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THE PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN COUKSE.By В. H. KENNEDY, D.D.Formerly Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge.The REVISED LATIN PRIMER.Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.The SHORTER LATIN PRIMER. Fcp. 8vo. Is.EXERCISES on the SHORTER LATIN PRIMER.By M. G. and J. E. Kkxhedt, and H. Wilkinson, M.A. Crown 8vo. 1j. W.The PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN PRIMER. Edited withthe sanction of the Head Mantera of the Nine Schools included in HerMajesty's Commission. vizM Winchester, Eton. St. lanl's. Westminster. Merchant Taylors, Bugby, Shrewsbury, Hai row. and С arterhouse. 12mo. 2s. 6rf.SUBSIDIA PRIMARIA, STEPS to LATIN : EasyCompanion Books to the Public School Latin Primer for Beginners. Part I.Accidence and Simple Construction, price 2j. 6d. Part II. Syntax, price 3*. dd.The Key to Parts I. and II. price 5s. %l. net, post free. (For Teachers only.)SUBSIDIA PEIMARIA, Part III. Manual of the Bulesof Construction in the Latin Compound Sentence ; being a Supplement tothe Public School Latin Primer. 12mo. price 1«.CURRICULUM STILI LATINI, or Higher Exercisesin Latin Prose Composition ; exemplifying principally the Latin CompoundSentence, and also Latin Syntax generally, for viva voce as well as writtenuse. I? mo. 4л. Gd —Key, price Is. Od. ntt, post free. (For Teachers only.)FALiESTRA LATINA, or Second Latin ReadingBook ; adapted to the Public School Latin Primer. 12mo. 5s.*«* The above fonr Ьоэкз form a Course of Latin Instruction. and are speciallyadapted to facilitate and extend the use of the Public School Latin Primer.The CHILD'S LATIN PRIMER, or First LatinLessons ; with Questions and Exercises, adapted to che principles of the PublicSchool Latin Primer. 12nio. 2s.The CHILD'S LATIN ACCIDENCE, extracted fromDr. Kennedy's Child's Latin Primer ; containing all that is necessary to leadBoys up to the Public School Latin Primer. 12mo. Is.An ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR of the LATINLANGUAGE, for tbe Use of Colleges and Schools. 12mo. 3«. id.Tho PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN GRAMMAR, for theUse of Schools, Colleges, and Private Students. Crown 8vo. Is. 6d.The WORKS of VIRGIL, Latin Text, with English Commentary and Appondice». With Two Марш. Crown 8vo. 10». M.LONGMANS, GEEEN, & CO., London, New York, and Bombay.
WORKS BY BENJAMIN HA.LL KENNEDY, D.D.Fop. 8vo. price 2». 6d,THE REVISED LATIN PRIMER.EXTRACTS FROM THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.This book le a complete revision of the Public School Latin Primer.The report of the Public School Commission of 1862 having recommended theuse of a common Latin Grammar in Public Schools. the Head-Masters of the Schoolsincluded in that Commission resolved to adopt my Elementary Latin Grammar,whioh had for some years been widely used. as the basis of such a common Grammar,and thePublio School Latin Primer. prepared in accordance with that resolution,was published with their sanction in the year 1866.During the period which has since elapsed, various improvements have fromtime to time occurred to me or been suggested by others. But, looking at the jointauthority under which the Primer was issued, I did not feel myself free to introduceinto it the alterations which under other circumstances I should have made. When,however, I found that a revision of the Primer was generally desired, and when,after communication with the Conference of Head-Masters, I found myself in aposition to act in the matter of revision upon my own responsibility, I gladly enteredupon the work of which i he present Revised Primer is the result.The greatest care has been taken to make the arrangement in