A Review On Pine Needle And Its Potential To Develop Energy - IJSER
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2017ISSN 2229-5518229A Review on Pine Needle and Its Potential to DevelopEnergyUmesh Chandra Joshi, Yogesh Singh, Dr. Satyendra SinghAbstractPine trees cover large areas of the Kumaon Hills and are considered a threatening to cultivation andagriculture as well as the environment. Because during the summer season, pine needles continuouslyfall from the pine trees and most of the ground surface is covered by pine needles and pine cones. Thisleads to cause of uncontrolled forest fire and it also affect the wildlife and environment also. This reviewpaper will discuss all the facts and uses of pine needles to generate energy via several methods. Properutilization of pine leaves will contribute to the social growth of the people nearer to the It would alsoIJSERgreatly reduce the risk of forest fires, and beneficial for our ecosystem.Index Terms: Pine needles, Ecosystem, Forest fire, Pine cones.IntroductionThe Himalayan pine forests are mostly coniferousforests covering the land of India, Nepal, Pakistanand Bhutan. These pine forest covers for 3000 kmacross the lower elevations of the Himalaya rangefor almost its entire length and it also includes theparts of Pakistan's Punjab Province in the westthrough Azad Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir,Uttarakhand and Sikkim, Nepal, Himachal Pradeshneedle shaped leaves and which keep falling offtrees from the middle of March up-to the mid ofJuly, and these are highly inflammable. Even a burntcigarette carelessly thrown by stranger can causefires that can burn the wholedestroy the local ecology, damaging the fertile layerof the soil and destroy grazing grounds for cattle.Pine needles basically have a very low density andvery low heating values so it is not practical to useand Bhutan.According to the Department of Renewable Energythem for heating and cooking purposes.Govt. of Uttarakhand the total area of Pine Forest inUttarakhand is nearly about 3.43 Lakh Hectare.These Pine forests in Uttarakhand produce more than20.58 lakhs tonnes of biomass which means everyhectare produces 6 tons of pine needlesIn the summer season, forest fires are verydangerous in these areas as pine needles have aforest. These firesIJSER 2017http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2017ISSN 2229-5518230Fuel Analysis for Pine needles: Fuel analysisFurther, the fuel characteristics of producer gas varyis basically used to check the availability of variouswith the end uses, like gas reforming and engineelements in the fuel (pine needles). And it also usedapplicationsto check the thermal capacity of the general,theandbasici. Proximate analysis: Proximate analysis indicates therequirements of producer gas as a fuel remain theamount of fixed carbon, ash, moisture and volatilesame. Much research related to producer gas throughmatter in the fuel.gasification has been carried out by researchersii. Ultimate analysis: Ultimate analysis indicates theamount of percentage ofvarious elements in theworldwide over the last few decades.Gasification process: Biomass gasificationfuel such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,occursSulphur. It is used to find the amount of air requiredthermochemical reactions and hence, it is unrealisticfor the combustion of fuel.to split the gasifier into different zones carrying outBiomass Gasification: Biomass gasification ismany gasification reactions simultaneously. Thethe thermochemical conversion of solid biomass intovarious stages involved in gasification process arethroughasequenceofcomplexIJSERcombustible fuel in the presence of a low quantity ofDrying zone or bunker section: In thisoxygen. Gasification process is generally carried outprocess the moisture present in the biomass isin a reactor called a gasifier, and it involves theremoved with the help of heat transfer fromconversion of carbonaceous fuel into combustiblecombustion zone. Drying of biomass occurs atgases and liquid fuels for various applications. For100 ºC and takes place at bunker section. Moistexample- running a gas engine and gas turbines,feedstock Heat Dry feedstock H2OPyrolysis: In this process the volatile matterdirect heating applications and fuel cells.promisingare released and char is produced. This processtechnology for thermal and power generationoccurs at 200 ºC - 300 ºC and determines theapplications,structure and composition of sleavesisgasificationhasseveralDry feedstock Heat Char Volatilesrestrictitsoperations,thePartial oxidation or combustion zone:producer gas becomes the alternative fuel forResidual char matrix or solid carbonised fuel iselectricity generation and transportation also. Itfurther burned producing more gaseous productproduces electricity and reduces the health hazardwhere heterogeneous reaction take place as theproblems. It is essential to make modifications in thefollowing equation:commercialization.Inwhichaengineengine to get the benefit of the producer gas. TheC O CO 393.8 MJ/kmolproducer gas must have high gas purity, highFuel-bound hydrogen reacts with air blast oxygen,calorific value and very low tar content ( 100producing steammg/Nm3) and it doesn’t contain ammonia and sulfurH 1/2 O H O 242 MJ/kmol.dioxide.Reduction zone: Raw material is completelyIJSER 2017gasifiedhttp://www.ijser.orgusing oxygen from the air and/or steam toform syngas through a series of reactions:
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2017ISSN 2229-5518C CO2 2 CO–172.6 kJ/g. mole231hence, these gasifiers are also called as co-currentgasifiers.(Boudourd reaction)C H2O CO H2 131.4 kJ/g. mole (Water gasUpdraft or counter-current gasifier: Inupdraft gasifier, the gasifying agent such as, air,reaction)CO H2O CO2 H2 42.3 kJ/g. moleoxygen and steam are introduced at the bottom tointeract with biomass and the combustible gases in(Water gas shift reaction)C 2H2 CH4 75 kJ/g. molecounter current direction. The main advantages of(Hydrogasification reaction)updraft gasifiers are good thermal efficiency, smallBy Product: The byproduct of gasifier can bepressure drop and the slight tendency to slagused to make briquettes that can be used for heatingformation. These gasifiers are suitable for thepurposes. The simplest process to make a briquetteapplications where the high flame temperature isis that the char is mixed with some binding materialrequired and a moderate amount of dust in the fuelsuch as clay, rice husk, bagasse, etc. and then filledgas are acceptable.in briquetting mould of any shape and at last dried insunlight.IJSERCrossdraft gasifier: Crossdraft gasifiersTypes of gasifier: Depending upon the shapeand size, gasifier may be classified as fixed bed andfluidized bed gasifier. On the basis of flow directionof air/ oxygen with the gasifier, it is classified ashave certain advantages over updraft and downdraftgasifier but they are not of ideal type. In chemical reaction occurs as the fuel descendsin the reactor. Here air enters from sides rather thandowndraft, updraft and crossdraft gasifier.from top or bottom. Its main advantages are fastI. Fixed bed gasifier: In a Fixed bed or moving bed typegasifier the gasifying agents or gas pass either up ordown through a bed of solid fuel particles. They arethe simplest type of gasifier consisting of acylindrical vessel for fuel and gasifying agents, fuelfeeding unit, ash collection unit and gas exit. Thesetypes of gasifiers are deigned to operate at moderateresponse against the load, flexible gas producer,small start-up time, compatibility with dry air blastand have short design height. This type of gasifier isnot capable of handling high tar content and re fuel gases and has the poor reduction ofcarbon dioxide gas.pressure conditions of 25–30 atm. They are highlyII. Fluidized bed type gasifier: Its principle is based onaffected by the formation of tar contents,fluidization in which both the fuel and inert bedDowndraft or co-current gasifier: Inmaterial behaves like a fluid. The basic concept ofdowndraft gasifier, as clear from the name itself, airfluidized bed has been adopted to enhance the heatinteracts with the solid biomass fuel in thetransfer between the fuel particles for betterdownward direction which results in the movementgasification process and therefore, a fluidized bed2017 operate under nearly isothermal conditions.of wastes and gases in the co-current direction IJSERand canhttp://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2017ISSN 2229-5518232Gas cleaning: The high temperature gas generatedVilletta et al. (2017): This work is a review of theduring the gasification process contains a largemost important models in the scientific literatureamount of ash. Due to ash present in the gas there isapplying the so-called stoichiometric method. Thea possibility of jamming the machine parts. The highauthors’ aim is to discuss dedicated analysestemperature of this gas reduces the volumetricregarding the effect of biomass moisture content,efficiency of IC engine, since at high temperature thegasification equivalence ratio, pressure variationsdensity of gas is low so the engine aspirate lessand oxygen enrichment on the quality of theamount of air this leads to decrease in power output.produced syngas in particular in terms of lowerThus there is a need of proper cleaning and coolingheating value and cold gas efficiency. Essentially,of produced gas before its use. Dust filters can bealmost all presented models show that: an increaseused to prevent the entry of ash in the moving parts.of moisture content produces a decrease of lowerIn order to get proper cooling and cleaning of the gasheating value, due to a reduction of the CO yield thatmore than one these type of systems are used inhas a greater weight with respect to the increase ofseries.H2; an increase of equivalence ratio and pressureIJSERvariations produce a decrease of lower heating value,Literature Surveydue to the simultaneous decrease of CO and H2; anincrease of oxygen enrichment