Forest Biomass Action Plan
Forest BiomassAction PlanMarch 2022
Forest Biomass Action Plan Table of ContentsMinister’s message3Introduction4Forest biomass advantage6Chemicals Materials Energy.6Spotlight: Ontario’s forest biomass sector – a place to grow .7Spotlight: Contributing to Ontario’s low-carbon hydrogen strategyThe case for using forest biomass.10.11Ontario’s forest biomass advantage12Leadership in the green economy12.Spotlight: Integrating biomass in Resolute Forest Products’Northwestern Ontario operations . 14Sustainable forest policy framework.16.18Spotlight: Forest biomass and the Managed Forest carbon cycleAvailable supply14.18.19Spotlight: Whitesand Bioeconomy CentreInnovation networks.19.20.20Spotlight: Thunder Bay’s Forest Bioeconomy ClusterGrowing community support for forest biomassSpotlight: Wikwemikong’s Bioheat Initiative21Unlocking Ontario’s potentialSpotlight: Reducing regulatory burdenSpotlight: Collaboration in the forest.22.23Objectives and actions24The road ahead29Appendix32Actions to be completed by 2022.32Actions to be completed by 2023.32Actions to be completed by 2026.35Operational actions to be sustained.34Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry2
Minister’sMessageThe forest industry has always been a vitallyimportant part of Ontario’s economy. Today,it generates 18 billion in annual revenueand supports more than 148,000 direct andindirect jobs.Forestry is a source of prosperity in Northern,Indigenous, and rural communities in ourprovince. Our government is committedto doing everything we can to support jobgrowth, attract investment, and secure thelong-term future of this essential renewableindustry. In fact, Ontario can sustainablyharvest twice as much wood annually thanthe sector does today. We must find moreeconomical uses for excess biomass so theforestry sector can reach its full potential.Our roadmap for prosperity in the forestindustry, Sustainable Growth: Ontario’s ForestSector Strategy, was released in August 2020.The strategy maps out dozens of actions togrow the industry and guarantee responsibleforestry practices.Since the strategy’s release, we have beenbusy implementing its actions and honouringour commitments to the sector and itsworkers. One of the signature commitmentsin Sustainable Growth is the development of aForest Biomass Action Plan. This plan includesworking with the private sector to encourageinnovation to develop new uses for forestbiomass that would support more sustainableharvesting in Ontario.Ontario’s forest industry excels at producingmanufactured goods from timber such aslumber, furniture, packaging, and paperproducts. These value-added products arethe mainstay of the province’s forest industry,enjoying a well-deserved internationalreputation for their high quality andsustainability standards.Throughout the production cycle, fromharvest to delivery, this manufacturingprocess generates by-products includingbark, shavings, and sawdust – along withuncommercial trees and tree parts. Theseresources are referred to collectively as forestbiomass.A lesser-known but important segment ofOntario’s forest industry commercializesforest biomass that might otherwise bediscarded. Skilled operators manufacture animpressive array of products – ranging fromForest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry3
landscaping products and food additives tobuilding materials and electricity.The potential for biomass products is everexpanding; emerging biomass uses includemedicine, bioplastics, 3D printing, masstimber products, biodiesel, and jet fuel,to name a few. Biomass innovations are asustainable alternative to carbon-intensiveproducts and an exciting new frontier forOntario’s forest sector.Deriving added value from forest biomassensures the industry operates at its mostsustainable and efficient level. With byproducts from one industry segment feedingdemand from another, we have the basisfor a circular economy – an economy wherenothing is wasted and no opportunity isunrealized.the challenges affecting this sector, and howwe can promote increased use of forestbiomass in Ontario.The plan prescribes actions under fiveobjectives: reaching new markets, supportingincreased demand, cutting red tape, boostingIndigenous participation and promotingstakeholder awareness. Our governmentwill implement these actions over the nextfive years. By implementing the plan, we willunlock the enormous potential of Ontario’sforest biomass, drive further prosperity inthe forest industry, and support job growth,investment, innovation, and sustainability.I am pleased to introduce our Forest BiomassAction Plan, the culmination of extensivecollaboration with ministry staff and forestindustry partners. It is a comprehensiveassessment of our forest biomass advantages,The Honourable Greg Rickford,Minister of Northern Development, Mines,Natural Resources and ForestryForest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry4
