PRENTICE HALL SCIENCE EXPLORER Grade 8
P R E N T I C EH A L LSCIENCEEXPLORERGrade 8Guided Readingand Study Workbook Promotes active reading and enhances students’study skills using innovative questioningstrategies and exercises linked to the student text Builds a record of students’ work to use as a studyaid for quizzes and tests Provides a wide range of question formats—for every section of the text—to reach a widevariety of learners Gives parents a handy resource to help studentsstudy and learn
P R E N T I C EH A L LGrade 8Guided ReadingandStudy WorkbookStudent EditionNeedham, MassachusettsUpper Saddle River, New JerseyGlenview, Illinois
Copyright by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permissionshould be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalsystem, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,or likewise. Student worksheets and tests may be duplicated for classroom use, the number not toexceed the number of students in each class. Notice of copyright must appear on all copies. Forinformation regarding permissions(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.ISBN 0-13-058708-724 25 26 27 28 29 (V016) 14 13 12 11
Table of ContentsWhat Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Chapter 1 Chemical Interactions . . . . . .51-1 Inside an Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51-2 The Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71-3 Observing Chemical Reactions . . . . . . .111-4 Writing Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . .131-5 Controlling Chemical Reactions . . . . . .17Chapter 2 Exploring Propertiesof Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212-1 Polymers and Composites . . . . . . . . . . .212-2 Metals and Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242-3 Ceramics and Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272-4 Radioactive Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Chapter 3 Motion and Energy . . . . . . . .333-1 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333-2 Temperature and Thermal Energy . . . .373-3 The Nature of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393-4 Thermal Energy and Statesof Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Chapter 4 Characteristics of Waves . .474-1 What Are Waves? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474-2 Properties of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494-3 Interactions of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524-4 Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56Chapter 7 Light Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857-1 Wave Reflection and Mirrors . . . . . . . .857-2 Wave Refraction and Lenses . . . . . . . . .877-3 Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .897-4 Seeing Light Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .917-5 Using Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Chapter 8 Characteristics ofthe Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978-1 Tools of Modern Astronomy . . . . . . . . .978-2 Characteristics of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . .1008-3 Lives of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1038-4 Star Systems and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . .1068-5 History of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . .108Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . .1119-1 Earth’s Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1119-2 Convection Currents andthe Mantle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1149-3 Drifting Continents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1169-4 Sea-Floor Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1189-5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics . . . . . . .1209-6 Changing Earth’s Surface . . . . . . . . . . .122Chapter 10 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12710-1 Properties of Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . .12710-2 How Minerals Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13010-3 Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Chapter 5 Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . .615-1 The Nature of Sound Waves . . . . . . . . .615-2 Properties of Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . .635-3 Combining Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . .655-4 How You Hear Sound Waves . . . . . . . . .685-5 Applications of Sound Waves . . . . . . . .69Chapter 11 Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13711-1 Classifying Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13711-2 Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14011-3 Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14211-4 Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14711-5 The Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149Chapter 6 The ElectromagneticSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736-1 The Nature of ElectromagneticWaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736-2 Waves of the ElectromagneticSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .756-3 Generating Visible Light Waves . . . . . . .786-4 Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . .81Chapter 12 Land and SoilResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15312-1 Conserving Land and Soil . . . . . . . . . .15312-2 Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15812-3 Hazardous Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161Science Explorer Grade 8Guided Reading and Study Workbookiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)Chapter 13 Air and WaterResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16513-1 