Signal Controller Unit Model 170 and 2070 K.04.6 Pedestrian Signal Indications K.04.7 Arrow Indications K.04.8 Relamping K.04.9 Traffic Signal Monitors
the destination. The traffic light system designed by Salim Bin Islam provided a design and development of a microcontroller based intelligent traffic control system. He proposed a new intelligent traffic control system that is to control the traffic system through traffic signal on the basis of current traffic density.
SCATS (Sydney Co-ordinate adaptive traffic system) form some of the best pre-determined off-line timing methods to account for traffic congestion. The Adaptive Signal-Vehicle Co-operative control system [3] provides an optimal traffic signal schedule as well as an optimal vehicle speed advice. The traffic signal scheduling is
MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 3 TRAFFIC SIGNALS SOUTH AFRICAN ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS MANUAL VOLUME 3: TRAFFIC SIGNAL DESIGN LIST OF CONTENTS 0 CONTENTS 0.1 0.1 Part 1 - Traffic Signal Control – Chapters and Sections 0.1 0.2 Part 2 - Traffic Signal Equipment – Chapters and Sections 0.4
SA Learner Driver Manual Road Traffic Signs Version: Draft Page 1 of 56 2. ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS, SIGNALS AND MARKINGS The purpose of road traffic signs is to regulate traffic in such a way that traffic flow and road traffic safety are promoted. 1. SIGNS IN GENERAL Road traffic signs can be divided into the following six main groups:
7.2.7 Traffic Signal Preemption Traffic signal preemption is a type of preferential treatment based on the immediate transfer of normal operation of a traffic control signal to a special control mode of operation to accommodate the most important classes of vehicles during their approach to and passage of the intersection (e.g. railroad,
Black holes: A physical route to the Kerr metric R. Meinel University of Jena, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany meinel@tpi.uni-jena.de Abstract As a consequence of Birkho ’s theorem, the exterior gravitational eld of a spher-ically symmetric star or black hole is always given by the Schwarzschild metric. In contrast, the exterior gravitational eld of a .