IntroductionAs part of Sustainable Growth:Ontario’s Forest Sector Strategy, theGovernment of Ontario committed toputting a Forest Biomass Action Plan inplace that secures jobs and encouragessustainability in the forest sector, whilesupporting economic developmentthrough the use of forest biomass.Actions identified in this plan will helpto realize the goals and vision set out inSustainable Growth.Given continued global demand forforest products, consumer interest insustainable products, and movementto a more circular economy, there isimmense potential to increase the useof Ontario’s sustainable forest biomassresources. Under the right operationaland economic conditions, new businessopportunities and projects that useforest biomass can play an importantrole in growing the economy andfurther supporting existing forest sectorbusinesses. In addition to supportingOntario’s economy, effective use offorest biomass can also contribute tothe province’s forest management andenvironmental objectives. As an activepartner in research and collaborativenetworks, the government looksforward to engaging with stakeholdersand community partners to investigateways forest biomass can be utilized thatsupport sustainability and unlocks thefull benefits from Ontario’s biomasspotential.This action plan was developed incollaboration with a Forest BiomassAction Plan Working Group (theWorking Group) comprised of partnersfrom across the forest biomass supplychain. The action plan highlightsOntario’s forest biomass advantages,recognizes challenges and seeks toidentify means to increase the useof forest biomass. Valuable insightsfrom the Working Group membershighlighted the importance ofbioenergy to existing forest productsupply chains. Maintaining andtransitioning the province’s existingbioenergy infrastructure will create afoundation for future forest biomassinvestment opportunities and increasesupport for Ontario’s forest dependentcommunities.Building on Ontario’s strengths andprogress to date, this documentconcludes with a set of actions basedon five objectives. Actions identified inthis plan will be coordinated over fiveyears with expert oversight from theWorking Group in the first year and theForest Sector Strategy Committee insubsequent years.Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry5
Forest biomass advantageThe versatility and range of applications for wood presents numerous opportunitiesfor forest biomass. Utilizing the four main components of wood (cellulose,hemicellulose, lignin and extractives), a wide range of products can be made thatmeet the demands of numerous established and emerging industries. In additionto more familiar forest products like lumber, pulp and paper, or particleboard, theexamples highlighted below demonstrate current and emerging products that canbe derived from wood, including forest biomass.ChemicalsMaterialsEnergyCurrent usesCurrent usesCurrent uses Pellet, wood chip, and cordwoodheating Combined heat and power Drying and industrial processes Grid electricityFertilizers and soil amendmentsAromatic compoundsThickening agentsEmulsifiersBindersFood additivesFragrancesFlavouringActivated charcoalPulp and paper productsPackagingPersonal protective equipmentTimber productsVeneerParticleboardRayon fibresLandscaping productsEmerging usesEmerging usesEmerging uses Sugars and alcoholsGreen solvents and chemicalsResins, binders and adhesivesMedicines and pharmaceuticalsPaints and dyesPlastics and polymersBiocoal and bio-cokeMass timber productsCompositesTextilesCarbon fibre3D printingBiochar and carbonCellulose nanocrystals andnanofibrils Battery energy storage filamentsRenewable natural gasModern wood heatingBiodiesel and liquid biofuelsCommunity and district energysystems Green hydrogen Jet fuelForest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry6
What is Forest Biomass?Forest biomass is a broad term that has multiple meanings depending on the intent of its use and thediscipline or industry using it. In the most general sense, forest biomass refers to all biological material (livingand dead) in forested landscapes.Consistent with Ontario’s sustainable forest management framework, this action plan focuses on two typesof forest biomass that can be converted into bioproducts through new and existing industrial processes: Forest biofibre: Composed of forest resources (trees or above-ground tree parts)that are not normally used for conventional forest products, and that are madeavailable from Ontario’s provincial forests under an approved forest managementplan, or sourced from private woodlots and other forested lands. Mill by-products: Composed of residues generated from forest productmanufacturing (e.g., bark, shavings, sawdust).In Ontario, the most common use of forest biomass is for bioenergy in the form of heat,power, and combined heat and power (CHP). Use of forest biomass for bioenergy haslong been integrated into forest product operations. Mill by-products and forest biofibreare often used as a renewable fuel to provide the necessary heat or electricity to makeforest