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16513-2 The Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16913-3 Finding Pollution Solutions . . . . . . . .171Chapter 14 The Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . .17514-1 Exploring the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17514-2 Tides and the Lunar Cycle . . . . . . . . . .17814-3 Life at the Ocean’s Edge . . . . . . . . . . . .18114-4 The Neritic Zone and Open Ocean . . .18414-5 Resources From the Ocean . . . . . . . . .187Chapter 15 Climate and ClimateChange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19115-1 What Causes Climate? . . . . . . . . . . . . .19115-2 Climate Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19415-3 Long-Term Changes in Climate . . . . .19715-4 Global Changes in the Atmosphere . . .200Chapter 17 Modern Genetics . . . . . . .21717-1 Human Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21717-2 Human Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . .21917-3 Advances in Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222Chapter 18 Change Over Time . . . . . .22518-1 Darwin’s Voyage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22518-2 The Fossil Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22818-3 Other Evidence of Change . . . . . . . . .232Chapter 19 Interdependencein Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23519-1 Interactions in the Human Body . . . .23519-2 Equilibrium and Feedback . . . . . . . . .23819-3 Interactions Among Living Things . . .241Chapter 16 Genetics: The Scienceof Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20516-1 Mendel’s Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20516-2 Probability and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . .20816-3 The Cell and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . .21116-4 The DNA Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Prentice-Hall, Inc.ivGuided Reading and Study WorkbookScience Explorer Grade 8
Name Date ClassWHAT IS SCIENCE?(pages 10-19)This section describes the skills that scientists use in their work. It also explains howscientists test possible explanations for what they have observed.Introduction(page 10)1. What is science?2. A term for the many ways in which scientists study the world aroundthem isThinking Like A Scientist.(pages 10–15)3. What are four skills used by scientists?a.b. Prentice-Hall, Inc.c.d.e.f.g.4. Circle the letter of the term that involves using one or more of the fivesenses to gather information.a. experimentationb. scientific inquiryc. observationd. manipulation5. Observations usually lead toScience Explorer Grade 8.Guided Reading and Study Workbook1
Name Date ClassWhat Is Science? (continued)6. What is a hypothesis?7. Complete the table about variables.VariablesTypeAlternative NameDefinitionManipulated variableResponding variable8. What do scientists do to make sure that changes in the manipulatedvariable are causing the changes in the responding variable?9. An investigation in which all variables except one remain constant iscalled a(n).10. What are data? Prentice-Hall, Inc.11. Why do scientists take measurements in a standard way?12. The system of measurement scientists use is called the.13. At the end of an experiment, what does the conclusion state?14. A model that imitates a real-world situation is called a(n).2 Guided Reading and Study WorkbookScience Explorer Grade 8
Name Date Class15. What are two ways that scientists communicate with one another?a.Developing Scientific Laws and Theories(page 16)16. What is a scientific law?17. A well-tested idea that explains and connects a wide range ofobservations is a(n).18. What happens when a scientific theory is contradicted by new evidence?Laboratory Safety(page 16)19. What are two reasons that following safe laboratory practices is a good Prentice-Hall, Inc.idea?Branches of Science(page 18)20. What are the four main branches of science?21. A person who studies the chemicals found in air, soil, and water is a(n).Technology and the Internet(page 19)22. Most modern scientific equipment is connected towhich allow scientists to record, store, and analyze data.Science Explorer Grade 8,Guided Reading and Study Workbook3
Name Date ClassWhat Is Science? (continued)WordWiseComplete the sentences by using one of the scrambled terms below.Word Banknoitvarsebosisthepoyhgniondpsre lebaaivreeiccnseicnstfiic rthoeyeicnstfiic walecnerefniaadtaiuaedtlpnm lebaaivr1. The variable that a scientist changes during an experiment is the.2. A logical interpretation based on observations or prior knowledge isa(n).3. A way of learning about the natural world through observations andlogical reasoning is.4. A well-tested idea that explains and connects a wide range ofobservations is a(n).5. A possible explanation for observations that relate to a scientificquestion is a(n).6. Using all five senses to gather information is called. Prentice-Hall, Inc.7. The variable that is expected to change during an experiment is the.8. A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every timeunder a particular set of conditions is a(n).9. The facts, figures, and other evidence learned through observation are.4 Guided Reading and Study WorkbookScience Explorer Grade 8
Name Date ClassCHAPTER 1CHEMICAL INTERACTIONSSECTION1–1Inside an Atom(pages 24-28)This section describes the structure of an atom and explains the role that certainelectrons play in forming chemical bonds.Introduction(page 24)1. A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances bychemical or physical means is a(n).2. The smallest particle of an element is a(n)Properties of an Atom.(pages 24–25)3. What does an atom consist of? Prentice-Hall, Inc.Match the particle with its charge.ParticleCharge4. neutrona. positive5. protonb. negativec. neutral6. electron7. Label the parts of an atom on the drawing. e– e–e–e–e–Science Explorer Grade 8e–Guided Reading and Study Workbook5