respect of form asclear and plain as possible. For this purpose I have (1) brought into the text underthe appropriate headings the matter which in the original Primer is contained inAppendix I. (2) Omitted such technical terms as seemed to be reasonably open toobjection.THE SHORTER LATIN PRIMER.Fcp. 8vo. price One Shilling.AUTHOR'S PREFACE.This little book is published in compliance with a wish expressed to me by a largenumber of Masters, including many teachers in Preparatory Schools and in thelower forms of Public Schools.It is intended to be a simple manual for beginners in Latin, preparatory to theuse of the Revised Latin Primer.In order to facilitate the passage of the learner from one book to the other, andalso to make it possible for thera to be used side by side if necessary, this ShorterPrimer has been made, as far as it goes, in the main identical with the RevisedPrimer, and arranged on the same plan.It contains the memorial portion of the Accidence, with a few of the mostimportant notes and explanations, and the more elementary parts of the Syntax ofthe Simple Sentence.A short outline of the Compound Sentence, which did not form part of myoriginal plan, has been added in accordance with the desire of several experiencedteachers. In this part it has been necessary, for the sake of brevity, to make thearrangement and wording somewhat different from that of the Revised Primer.In this book. as in the Revised Primer, I have endeavoured to simplify themarking of quantity by placing the mark of quantity. as a rule, only on the longvowels. It must therefore be noted that vowels not marked are generally to be takenas short, short quantity being only marked where it has seemed necessary to guardagainst mistake.EXERCISES ONTHE SHORTER LATIN PRIMER.By M. G. and J. E. Kennedy and H. Wilkinson, M.A.Crown 8vo. 1«. 6d. KEY, for the use of Титoве only, 2*. 6d. net.LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., London, New Tork, and Bombay,
THESHORTER LATIN PRIMERBYBENJAMIN HALL KENNEDY, D.D.LATE FELLOW. OP ST JOHX'S COLLEGE, САЫВПГООКSEMES PROFESSOR OP CHEEKAMD CANON OF ELTNEW EDNIOAlLONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO.LONDON, NEW YORK, AND BOMBAY1896 '¿II rtghlt reiervtä
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Lse \.-)PREFACE.This little book is published in compliance with a wishexpressed to me by a large number of Masters, includingmany teachers in Preparatory Schools, and in the lowerforms of Public Schools.It is intended to be a simple manual for beginners inLatin, preparatory to the use of the Eevised Latin Primer.In order to facilitate the passage of the learner fromone book to the other, and also to make it possible for themto be used side by side if necessary, this Shorter Primerhas been made, as far as it goes, in the main identical withthe Eevised Primer, and arranged on the same plan.It contains the memorial portion of the Accidence, witha few of the most important notes and explanations, andthe more elementary parts of the Syntax of the SimpleSentence.A short outline of the Compound Sentence, which didnot form part of my original plan, has been added in
vi, ,,PREFACE'—.I -I,.,.-— -ч- accordance with the desire of several experienced teachers.In this part it has been necessary, for the sake of brevity,to make the arrangement and wording somewhat differentfrom that of the Eevised Primer.In this book, as in the Eevised Primer, I have endeavoured to simplify the marking of quantity by placingthe mark of quantity, as a rule, only on the long vowels.It must therefore be noted that vowels not marked aregenerally to be taken as short, short quantity being onlymarked where it has seemed necessary to guard againstmistake.B. II. KENNEDY.The Elms, Cambridoe ;May 1888.
