Automated Vehicles Tactical Plan - Toronto

1y ago
4 Views
1 Downloads
4.04 MB
176 Pages
Last View : 19d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Annika Witter
Transcription

Attachment 1: Automated Vehicles Tactical PlanDRAFTIE8.7 - Attachment 1AUTOMATED VEHICLESTACTICAL PLAN

AFTDRINTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document is the result of guidance, feedback and support from a number ofindividuals and organizations. In the development of this Automated Vehicles TacticalPlan, the City of Toronto hosted many stakeholder workshops and one-on-one meetings,consulted panels, and provided an open call for feedback via surveys and public posting.Responses were provided by academic institutions, industry representatives, communityassociations, City staff, advocacy groups, neighbouring municipalities, members of thepublic and international experts – among other stakeholders.A special thank you to the 2018 Toronto Planning Review Panel, the 2019 AccessibilityAdvisory Committee, and the 2019 Expert Review Panel hosted by the Ontario Centresof Excellence for their detailed feedback on the AV Tactical Plan.Expert Review Panel MembersDr. Tom VögePolicy Analyst Intelligent TransportSystems, Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development –International Transport Forum (Paris,France)RAnn CavoukianDistinguished Expert-in-Residence,Privacy by Design Centre ofExcellence, Ryerson University(Toronto, ON)Anthony TownsendPrincipal Consultant and Author, Bitsand Atoms LLC (New York City, NY)AFTEmiko AthertonDirector National Complete StreetsCoalition, Smart Growth America(Washington, DC)Bryant Walker SmithAssistant Professor School of Lawand School of Engineering, Universityof South Carolina (Columbia, SouthCarolina)Raed KadriDirector, Automotive Technology andMobility Innovation, Ontario Centresof Excellences (Toronto, ON)Ismail ZohdyExpert/ Program Manager ofSelf-Driving Transport, Roads andTransport Authority (RTA) Governmentof Dubia (Dubai, UAE)DRita ExcellExecutive Director, Australia and NewZealand Driverless Vehicle Initiative(ADVI) Centre of Excellence (Adelaide,Australia)Brooks RainwaterSenior Executive and Director, Centrefor City Solutions, National League ofCities (Washington, DC)PAGE i

AFTDRINTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKPAGE ii

AFTDRINTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKPAGE iii

AFTDRINTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKPAGE iv

INTERDIVISIONAL AUTOMATED VEHICLES WORKING GROUPThe Automated Vehicles Tactical Plan is the result of years of collaboration amongst staff at all levels from 30divisions and agencies participating in the City of Toronto’s Interdivisional Automated Vehicles Working Group.Jim BaxterDirectorEnvironment & EnergyTracey CookDeputy City ManagerInfrastructure and DevelopmentServicesUlli S. WatkissCity ClerkCity Clerk's OfficeDianne YoungeChief Executive OfficerExhibition PlaceStephen ConfortiExecutive DirectorFinancial PlanningMatthew PeggFire Chief/ General ManagerFire ServicesLawrence EtaChief Information OfficerInformation & TechnologyDOmo AkintanExecutive DirectorPeople, Equity & Human RightsCity Manager's OfficeLloyd BrierleyGeneral ManagerFleet ServicesRJeff FieldingChief of StaffOffice of the Chief of StaffCity Manager's OfficeGregg LinternChief Planner & Executive DirectorCity PlanningRobert HattonExecutive DirectorCorporate FinanceMike WilliamsGeneral ManagerEconomic Development & CultureMichael D'AndreaChief Engineer & Executive DirectorEngineering & Construction ServicesChris PhibbsExecutive DirectorSocial Development, Finance & AdministrationMatt KeliherGeneral ManagerSolid Waste Management ServicesAFTChris MurrayCity ManagerCity Manager’s OfficeWendy WalbergCity SolicitorLegal ServicesCarleton GrantExecutive DirectorMunicipal Licensing & StandardsCasey BrendonDirectorRevenue ServicesWill JohnstonChief Building Official/ Executive DirectorToronto BuildingPatricia WalcottGeneral ManagerToronto Employment & Social ServicesGord McEachenChiefToronto Paramedic ServicesRobin OliphantPresidentToronto Parking AuthorityMark SaundersChief of PoliceToronto Police ServiceDr. Eileen de VillaMedical Officer of HealthToronto Public HealthRichard J. LearyChief Executive OfficerToronto Transit CommissionPAGE v

TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. viiiINTRODUCTION. xiPART I: BACKGROUND . 1What Are Automated Vehicles?. 4Automation Technologies. 4Connected Technologies . 6Electric Vehicle Technologies. 8When Will Automated Vehicles Arrive?.9Passenger Vehicles . 11Goods Movement and Freight Vehicles .15AFTTransit Vehicles. 17Service Delivery Vehicles. 19Toronto’s Automated Vehicle Ecosystem.23Industry . 23Government . 25Academic, Research and Civil Society Organizations.29Residents . 31RPART II: TACTICAL PLAN . 371. Social Equity & Health . 411.1 Ensure Barrier-Free Access.44D1.2 Increase Mobility Equity. 471.3 Promote Health . 492. Environmental Sustainability .512.1 Reduce Vehicle Emissions.542.2 Reduce Vehicle Waste . 553. Economic Sustainability . 573.1 Expand Sectors . 603.2 Expand Employment Opportunities .613.3 Demonstrate Sector Leadership .62PAGE vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS4. Privacy . 654.1 Protect Public Privacy. 685. Road Safety & Security. 735.1 Prevent Collisions . 765.2 Update Infrastructure. 805.3 Update Emergency Response.825.4 Protect Data Confidentiality, Integrity & Availability.856. Integrated Mobility . 876.1 Increase Space Efficiency.906.2 Design Smart Streets . 92AFT6.3 Increase System Seamlessness.947. Transportation System Efficiency .957.1 Increase System Capacity .987.2 Manage System Demand.100PART III: CITY OPERATIONS. 105Public Service Vehicles. 107Future-Proofing . 113RTactical Plan Data Governance .117PART IV: AV READINESS 2022 . 121GLOSSARY . 133DREFERENCES . 139APPENDICES . 155Appendix A: Jurisdictional Policy Scan.156PAGE vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Automated Vehicles (AV) Tactical Plan proposes an actionable path forward toprepare the City of Toronto for the introduction of highly automated (or driverless)vehicles on city streets, in public transit, and in the delivery of municipal services.The Tactical Plan builds on existing policies and strategies approved by City Council,recognizing that automation should be a tool toward a future that has already beenenvisioned, rather than act as a force that pushes Toronto away from its existing goals.To that end, the Plan sets the foundation for a future transportation system thatoptimizes mobility with improved social equity and health, environmental and economicsustainability, protection of privacy, integrated transportation options centred on publictransit, increased efficiency, and progress toward achieving Vision Zero.AFTThe Tactical Plan is a layered document, prefaced with the City’s current understandingof automated vehivle technology, expected timelines for deployment, and businessmodels for AVs. The document also includes a scan of Toronto’s automated vehicleecosystem, which outlines the investment and initiatives being undertaken to preparefor and advance this technology.RThe Tactical Plan then outlines the City’s strategic vision for the ideal futuretransportation system through a set of seven high-level directions outlining how theCity will encourage and support the adoption of automated vehicles. A series of 18goals collectively illustrate a future based on these directions for the year 2050, paintinga picture of what effective integration of AVs could look like. The actions required toachieve those goals are identified as tactics, with a proposed level of progress to bereached over the next three years. Tactics regarding the potential use of automatedvehicles in City operations is also included.DThe seven directions that outline the vision are as follows:1. Social Equity & Health: The City of Toronto will encourage the adoption of drivingautomation systems in a manner that improves social equity and health.This section of the Plan focuses on ensuring barrier-free access, increased mobilityequity, and the promotion of health through tactics that look at marginalized groups,access to mobility and integrating health equity into automated vehicle policies.2. Environmental Sustainability: The City of Toronto will encourage the adoption ofdriving automation systems in a manner that increases environmental sustainabilityacross a vehicle’s entire lifecycle.Through incentivizing or promoting low or zero-carbon energy sources, and reducingthe amount of waste produced across the lifecycle of AVs, this portion of the TacticalPlan will focus on reduced vehicle emissions and waste.3. Economic Sustainability: The City of Toronto will support and enhance sectorsrelated to automated vehicles, with a particular focus on attracting industries,investment, and employment, as well as on exporting products and services.The Economic Sustainability aspect of the Plan will aim to expand AV sectors,employment opportunities, and Toronto’s leadership position as it relates to AVsthrough attracting investment, local talent, and collaboration across industries.PAGE viii