products or to generate electricity for Ontario’s electrical grid. This often leads todiverting mill by-products destined for landfill sites and the utilization of forest biofibre.Ontario is also home to manufacturers which make wood pellets and wood chips for usein domestic, commercial, institutional, and industrial heating systems.SpotlightOntario’s forest biomass sector – a place to growAnother common andlongstanding use of forestbiomass is in the province’slandscaping sector, which createsjobs and sustainable productsthrough the use of Ontario’smill by-products. Gro-Bark, asubsidiary of Walker Industries,has processed bark, wood chips,and log ends generated by theforest industry to make soil,composting, and mulch productssince the 1980s. Its currentoperations across Ontario’sGolden Horseshoe, eastern, andnortheastern regions serve thedomestic and U.S. markets forlandscaping products by addingvalue to leftover mill materials.As Ontario looks to recover fromthe impacts of the COVID-19pandemic and support cleangrowth, the long success ofcompanies like Gro-Bark servesas an example of the sustainablebusiness opportunities andindustry linkages generated asa result of efficient use of forestbiomass.Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry7
While there are opportunities todiversify the use of Ontario’s forestbiomass beyond the province’scurrent conventional bioenergy andlandscaping applications, newer usesalso pose technical and operationalchallenges. Emerging and futureproducts from forest biomass oftenuse specific components of wood,making consistency in feedstockskey to their development andcommercial deployment. To convertwood into consistent feedstocks,processes like biochemical refiningor thermochemical refining can beapplied. These conversion processespresent opportunities for bioproductcreation; however, additional work isneeded to make these opportunitiescommercially viable.Figure 1 illustrates the technical andcommercial readiness of variousestablished and emerging uses forlow-grade forest biomass in the formof bark. This demonstrates that newuses for low-grade forest biomassrequire significant investments in precommercial development.Figure 1. Deployabletechnology pathwaysfor low grade forestbiomass such asbark.Deployable technology pathways for low grade biomass**adapted from technology benchmarking conducted by CRIBE (Centre for Research and Innovation in theBioeconomy) in September 2020Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry8
Bioenergy production from lowgrade forest biomass can supportexisting and new uses of wood.Figure 2 illustrates the process thataims to maximize value from forestbiomass through generation of highvalue bioproducts and bioenergy.At the value identification phase,feedstocks are assessed for their useand prepared for processing. Valueextraction refers to the processesused to convert forest biomass intohigh value bioproducts, bioenergy, orboth. Production of bioenergy playsan important part in enabling theeconomic case to produce high valuebioproducts by creating a marketpathway for low-grade forest biomass.Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and ForestryFigure 2. Valueidentification andextraction fromforest biomass.Adapted fromFPInnovations Bioenergy and Biochemicals SynthesisReport (2011).9
SpotlightContributing to Ontario’s low-carbon hydrogen strategyAs Ontario explores optionsfor a provincial low-carbonhydrogen strategy, thereis emerging interest inthe development of greenhydrogen from forestbiomass. Green hydrogenis a gaseous low-carbonfuel made from renewableenergy sources that hasa wide range of potentialapplications and uses.Increased use of greenhydrogen in sectors of theeconomy like transportationand heating can help toreduce greenhouse gasemissions while maximizingvalue from Ontario’s forestbiomass resources.There are multipletechnology pathways toproduce green hydrogenfrom forest biomass: Gasification and pyrolysisare mature conversiontechnologies that usecontrolled application ofheat, steam, and oxygento create renewablesyngas which can beprocessed into greenhydrogen. In some cases,the by-products fromthese processes can befurther refined to createadditional products likebiocrude or biochar (SeeFigure 1). Electrolysis involvesthe use of electricity toproduce green hydrogenand oxygen from water.As a source of renewablebioenergy, forestbiomass can be used topower electrochemicalprocesses that createlow-carbon hydrogengas.Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry10