produces an increaseSansaniwal et al. (2017): In the present study,various critical issues (technical and non-technical)related to subprocesses are discussed, such asof lower heating value, due to the simultaneousincrease of CO and H2. Analogous considerationsare applicable the cold gas efficiency of thebiomass supply chain management, biomassgasification process.pretreatment, gasification technology, syngasconditioning, power generation through gasification,environmental issues and other generic barriersAhm et al. (2016): This review focused on statisticalindependent component and regression analysis ofBC(biochar) production technologies andChiodo et al. (2017): This study tells about thefeasibility to produce hydrogen rich gas from citruspeel residue by steam gasification process.Thermodynamic evaluations were performed bysimulation modelling thus preliminary experimentwas carried out at 1023 K. The effect of differenttypes of catalytic materials (minerals and syntheticcatalyst) on steam gasification process wasphysicochemical properties of different BCs. It wasobserved that raw woody materials were the bestwhich possess essential BC physicochemicalproperties such as surface area and elementalcomposition. Other raw materials such as food wasteand agricultural materials could also be potentiallyused for producing BCs with good physicoechemicalproperties. Some feedstocks such as pine shaving,investigated in terms of efficiency, hydrogenformation tendency and outlet stream compositionpine needles, wood, wheat residues, and giant reedshowed high surface area and carbon content at aIJSER pyrolysis2017http://www.ijser.orgtemperature of 500 ºC. BCs producedthrough slow pyrolysis are widely used.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2017ISSN 2229-5518Sansaniwal et al. (2017): In this review article, theand the cost for this is itself paid by energyfollowings have been illustrated:production.The present status of biomass gasifier with respectto the developing countries is reviewed. AJoshi et al. (2015): This paper may be summarizedcomprehensive review on the design, development,as to unearth and establish an implementableand performance evaluation of various types ofmethodology between forest user and forestbiomass gasifiers has been presented. Technologicalbioresidue resource management while achieving aand commercial barriers in biomass gasificationmuch vital goal of climate change mitigation withhave been depicted. Techno-economic study ofeconomic empowerment of local communitiesvarious types of biomass gasifiers has beenthrough basic technological interventions.demonstrated. Global scenario and future directionson biomass gasification have been illustrated.Chauhan & Saini (2015): The present studyencompasses the utilization of renewable energyVassilev et al. (2017): Biomass has highly variablesources for energy access in rural areas ofIJSERash yields and contents of ash forming elements dueUttarakhand state. Availability of renewable energyto biodiversity and different composition andresources in the state has been presented in theabundance of genetic classes of organic andpaper. Depending on the site conditions, variousinorganic matter in biomass varieties.alternative technologies, working independently orThe ash yield of biomass (dry basis) varies in theaggregated mode, can be selected. A modellinginterval of 0.1–67% (mean 7.2%) and normallymethod is also covered, involving a definiteshows much lower value than in coal. The mean ashconfiguration of integrated resources entitled foryields for the biomass groups decrease in the order:rural electrification. Barriers and issues wereanimal and human biomass wastes aquaticdiscussed, that helps one to evaluate the parametersbiomass contaminated biomass and industrialmost susceptible to deviate during thebiomass wastes herbaceous and agriculturalimplementation of integrated renewable energybiomass wood and woody biomass.system for off-grid applications.Bisht et al. (2014): This paper tells about the pineneedle gasification technique that makedecentralized power generation system in terms ofimproving the quality of life, which includes supplyof hygienic drinking water, irrigation and supply ofquality electricity for rural Himalayan regions. Thegeneration of power is not the only benefit of thistechnology; it also contributes towards protecting theIsmail & Salam (2017): This paper tells about thenumerical simulation and experimental studies ofdifferent operating conditions of biomassgasification on the performance of an updraftgasifier high temperature air gasification (HTAG).The influence of gasification temperature andequivalence ratio (ER) on gas production and taryield were examined. A mathematical model wasenvironment. The result is a two-pronged strategyIJSERof 2017used to simulate the effects of the parameters thathttp://www.ijser.orgdevelopment where we can save the environmentinfluence the process of gasification.233