CONTENTS.И* �АВЕLetters and Laws o? Sound.,.iFlexiont. .2Parts of Speech3Declension,.4Gender,.5Declension of Substantives6Declension of Adjectives . 20Comparison. 24Numerals27Pronouns30Verrs . 35Verb Paradigms40Irreoular Verbs62Defective Verbs . . 67Impersonal Verbs6pTable of Verb Perfects and Supines .,. . duction to the Simple Sentence73Aoreement75The Cases :The Nominative and Vocative Cases . 76The Accusative Case. . 77The Dative Case . 78The Ablative Case . . 80The Genitive Case82Place, Time, and Space. 85Prepositions87
7.229.233.234.J'AUEImpersonal Verbs (Case Construction)Passive ConstructionPronounsThe Verb Infinite :The InfinitiveGerund and GerundiveSupinesAdverbsConjunctionsInterjections .Question236.The Compound Sentence (Outline)246.Bules for Oratio Obliqua254.Bules of QuantitïAppendix.t.878889919193939494959699102. 104
THE SHORTER LATIN PRIMER.LETTERS AND LAWS OP SOUND.The Latin Alphabet.—The Latin Alphabet contains twenty1 three letters, with the following signs :—ABCDEPGHI(J)KLMNOPQESTU(V)XYZabcde fghi(j)klmnopqrstu(v)xyzThe letters are divided into :1. Vowels or Sonants (sounding by themselves) ;2. Consonants (sounding with a vowel).Vowels.The pure vowels are a, e, o ; i and u are classed as vowelsand also as consonants (represented by the dgns j and v), becausethey have both vowel and consonant sound.Quantity of Vowels. —Each of the five vowels can be either** short or long : short when pronounced quickly, like English ain man ; long when the voice dwells on the sound, as in far.A short vowel is distinguished by the sign , a long one bythe sign - : amó. Thus the five vowels stand for ten differentsounds :»-V-V-V.K,a, a, e, e, i, i, о, o, u, u.The following five words may give an approximate idea oftheir pronunciation.quinine, demesne, papa, propose, Zulu.A vowel before two consonants is said to bo long ' by position.' A vowel before another vowel, or before h followed by avowel, is nearly always short.S. P.в
LAWS OF SOUND4Diphthongs.—A Diphthong (double sound) is formed by twovowels meeting in one syllable. The diphthongs commonlyfound in Latin are ae, oe, au ; more rarely en : Caesar, moenia,laus, heu. The Diphthongs are always long.Consonants.5I. Mutes (closed sounds) :(i.) Gutturals (throat sounds) (g 3!0* (k)' qU'(ii.) Dentals (teeth sounds) g *'(iii.) Labials (lip sounds){вЙЙГII. Spieants (open sounds), s, f, h.Ш. Semi- Consonants :(i.) Consonant i (written j), Consonant n (written v).(ii.) Nasals, n, m.(iii.) Liquids, 1, r.x is really a double letter, standing for cs, gs.y, z and the three Greek aspirates, ch, ph, th, are only foundin Greek words, as zona, chlamys, phalanx, theatrum.6Syllables.—A syllable consists of one or more letters whichcan be sounded with a single accent or tone of the voice : I-lex.FLEXION.7Flexion is a change made in the form of a word to showdifferences of meaning and use.The Stem is the simplest form of a word in any languagebefore it undergoes changes of Flexion.The Character is the final letter of the Stem.The Boot is the primitive element which the word has incommon with kindred words in the same or in other languages.
PARTS OF SPEECHPARTS OF SPEECH.8Words are divided into :I. Nouns : which are of three kind3 :Substantives, names of persons, places, or things :Caesar, Caesar ; Soma, Rome ; sol, sun ; virtus, virtue.Adjectives, which express the qualities of Substantives :Boma antlqua, ancient Rome ; sol clarus, the bright sun.Pronouns, which stand for a Substantive or Adjective :ëgo, J; tile, that, he ; meüs, my, mine.П. Veebs : which express an action or state :Sol dat lucem, the sun gives light ; Boma manet, Rome remains.1П. Particles : which are of four lands :Adverbs, which qualify and limit Verbs, Adjectives, andsometimes other Adverbs :Boma din floruit ; nunc minus potens est.Rome flourished long ; now it is less powerful.Prepositions, which denote the relation of a Noun to otherwords in the sentence :Per Eomam erro, Iwander through Rome.Conjunctions, which connect words, phrase and sentences :Caelum suspicio ut liinam et sïdera videam.I look up to the sky that I may see the moon and stars.Interjections : words of exclamation : neu, eben, alas IВЭУ
DECLENSIONThe Parts of Speech are therefore eight )(6)(7)(8)Which have onsWhich are without Flexion exceptthe comparison of Adverbs.The flexion of Nouna is called Declension ; that of Verbs,Conjugation.There is no Article in Latin. Lux may stand for a light,the light, or simply light.10Substantives are (a) Concrete : vir, man ; mensa, table. {b)Abstract : virtus, virtue. Proper names are names of personsor places : Caesar, Boma. A Collective Substantive includesmany persons or things of the same kind : turba, crowd.UNumerals are words which express Number. They areAdjectives, as unus, one ; duo, two ; or Adverbs, as semel, once ;bis, twice.Declension.1213Declension is the change of form which Nouns undergo toshew changes of Number and Case.The Numbers are two :Singular for one person or thing : mensa, a table ; gens,a nation.Plural for more than one : mensae, tables ; gentes, nations.