The case for using forest biomassUse of forest biomass supports a resource-efficient forest products sector and hasadvantages over other feedstocks because of the significant contributions it can make toOntario’s economy, communities, and environment.Building a resilienteconomySupporting communitiesand livelihoodsImproving environmentalstewardship Diversifies product andrevenue streams for theexisting forest industry Creates more local jobs thanfossil fuels imported fromoutside of Ontario Reduces waste and disposalof mill by-products in landfills Attracts new business andinvestment in Ontario’sforested regions Contributes to communitycapacity and resiliencethrough trainingopportunities and localbusiness opportunities Creates new markets andtrade opportunities Supports costcompetitiveness for newuses of wood Increases revenues andgrows the provincial GrossDomestic Product Helps to reduce facilityenergy and disposal costs Supports Indigenouscommunity heat and energyself-sufficiency Supports opportunitiesfor increased Indigenousparticipation in forestsector supply chains Provides energy securityand enables otherinfrastructure investments Contributes to productionof essential products, suchas personal protectiveequipment Helps to mitigate greenhousegas emissions by reducingreliance on fossil fuels Creates sustainable,renewable and low-carbonconsumer products Avoids use of toxic andecologically damaging fuelsand chemicals Helps to reduce wildland firerisk in the wildland-urbaninterface Contributes to forestmanagement objectives Promotes healthy andresilient forests by enhancingthe forest ecosystemcondition through improvedforest renewal andmaintenance efforts (i.e.,silviculture practices)Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry11
Ontario’s forestbiomass advantageLeadership in the green economyThe forest sector is a leader inthe emerging green economy.In fact, in the early parts of the20th century, the forest industrywas already producing a range ofenergy services and bioproductsusing mill by-products from bothsolid wood processing and pulp andpaper operations. Until lower-costpetroleum products were introducedin the 1950s, the wood pulpingindustry was one of the largestsuppliers of specialty chemicals in theworld.The forest sector supported Ontario’sphase out of coal for electricitygeneration. Following a switch fromcoal to wood pellets at OntarioPower Generation’s Atikokan facility,Ontario is home to North America’slargest forest biomass-only electricitygenerating station. This actiondemonstrated how Ontario’s forestsector can contribute to economicand environmental objectives whilepositioning the province as a leaderin the low-carbon economy.another, helping to reduce waste andpromotes a circular economy. Figure3, below, is a simple illustration ofhow forest biomass (biofibre and millby-products) supports integrationand interconnectivity betweenforest product industries. The resultis a robust set of efficient supplychains that create a diverse range ofsustainable industry and consumerproducts.The existing infrastructure formanufacturing forest productsprovides a solid foundation toleverage future investments for thedevelopment of new bioproductsand revenue streams while avoidingadded pressure on landfills. Asother sectors of the economytransition away from fossil fuelsand toward more circular andsustainable alternatives, the forestsector can provide valuable supplychain benefits to participants in theemerging green economy.Ontario’s forest sector is highlyintegrated. For example, mill byproducts from one facility serve asthe feedstock to produce energy forForest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry12
Figure 3. A flowchart illustratingthe integration andinterconnectivity offorest biomass usewithin the forestproduct sector.Sustainablymanaged ustriesProduct ExamplesProduct ExamplesSecondaryIndustriesProduct ExamplesForest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry13
SpotlightIntegrating biomass in Resolute Forest Products’ Northwestern Ontario operationsResolute’s Northwestern Ontariooperations are an exampleof moving towards a circulareconomy. In a circular economy,resources gain value throughprocess improvements, wastereduction and repurposing. Thiscreates new and innovativebusiness opportunitieswhile reducing a product’senvironmental footprint.Wood is harvested to producepulp and paper at Resolute’sThunder Bay mill and for lumberat their sawmills in ThunderBay, Atikokan and Ignace.Wood chips generated fromtheir lumber mills feed theirpulp mill; sawdust generatedfrom their lumber mills is usedto create wood pellets at theirThunder Bay pellet mill; andwood shavings feed their wooddrying kilns. Other sawmillresidues, harvest residuesand unmarketable trees areconsumed by their BioEnergyGenerating Station, producingheat for the pulp mill and papermills and electricity for theprovincial grid. Ash leftover fromthe combustion process is usedby local farmers for soil nutrientenhancement. The BioEnergyGenerating Station is the heartof this integrated model allowingResolute to utilize renewablebiomass and be at the forefrontof a cleaner more competitivecircular economy.Sustainable forest policy frameworkOntario is a leader in sustainableforest management. The provincialforest managed under the CrownForest Sustainability Act (CFSA)(Managed Forest) is governed bya robust forest policy frameworkconsisting of legislation, regulations,manuals and guides that providefor long-term forest health. TheCFSA provides for the sustainablemanagement of the Managed Forestin a manner that must have regard forenvironmental, social and economicvalues.Forest management plans (FMP) aredeveloped in accordance with theForest Management Planning Manualand forest management guides.FMPs provide direction on forestmanagement activities such as roaduse and construction, where harvestForest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry14