Name Date ClassCHAPTER 1, Chemical Interactions (continued)8. Why is an atom neutral?9. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the.10. What is a unit of measurement for the mass of particles in atoms?11. Most of an atom’s mass is in its.12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about atoms.a. Atoms of a particular element can have different numbers of neutrons.b. Atoms of a particular element always have the same number of protons.c. The mass of atoms of a particular element can vary.d. Neutrons play an important role in chemical reactions.The Role of Electrons(pages 25–28)13. The space in which the electrons move is huge compared to the spaceoccupied by the.14. The electrons farthest from the nucleus or most loosely held are called Prentice-Hall, Inc.15. Is the following sentence true or false? Many properties of the atom aredetermined by the size of the valence electrons.16. When chemical bonds form, valence electrons are eitherorbetween atoms.17. A way to show the number of valence electrons an atom has, using dotsaround the symbol of an element, is a(n)6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook.Science Explorer Grade 8
Name Date Class18. According to the dot diagram in Figure 3 on page 28, how manyvalence electrons does Neon (Ne) have?19. What are two things that can happen when an atom forms a chemicalbond?a.b.20. When atoms end up with eight or zero valence electrons, how are theydifferent than they were before?SECTION1–2The Periodic Table(pages 29-37)This section explains how the elements are organized in a chart called the periodictable. It also explains what information the periodic table contains.Introduction(page 29) Prentice-Hall, Inc.1. A property that can be observed without changing the substance intosomething else is a(n).2. A property that is observed when a substance interacts with anothersubstance is a(n).Using Properties to Group Elements(pages 29–30)3. What is the atomic mass of an element?4. What are the two especially important properties that Dmitri Mendeleevnoted about the elements?Science Explorer Grade 8Guided Reading and Study Workbook7
Name Date ClassCHAPTER 1, Chemical Interactions (continued)The Periodic Table(pages 30–33)5. Mendeleev noticed that patterns appeared when he arranged theelements in what way?6. A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of theirproperties is called the.7. What does the word periodic mean?8. In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged according totheir.9. Look at Exploring the Periodic Table on pages 32–33. Where does theperiodic table become wider?10. What is the highest atomic number shown on the periodic table?.Reading the Periodic Table(pages 34–35) Prentice-Hall, Inc.11. What does each square of the periodic table usually include?12. Use the square from the periodic table to fill in the blanks below.Name of element:Symbol:Atomic mass:Atomic number:8 Guided Reading and Study Workbook50SnTin118.710Science Explorer Grade 8
Name Date Class13. The atomic number for the element calcium (Ca) is 20. How manyprotons and electrons does each calcium atom have?14. Circle the letter of each term that refers to the elements in a column ofthe periodic table.a. periodb. familyc. groupd. symbol15. Group 15 of the periodic table is thefamily.16. Each horizontal row across the periodic table is called a(n).17. Circle the letter of the sentence that is true about a period of elements.a. It contains elements that all have the same atomic mass.b. It contains a series of different elements from different families.c. It contains elements that all have similar atomic numbers.d. It contains elements that all have the same chemical symbol.18. Is the following sentence true or false? Every period contains the samenumber of elements. Prentice-Hall, Inc.Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table(pages 35–36)19. How can an element’s properties be predicted?20. Is the following sentence true or false? Most of the elements in theperiodic table are nonmetals.21. Most metals are goodof heat and.22. The elements that usually gain or share valence electrons in a chemicalreaction areScience Explorer Grade 8.Guided Reading and Study Workbook9
Name Date ClassCHAPTER 1, Chemical Interactions (continued)23. Between the metals and nonmetals are elements known as.24. Density of elements usuallygroup.as you move down aWhy the Periodic Table Works(page 37)25. Why does the periodic table work?26. The number of valence electrons in a row of eight elements increasesfrom one to.27. Why do elements in a family have similar properties?28. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about elements.a. All elements have the same number of valence electrons.b. The number of valence electrons of an atom increases from left toright across a period of elements.d. All elements in a family have the same number of valence electrons.Reading Skill PracticeWriting a summary can help you remember the information you have read. When you write asummary, write only the most important points. Write a summary of the information under theheading Reading the Periodic Table, pages 34–35. Your summary should be shorter than the texton which it is based. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.10 Guided Reading and Study WorkbookScience Explorer Grade 8 Prentice-Hall, Inc.c. The properties across a period change in a regular way.