DECLENSION14The Cases are six :Nominative, the Subject Case, answering the questionWho? or "What?Vocative, the Case of one addressed.Accusative, the Object Case, answering the question Whom ?or What ?Genitive, answering the question Of whom ? or Of what ?Dative, answering the question To whom ? or To what ?Ablative, answering the question From whom? or Fromwhat?Examples of the Cases lative.Sol lucet,the sun shines.Sol or o sol,о sun.Sölem lucëre video, I see the sun shine.Solis lux,the sun's light, or the light ofthe sun.Soli lux addïtur,ЩЫ is added to tlie sun.Sole lux ëdïtur,light issues from the sun.There was in the earliest Latin another Case, called theLocative, answering the question Where ?Gendeb.15The Genders are three :1, Masculine; 2, Feminine; 8, Neuter [neither).Gender is shewn by the form of a word and by its meaning.Nouns which include both Masculine and Feminine are saidto be of Common Gender : civis citizen ; auctor, author.(For Memorial Lines on Gender, see Appendix.)
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES16DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES.Substantives are grouped in Declensions according to theCharacter or final letter of the Stem as follows :(1) Fibst Declension :A- Stems,(2) Second Declension : 0- Stems.(8) Thied Declension :Consonant Stems and I- Stems.(4) Fourth Declension : U- Stems.(5) Fifth Declension :17E- Stems.The Character of the Stem is most clearly seen before theending -um or -rum of the Genitive Plural.The Nominative, masculine and feminine, takes s, except ina- Stems, some Stems in ro- of the Second Declension, and Stemsin s, 1, r, n, of the Third. The Vocative is like the Nominative,except in the singular of Nouns in -us of the Second Declension.Neuters have the Accusative like the Nominative in bothsingular and plural ; the plural always ends in a.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES18Fiest Declension.A- Stems.The Nominative Singular is the same as the Stem.Stemmensatable, f.Sin«.Nom. mensä,Voе. mensa,Ace. mensam,Gen. mensae,Dat. mensae,Abl. mensâ,Plur.a table.о table.a table.of a table.to a table.from a s,tables.o tables,tables.of tables.to tables.from tables.Decline like menea : aquila, eagle ; lima, moon ; rëgïna, queen ; Stella, star.Dea, goddess, filia, daughter, have Dative and Ablative Plural,deäbus, filiâbus.Note.—The Locative sing. ends in -ae ; the plur. in -Is : Bomae,at Rome ; terrae, on the ground ; militiae, at the war : Athénïs, atAthens ; foris, abroad.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES19Second Declension.0- Stems.Tho Nominative is formed from the Stem by adding s ; inneuter nouns, m ; the Character ö being weakened to u.In the greater number of nouns whose Stem ends in ero, or inro preceded by a mute, the o is dropped, and the Nom. ends in -er.Stemannö-puërô-mägiströ-bellô-year, m.boy, m.master, m.war, num,annï,annö,annö,a yeara yeara yearof a yearto a yearfrom a ,,annïs,annis,yearso yearsyearsof yearsto yearsfrom �.Nom.Voе.Асе.Gen.Dat.АЫ.Decline like annus : amïcus, friend ; dominus, lord ; serras, slave.Decline like puer: gener, son-in-lav; ; socer, father-in-law; lïberl (plur.)children ; lucifer, light-bringer ; armiger, armour-bearer.Decline like magister : ager, field ; cancer, crab ; liber, bookDecline like bellum : regnum, kingdom ; verbum, word.