can occur and the regeneration oftrees within all harvested areas.Preparing an FMP includes Indigenouscommunity, public and stakeholderinvolvement at all stages of plandevelopment.Ontario’s forest policy framework usesan adaptive management approach.Through the forest managementplanning process, forestryprofessionals gather knowledge(traditional, scientific, and social), plan,implement, monitor, report, evaluateand re-plan forest managementactivities based on achievement ofFMP objectives and the evaluationof new information, science, andTraditional Ecological Knowledge.The forest management guides arebased on the best available sciencewith the overall objective of forestsustainability. This is achieved byemulating natural disturbance (e.g.,wildfire, insect outbreaks, windthrow)and landscape patterns (e.g., young,mature, and old forest patches onthe land) while protecting forestvalues such as soil health, waterquality, and biodiversity. The guidesprovide direction to support thesustainability of forest biomassharvesting, which can also promotesite productivity (e.g., soil quality, treegrowth). This approach means that theconservation, allocation and utilizationof Ontario’s provincial forests, forall forest products, is ecologicallysustainable.Forest management can also occuron private land. Ontario’s privatewoodlots and other forested landscan provide a source of sustainableforest biomass. Ontario supports goodforestry practices on private woodlotsthrough initiatives like the ManagedForest Tax Incentive Program (MFTIP).The MFTIP provides a property taxincentive for landowners to workwith a certified Managed Forest PlanApprover to put in place a ManagedForest Plan for their property, whichmay include sustainable harvestingaccording to good forestry practices.When a landowner is preparing fora commercial harvest, to ensure itfollows good forestry practices, theyshould have a prescription preparedby a qualified member of the OntarioProfessional Foresters Associationsuch as a Registered ProfessionalForester (R.P.F.) or a qualifiedAssociate R.P.F.Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry15
SpotlightForest biomass and the Managed Forest carbon cycleOntario’s forest policyframework supports a healthyand diverse Managed Forest thatcan withstand the impacts andreduce the effects of climatechange, while providing asustainable supply of renewablewood products (Figure 4). Theframework also provides theflexibility to implement forestmanagement actions that caninfluence the amount of carbonreleased from or stored inforests and harvested woodproducts.Forest ecosystems can moderatethe impacts associated withclimate change by sequesteringcarbon from the atmosphereand storing carbon (temporarily)in trees, soil and dead organicmatter. The amount of carbonstored in forest ecosystemsdepends on the balanceamong forest conditions andproductivity, forest managementactivities, and the frequency andextent of natural disturbancessuch as fire, insects, andwindthrow. In the long term,maintaining or increasing theamount of carbon stored inforest ecosystems and in woodproducts can provide carbonand greenhouse gas emissionmitigation while also providingother environmental, social andeconomic services.As part of approved forestmanagement plans, the harvestand use of forest biomasscan provide carbon and otherbenefits. Harvesting forestbiofibre can contribute togood silviculture practices byhelping to develop natural anddesirable growth conditionsfor tree species. It can enhanceforest utilization, reducewaste, and contribute to theuse of lower quality logs thatcurrently have no markets.Using sustainably-sourced forestbiofibre and mill by-productscan provide carbon and climatebenefits by substituting carbonintensive products in buildingsand construction, providingrenewable feedstocks forindustries such as steel, lime,and cement, and when replacingfossil fuels used to generate heatand power. As new data andinformation become available,Ontario’s adaptive managementapproach provides for the longterm sustainability of forestbiomass harvesting and use.Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry16
Figure 4. Sustainableforest managementand carbon storageusing an Ontarioboreal forestexample withwildfire suppressionAtmosphereCarbonremains storedwhen wood fibreis recycledDecaying forestsrelease carbonCarbon is emittedWoodProductsstore carbonOld forests release their storedcarbon slowly as they decayor rapidly through wildfireHealthy forestsstore carbonRenewableBioenergyis produced frommill and forestresiduesGrowing forests absorbcarbon and release oxygenReforestation and sustainableforest management practicesensure the carbon cycle continuesForest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry17