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2017ISSN 2229-5518234Conclusions: This review paper concludes thatGeneration - Gasifier Engine System. Biomasspine needles have a tremendous energy. Proper1984;5:227–42.utilization of these pine needles will greatly help to8) Sudip Pandey Pine needle briquettes A renewablemeet the energy shortage in a particular region. Andsource of energy, IJES Volume 3 Issue 3, JUNEthis will surely raise the living standard of the people2013by giving job in these gasification plants. This also9) Yoon SJ, Son Y-I, Kim Y-K, Lee J-G.leads to save our forest and our ecosystem fromGasification and power generationforest fires. The byproduct of this gasification plantCharacteristics of rice husk and rice husk pelletcan be also used to make briquettes for heatingusing a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier.purposes. So this is a technique to get dual energyRenew Energy 2012;42:163–7from a single biomass.10) A. Sett, S.C. Bhattacharya, MathematicalReferences:modeling of a fluidized bed charcoal gasifier, Appl. 1) World Wildlife Fund, Himalayan subtropicalEnergy 30 (1) (1988) 161–186.11. R.N. Singh, U. Jena, J.B. Patel, A.M. Sharma,pine forests, online“Feasibility study of cashew nut shells as an open m0gasifier feedstock,” vol. 31, 2006, pp. 481–487.301Himalayan subtropical pine forests2) Online at www.gasifiers.org3) Peter MK. Energy production from biomass (partgasification technologies.Bio resource Technol 2002;83:55–63.4) Biomass to Energy – The Science andTechnology of IISc Bio-Energy Systems, ABETS,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,5) Kumar M, Sansaniwal SK, Khatak P. Progress insolar dryers for drying variouscommodities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2016;55:346–60.6) Overend RP. Direct combustion of biomass.Renewable Energy sources chargedwith energy from the sun and originated from earthmoon interaction. 0104.pdf)7) Vyarawalla F, Parikh PP, Dak HC, Jain BC.Utilization of Biomass for Motive PowerIJSER 2017http://www.ijser.org
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According to the Department of Renewable Energy Govt. of Uttarakhand the total area of Pine Forest in Uttarakhand is nearly about 3.43 Lakh Hectare. These Pine forests in Uttarakhand produce more than 20.58 lakhs tonnes of biomass which means every hectare produces 6 tons of pine needles In the summer season, forest fires are very
1 U Table 3 4" x 9" x 23" Pine 1 V Front brace 1 1 2" x 2" x 11 2" Pine 1 W Back brace 1 1 2" x 21 4" x 18" Pine 1 X Bottom rail 1 1 2" x 3" x 22" Pine 2 Y Arms 1 2" x 2" x 22" Oak 1 Z Armature link 3 4" x 11 4" x 41 4" Pine 1 AA Index block 3 4" x 2 1 2" x 2 2" Pine 1 BB Locking panel 3 4" x 21 2" x 51 2" Pine .
12 I 2010 Pine Rest Annual Report 2010 Pine Rest Annual Report I 13 PINE REST FOUNDATION Foundation Grant Builds Skills Each year, the Pine Rest Foundation uses an annual grant process to distribute funds to Pine Rest programs and services. In fiscal year 2010, 464,500 was distributed. “This year we provided a number of grants that
Pine Technical and Community College · 900 Fourth St. SE · Pine City, MN 55063 Tel: 800.521.7463 · Fax: 320.629.5101 · Web: www.pine.edu Associate Degree Nursing Mobility . PTCC student email, or D2L/Brightspace). 3 Pine Technical and Community College · 900 Fourth St. SE · Pine City, MN 55063
We crochet on the right side of the work. We use a tunisian needle, 1 full size bigger than the normal needle size. (Tunisian hook H, 5.0 mm). Row 22: There is 1 loop on your needle. Pull up a loop in the same stitch and every stitch across (needle through stitch, yarn over, needle back through stitch, 2 loops on needle) (photo 1, 2 and 3).
SASH Kits: 2 BD Prefilled Normal Saline Syringes, 1 Prefilled Heparin Lock Flush Syringe 306537: 5 mL Fill in 10 mL Syringe - 100 unit/mL . Hypodermic Needle: 50 per box, 500 per case: 305921: 27 G x 5/8 in. Needle: 25 G x 5/8 in. Needle: 305916: 25 G x 1 in. Needle: 305902: 23 G x 1 in. Needle: 305900: 22 G x 1 1/2 in. Needle:
Island, those parts of 232 within the natural range of shore pine, and lower elevation areas of the old 221, 222, 411, 412, and 421 seed zones. Elevation bands within geographic seed transfer zones for Shore Pine For Shore pine (zones 1-6), 1000-foot elevation bands should be established within each zone.
diseases of shore pine on . the Oregon coast. Figure 1. Shore pine on Battle Rock in Port Orford, Oregon. EM 9008 September 2010. James E. Reeb and David C. Shaw (Pinus contorta. Douglas ex. Louden var. contorta) Shore Pine in Oregon. Lodgepole pine has the widest range of environmental tolerance of any North American . conifer.
The American Revolution This French snuffbox pictures (left to right) Voltaire, Rousseau, and colonial states-man Benjamin Franklin. Enlightenment and Revolution641 Americans Win Independence In 1754, war erupted on the North American continent between the English and the French. As you recall, the French had also colonized parts of North America through-out the 1600s and 1700s. The conflict .