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVESThe following have some exceptional forms :—Stemfiliö-vïro-deö-son, Ш.man, m.god, m.filiusfilïfiliumfilii or filiösfiliörumfiliisvirïvirösvirörum or virumvirîsdï (dei)deösdeôrum or deumdis (deis)Sino.Nom.Voе.Ace.Gen.D. ¿W.deïdeöРыт.N. V.4cc.Gen.D. АЫ.Decline like Alius : Claudius, Vergilius, and many other proper names.Note.—ТЪе Locative singular ends in î ; the plural in is : humi,on the ground; belli, at the war; Milëti, at Miletus; Philippis,at Philippi.20Thied Declension.Consonant and I- Stems,The Third Declension contains—A. Consonant Stems.Mutes—(1) Gutturals, c, g.(2) Dentals, t, d.(3) Labials, p, b.Spirant s.Nasals, n, m.Liquids, l, r.B. I- Stems.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES1021Syllabus of Consonant Substantives, showing Stem-endingwith Nominative and Genitive Singular.Stem-endingNominative Sing. Genitive Sing.EnglishStems in Gutturals with x in Norn. for cs or gs.äcfax, f.fäcistorchäcpax, f.päcispeaceëcnex, f.nëcisdeathëc-ïcapex, m.apïcispeakëcvervex, m.verveciswetherïcfornix, in.fornïcisarchjudex, с.judïcisïcjudgeïcradix, f.radiéisrootÖCvox, f.vöcisvoiceucducisdux, с.leaderûclucislightlux, f.grex, m.grëgisflock«grex, m.regiskingêgëg- ïgrêmex, m.remïgisrowerßtrix, f.strigisïgscreech-owlug.wife or husbandconjunx, с.conjugisügwantingfrugis, f.fruitÏ7nix, f.nïvissnowStems in Dentals drop t, d, before s in the Nom.änäs, f.anatîsduckatätaetäs, f.aetâtisageëtsëgës, f.segëtiscorn-cropparies, m.pariëtisroom-wallëtquiëtisquiês, f.restêtmiles, с.mîlïtissoldierët-ïtcaput, п.capitisheadïtnepötisnëpôs, m.grandsonôtvirtutisùtvirtus, f.virtuelactisctlac, п.milksuretyvudisàdvas, m.pëdisëdpês, m.footmercëdishiremercês, f.ëdpraes, m.praedisbondsmanaedobsës, c.obsïdishostageëd- ïdlapïdislapis, m.stoneïdcustôdisguardiancustôs, сôdpëcus, f.pecudisbeastudincûdisanvilincus, f.ûdpraiselaudislaus, f.audheartcor, п.cordisrd-
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVESIIStems in Labials form Nom. regularly with s.äpwantingdapïs, f.banquetëp- ïpprinceps, с.principiechiefïpwantingstïpis, f.dole (a small coin)брwantingöpis, f.helpëp- upauceps, m.aucüpisfowlerStems in the Spirant s, which, except in vas, becomes г,âs-aes- aerës- ërïs- eres- ores- бгus- ërñs-ür-vas, n.aes, n.Cerës, f.cinis, m.honös, m.tempus, n.opus, n.crus, �riscrurisvesselcopper, bronzeCerescinderhonourtimeworklegStems in Liquids.äiellïlôl-ulararrërêrter- trôrôrôr-urur-sal, m.mel, n.mûgil, m.sol, m.consul, m.jubar, n.far, n.ansër, m.ver, n.mater, f.aequör, n.ëbur, n.sorör, f.vultur, m.fur, mïnishominisleönisratiöniscarnishiëmisdogyoung personnamemanlionreasonfleshwinterStems in Nasals.Snellen- ïnon- In-anionrn-ëm-canïs, с.juvenïs, с.nômën, п.hömo, m.leo, m.ratio, f.caro, f.hiemps, f.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES12A. Consonant Stems.од(1) Stems in Gutturals : c, gStemjûdïcjudge, сradicroot, t.rëgЫпд, m.Sino.N. ï,judicë,a judgea judgeof a judgeto a judgefrom a udicïbus,judgesjudgesof judgesto judgesfrom regësregësregumregïbusreglbùsPliUR.N. V.Acе.Gen.Dat.Abi.Decline also : íse vox, vöc-, voice ; с. dux, duc-, leader ; m. grex, grëg--, flock.(2) Stems in Dentals: t, d.23Stemaetätage, t.pëdfoot, m.capïtkead, n.SlKG.N. V.Acе.Gen.Dat.АЫ.