Available supplyApproved forest management plans for Ontario’s Managed Forests identify 30 millioncubic metres of wood supply that can beharvested annually. Currently, approximately 15 million cubic metres of wood supplyis harvested per year. The unused woodsupply could potentially support furtherinvestment in the forest sector. Increasingthe harvest within the limits of what canbe sustainably used can be accomplishedwhile maintaining Ontario’s high standardsof forest management. In particular, forestbiomass harvesting offers opportunitiesfor the forest industry to further utilizethe available supply identified in approvedforest management plans. By helping toreduce the cost of accessing stands andencouraging more natural and desirablegrowing conditions, forest biomass harvesting can play a unique role in supportingcost competitiveness and putting Ontario’savailable supply of wood to work.Opportunity also exists to utilize forestbiomass on private woodlots and otherforested land. Furthermore, mill by-products from forest product manufacturingoperations provide an additional supply ofsustainable materials that can be used innew product and revenue streams.SpotlightWhitesand Bioeconomy CentreWhitesand First Nation, inNorthwestern Ontario, ispreparing for the construction ofa Bioeconomy Centre to supportnew forest biomass and woodprocessing facilities. The Centrewill include a 6.5-megawattcombined heat and power plant,a wood pellet plant, and a woodprocessing and merchandizingyard. The project will createapproximately 77 direct and55 indirect full-time jobs in thecommunities of Whitesand FirstNation and Armstrong Station,and represents a decade longdevelopment partnershipbetween Ontario, Canada andWhitesand.Whitesand First Nation haspartnered with Resolute ForestProducts on wood supplymanagement. Once their pelletplant and co-generation plant arein operation, they will be using264,128 cubic metres of forestbiofibre per year, sourced fromhardwood and underutilizedsoftwood (undersized treesand tree tops) from theWabadowgang Noopming andBlack Spruce Forests. Utilizingthese unmarketable speciesand parts of trees will allowthe sustainable harvest ofadditional low-sawlog-qualitystands that were previouslyconsidered uneconomical toharvest. This will result in anadditional 154,200 cubic metresof softwood logs being feasiblefor harvest and use by Resolute’sThunder Bay mills.Forest Biomass Action Plan Ministry of Northern Deve
The case for using forest biomass . 6. 7. 10. 11. Ontario's forest biomass advantage. 12. Leadership in the green economy . Spotlight: Integrating biomass in Resolute Forest Products' Northwestern Ontario operations . Sustainable forest policy framework . Spotlight: Forest biomass and the Managed Forest carbon cycle .
potential production inputs to analyses comparing the viability of biomass crops under various economic scenarios. The modeling and parameterization framework can be expanded to include other biomass crops. Keywords: biomass crop, biomass production potential, biomass resource map, biomass resources, biomass sorghum, energy-
Limitations on Forest Biomass . Potential Biomass Production Perennial Energy Crops Forest Biomass - Hardwoods Forest Biomass - Softwoods Corn Stover 9.5 million dry tons 14.6 million dry tons 46% 3% 36% 15% 12% 32% 54% 2% Potential biomass production (million odt/yr) in NY from different sources in two scenarios
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Potential of timber biomass for energy from forest territory Forest data -31.12.2019: Ø 4149 351ha forest territories (about 37% of the . Existing problems in using forest biomass for energy purposes More that 1 000 000 house holds use forest biomass for heating (90% in the rural areas)
The Biomass Energy Resource Center, the Northern Forest Center, and the Carsey Institute at the Univer-sity of New Hampshire convened the Northern Forest Biomass Energy Initiative in 2006. The purpose of the initiative is to explore the potential for woody biomass from the Northern Forest to provide
Biomass Biogas Biomass Biogas Biomass Technology Upgrades Maximum Potential Current. Emissions, metric tonnes (10. 3 . Mg for CO2eq) Feedstocks Collection and Transport Conversion Savings-80 -40 0 40 80 120 160. NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq. Biogas Biomass Biogas Biomass Biogas Biomass Technology .
In Québec, there are three types of biomass with significant energy potential: forest, agrifood and urban biomass. Of these, forest biomass exists in the greatest quantities, with slash still . To encourage the development of forest biomass as a source of energy, a steady supply of raw materials must be secured. That supply depends on .
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