Name Date ClassSECTION1–3Observing Chemical Reactions(pages 38-43)This section explains how you can tell when a chemical reaction has occurred. It alsodescribes how chemical bonds are changed in reactions.Evidence for Chemical Reactions(pages 38–41)1. What is a chemical reaction?2. Is the following sentence true or false? You can never detect a chemicalreaction just by observing changes in properties of matter.3. A solid that forms from solution during a chemical reaction is a(n).4. What are two observable characteristics of a chemical reaction?a. Prentice-Hall, Inc.b.5. Complete the table about chemical reactions.Chemical ReactionsType of ReactionDescriptionExampleA chemical reaction that absorbsenergy in the form of heatA chemical reaction that releasesenergy in the form of heatScience Explorer Grade 8Guided Reading and Study Workbook11
Name Date ClassCHAPTER 1, Chemical Interactions (continued)6. Use Exploring Evidence for Chemical Reactions on page 40 to completethe table.Evidence for Chemical ReactionsType of EvidenceObserved EvidenceThe color change of leaves in the fallA precipitate forms when solutions are mixedOxygen bubbles form on the leaves of an underwater plantWater boils when placed on a natural-gas burnerSoft dough changes into flaky bread in a hot oven7. What is a common indication that energy has been absorbed or releasedin a chemical reaction?8. When a cold pack is squeezed, as shown in Figure 13 on page 41, why Prentice-Hall, Inc.does it feel cool to the touch?Chemical Reactions on a Small Scale(page 42)9. Circle the letter of the sentence that is true about chemical reactions.a. Most chemical reactions do not produce new substances.b. A chemical reaction is a physical change.c. Chemical reactions don’t affect the atoms of substances.d. A chemical reaction is the result of countless small changes involvingatoms.12 Guided Reading and Study WorkbookScience Explorer Grade 8
Name Date Class10. What are two ways that chemical bonds are affected during chemicalreactions?a.b.11. A particle made of two or more atoms bonded together is a(n).Elements Forming Compounds(pages 42–43)12. A compound is a substance made of two or more elements that havebeencombined.13. Water, table salt, and baking soda are examples of.14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a reaction betweenmagnesium and oxygen.a. The properties of the product are different from the properties ofeither magnesium or oxygen.b. When magnesium burns, its atoms receive electrons from oxygen atoms.c. The properties of magnesium oxide are the same as those ofmagnesium. Prentice-Hall, Inc.d. Magnesium oxide melts at a higher temperature than magnesium does.SECTION1–4Writing Chemical Equations(pages 46-53)This section explains how to show chemical reactions with symbols
SCIENCEPRENTICE HALL EXPLORER SCIENCEPRENTICE HALL EXPLORER Grade 8 Grade 8 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Guided Reading and Study Workbook Promotes active reading and enhances students’ study skills using innovative questioning strategies and exercises linked to the student text Builds a record of students’ work to use as a study
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2 Adventure Tourism in Scotland – what do we mean? Introduction 2.1 This chapter details the definition of Adventure Tourism (AT) used by the study team for this commission and any assumptions which were made throughout the research. Definition of Adventure Tourism 2.2 The definition of the AT sector used for this study is the now commonly held sector definition developed in the Adventure .