Рыт.N. apitumcapitïbuscapitíbüsDecline also : f. virtus, virtut-, virtue ; с miles, mint-, soldier; m. lapis,lapïd-, stone; t. laus, laud-, praise.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES2413(8) Stems in Labials : p, b.Stem princëpprincïpchief, с.Sino.N. cipïbiisprincipïbusDecline also : с. forceps, forcïp- , tongs ; m. auceps, aucup-, fowler.25Stems in the Spirant s.Stems in s do not add s in the Nominative Singular, andgenerally they change s into r in the other cases.Stemflôrfi ower, m.flos-öpusбрёг-crûscrùr-work, n.leg, perïbuscruracruracrurumcrurïMscrurîbusSlNQ.N. V.Ace.Gen.Dat.АЫ.Plur.N. V.Асе.Gen.Dat.Abi.Decline also: m. honôs, honor-, honour; n. tempus, tempSr-, time;corpus, corpör-, body ; genus, genër-, race ; jus, jür-, law.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES1426Stems in Liquids :l,r.Stems in 1, r, do not take s in the Nominative Singular.amorpäteraequörStem consulpatrconsul, m.love, m.fathcr.sea, aequorïbusSino.N. V.Ace.Gen.Dat.Abi.Pi-иr.N. V.Асе.Gen.Dat.Abi.Decline also : m. söl, soi-, sun; orätSr, orator-, speaker; career, career-,prison; frâter, fratr-, brother; n. ebur, ebör-, ivory.Stems in Nasals : n, m.27Stems ending in n do not take s in the Nominative Singular.Stems in on, on, drop the n.Stemlëôn-virgônvirgïn-nômënnomïn-lion, m.virgin, î.ivame, ominanominumnominïbûsnominïbusSino.N. V.Асе.Gen.Dat.Abi.Ршr.N. V.Асе.Gen.Dat.Abi.Decline also : m. latrö, latron-, robber ; f. ratiö, ration-, reason ; m. ordö,ordïn-, order . homo, nomïn-, man ; n. carmen, carmín-, song.There is only one Stem in m : hiemps, winter ; Gen. hiëmis, f.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES2815B. I- Stems.(1) Stems with Nom. Sing. in -is, and in -er from Stem ri- :Stemclâvï-cîvï-imbrï-hey, t.citizen, 0.shower, m.Sraa.clâvïsclavim, emclavïsclavïclavî, ëN. V.Ace.Gen.Dat.АЫ.cïvïscivemcivïscivïcive, ïimbërimbremimbrïsimbrïimbrï, ëeivëscivïs, esciviumcivïbuscivïbusimbrêsimbrïs, esimbriumimbrïbusimbrïbusPlur.N. V.Асе.Gen.Dat.АЫ.clavesclavïs, esclavium. clavïbusclavïbûsDecline like clavis : f. classis, fleet ; nâvis, ship.Decline like civis : m. amnis, river; collis, hill; ignis,/!«; {. ovis, sheepm. canalis, canal ; aedïlis, acdile.Decline like imber : f. linter, boat ; m. titer, leathern bottle.Note.—Tis, f., farce, Stem vï-, is thus declined :N. esviresviriumviribusviribusms with Nom. Sing. in -es:nûbï- cloud, f.StemSino.N. Decline also : môles, pile ; rüpüs, crag.Plub.nubesnubes, ïsnubiumnnbïbûsnubïbus
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES1630(8) Stems which have two consonants (a liquid or nasal anda mute) before i, and drop i before the s in the Nom. Sing. :Stemmontï-urbï-mountain, m.city, bëmontésmontes, ismontiummontîbûsmontlbusurbesurbës, isurbiumurbïbusurbïbusSino.N. V.Ace.Gen.Dat.АЫ.Рига.N. V.Асе.Gen.Dat.Abi.Decline also : m. dens, dentl-, tooth ; f. arx, arel-, citadel ; ars, arti-, art ;stirps, stlrpi-, stem; frons, frontl-, forehead; frons, frondl-, leaf;bidens, bldentl-, sheep, but m. fork ; c. parens, parent!-, parent.32(4) Neuter Stems with Norn. Sing. in -ë, -SI, -är :These either change ï into ë in the Nom. Sing. or drop thévowel and shorten the final nimalïbùscalcaríacalcariumcalcarïbûsSino.N. V. Ace.Gen.Dat. АЫ.Рыта.N. V. Асе.Gen.Dat. АЫ.Decline also : conclave, room ; cubile, couch ; rëtë, net (abl. sing. è) ;tribunal, tribunal ; exemplar, pattern.Note.—The Locative sing. ends in -I or -ë ; the plural in -ibus :rurï or rurë, in tIie country ; vesperï or vespere, in tIie evening ;Carthâginï or Carthâginë, at Carthage ; Gadibus, at Gades (Cadiz).
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES17The following have exceptional forms :—Juppiter, and sënex,old man.SlNO.N. enïbussenïbusFoueth Declension.U- Stems.33The Nominative of masculine and feminine nouns is formedby adding s ; neuters have the plain Stem with ü (long).Stemgrädustep, m.genuknee, umgraduegraduîgradua step0 stepa stepof a stepto a stepfrom a .Dat.АЫ.gradüsstepsgradûs0 stepsgradüsstepsgraduum of stepsgradibus to stepsgradibüs from stepsgenuagenuagenuagentiumgenïbusgenïbusDecline like gradas : fructus, fruit ; senátus, sánate ; marras, f., )umd.Decline like genu : cornu, horn ; veru, spit (rts-t. abl. plur. -ubus).Б. P.
i834DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVESDomus, f., is thus declined :Plural.SINGULAR.N. V.Ace.Gen.Dat.АЫ.dömusdomumdomusdomuî or domodomodomusdomus or domosdomörum or domuumdomibusdomïbusThe Locative domï, at home, is often used.Fifth Declension.E- Stems.35The Nom. Sing. is formed by adding s to the Stem.Stem ri-, reïrëïrePlural.a thingo thinga thingof a thingto a thingfrom a thingrësresrësrêrumthingso thingsthingsof thingsrëbus to thingsrebus from thingsDecline like res : dies, day (gen. dat., dieî) ; aciés, line of battle ; facies,face ; series, series ; species, form ; spés, hope ; fides, faith ; glacies,ice ; meridiës, noon.Ees and dies are the only nouns used in the Gen., Dat.,and Abi. Plural. Fides, glacies, meridies, are Singular only.Note.—The Locative ends in -§.Respublica, tIie public interest, the republic, the State, is declined in both its parts :Sinoular.N. caerërumpublicârumrëbuspublicîsrëbuspublicls
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES19Defective and Vaeiable Substantives.одMany nouns are found only in the Singular ; these are chieflyproper names and words of general meaning : asjustitia, justice.vesper, evening.37humus,aurum,ground.gold.Лапу nouns are used only in the utiae ,ambush.children.departed spirits,town walls.trifles.household gods,darkness.And names of towns, days, festivals : Athênae, Delphi, Kalendae,Calends ; Bacchanalia, festival of Bacchus.ggSome words have a different meaning in Singular and Plural :Sinoular.aedes,auxilium,carbasus, d.favour.hindrance.letter of rbasa, a,litterae,ludi,lüdus,opem (ace),opes,operae,opera,sales,sal,Some nouns have two forms of Declension :Iwuse.alliedforces.sails.camp.waxen tablet.forces.boundaries.tlmnks.i.baggage.epistle, literature.public games.wealth.work-people.wit.39pecus, pecöris, п., cattle ; pecus, pecudis, f., a single head of cattle.plebs, plëbis, f. ; plebes, plebei, f., the common people.ca
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES2040 In many nouns some of the cases are wanting ; thus :feast, f., fruit, f., help, f., prayer, f., change, f.N. V.däpemfrugem .41These have full plural -es, -um, -ibus, except Gen. vicium.Some have only Nom. Ace. S. : fus, right, nëfâs, wrong, instar,likeness, size, opus, need, nihil, nothing.DECLENSION OP ADJECTIVES.4243Adjectives are declined by Gender, Number and Case.A. Adjectives of three endings in -us, -a, -um or -er, -a, -umare declined like Substantives of the Second and First Declension, 0- and A- t.bonisАЫ.Decline also: earns, dear; dürus,parvus, small ; dubius, mbonisbonisbonisbonishard; malus, bad; magnus, great;
DECLENSIO N OF rateñeratenerörumtenerïsPlubal.N. V.tenerïАсе.tenerosGen.tenerörumD., АЫ. tenerïsDecline also : asper, rough ; lacer, torn ; liber, free ; miser, wretched ;prosper, prosperous ; frugifer, fruit-bearing, plumiger, feathered, andother compounds of fero and gero ; also satur, full, satura, �ск.F.mgro-N.Plural.N. V.Асе.Gen.D.,Abl.Decline also : aeger, sick ; äter, jet-black ; pulcher, beautiful ; raber, red ;sacer, sacred.
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES2244B. Adjectives of two endings and
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reproduction and the reasons why both reproductive strategies still persist today are also explored. Timeline 00:00:00 Reproduction 00:02:24 Types of asexual reproduction 00:06:12 Sexual reproduction in animals 00:10:10 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants 00:12:33 Asexual and sexual reproduction - advantages and disadvantages
Biology and Human Welfare . 14 Marks : 4. Biotechnology and its Applications : 10 marks . 5. Ecology and Environment . 15 Marks : TOTAL . 70 Marks : 2 . PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks. All structures (internal and external) are required to be taught along with diagrams. 1. Reproduction (i) Reproduction in Organisms Modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction .
Asexual reproduction does not involve meiosis. Bacteria reproduce by asexual reproduction. Plants and some simple animals can reproduce sexually or asexually. Complex animals only reproduce sexually. 10. Compare How is chromosome inheritance different in sexual reproduction? 108 Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Reading Essentials
NCERT Exemplar for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Multiple Choice Questions 1. Exchange of genetic material takes place in (a) vegetative reproduction (b) asexual reproduction (c) sexual reproduction (d) budding Soln: Answer is (c) sexual reproduction Explanation: Apart from sexual reproduction other options are type of .
Reproduction in Plants and Animals The process of reproduction in a flowering plant takes place in the flower. A flowering plant produces seeds through the process of sexual reproduction. The flower serves as the plant’s reproductive center. reproduction: the process of an organism producing more of its own kind
UNIT: REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT TOPIC: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1) A technique used to reproduce plants is shown in the diagram below. This technique is a form of 1) gene manipulation 2) sexual reproduction 3) asexual reproduction 4) gamete production 2) Strawberries can reproduce by means of
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Class- XII-CBSE-Biology Reproduction in Organisms Practice more on Reproduction in Organisms Page - 1 www.embibe.com. CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 12 . Biology. Chapter 1 . Back of Chapter Questions . 1. Why is reproduction essential for organisms? Solution: Reproduction is one of the salient features of all organisms. It is a biological process