4. Privacy: The City of Toronto will support and enhance data privacy as it relates tothe collection and use of information generated by automated vehicles.This direction will focus on protecting privacy through setting standards, providingoversight and evaluation, and incorporating privacy principles into any potentialcollection and use of information generated by AVs.AFT5. Road Safety & Security: The City of Toronto will encourage the adoption of drivingautomation systems that are proven to create a net benefit to road safety andsecurity.A net benefit to road safety and security will be achieved through tactics that focuson preventing collisions, updating infrastructure, updating emergency response,and protecting data confidentiality, integrity and availability. Tactics will address theknowns and unknowns of AVs, and look at the ideal policies, technology, standards,and training required to achieve improved safety overall.R6. Integrated Mobility: The City of Toronto will encourage the adoption of drivingautomation systems that further integrate space-efficient and active modes oftravel, and better manage all traffic impacts from the movement of goods.This section of the Plan will focus on ease and access of all travel modes. Tacticswill address increased used of space efficient modes of travel such as walking andpublic transit; the design of smart streets that meet dynamic daily needs; as wellas increasing the seamlessness of the transportation system. This will be achievedthrough prioritizing optimal modes, rethinking street design, and improvingconnections within the system.D7. Transportation System Efficiency: The City of Toronto will enhance its ability tomanage traffic in real-time through driving automation systems for the purpose ofincreasing the efficiency of moving people and goods.The City will aim to increase the capacity and manage the demand within our existingtransportation system through the porposals in this section. Tactics focused on activetraffic management, pricing mechanisms, and increased transportation-related datawill harness AVs to manage traffic in real-time and address congestion.The Tactical Plan also presents a first phase of preparation that is intended to ensurethat the City of Toronto is “AV Ready” by the end of 2022. This near-term strategyincludes five individual projects that align with the 78 tactics proposed in the Plan. Theseprojects include: an automated shuttle trial, implementing zones for transportationinnovation, developing AV testing response and incident preparedness (TRIP) protocols,undertaking public education initiatives, and furthering research and development.The proposed Tactical Plan was developed under the leadership of the City’sInterdivisional Working Group on Automated Vehicles, which is comprised of dozens ofdivisions and agencies, with substantial support from and consultation with academicinstitutions, community stakeholders and non-profits, automotive and technologyindustry members and associations, international experts, and members the public.PAGE ix

AFTDRINTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

INTRODUCTIONTechnological innovation can be an exciting, advantageous, yet disruptive force. Thereare few areas in which this is more apparent than when looking to new transportationtechnologies and the possible ways in which they could impact and transform cities.The Automated Vehicles (AV) Tactical Plan was created to bridge the gap between theemerging technicalogical development of AVs and the City of Toronto’s existing long term vision to become a more healthy, equitable, livable and sustainable City. The AVTactical Plan outlines how the City should prepare for AVs and how it can influencethe local introduction of the technology in these early stages. The overall goal is to beproactive, ensuring that Toronto is well-placed to both maximize opportunities andmitigate impacts arising from the arrival of AVs in Toronto.AFTIn 2016, City Council requested staff to report on potential implications, preparations,and public acceptance of AVs. Following that report and in recognition of theopportunity to plan ahead, City Council further requested that staff develop a full andcomprehensive tactical plan. This document is the articulation of a proposed means ofpreparing for opportunities and challenges arising from automated vehicle technology– with assurance that all tactics included in the Plan support existing policies, plans,strategies, and directives approved by City Council.DRIt is important to note that the scope of this Tactical Plan only addresses vehiclesoperating on public roads and streets; it is not intended to address automation systemscontrolling the movement of trains, aircraft, off-road vehicles, and uncrewed aerialvehicles (UAVs – commonly known as drones).PAGE xi

AFTDRINTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

AFTRDPART IBACKGROUND

AFTDRINTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

PART I: BACKGROUNDPart I of the Tactical Plan provides the background and context for the City of Toronto’sautomated vehicle preparations.This section outlines the technologies, business models, timelines and key players in theautomated vehicle space, specific to Toronto.The first section, entitled “What are Automated Vehicles?” provides a description ofautomated, connected and electric vehicle technologies, and how they relate to oneanother.“When Will Automated Vehicles Arrive?” outlines the four major categories of AVs thatare currently being developed, and their predicted timelines for launch, and adoption –including their expected automation levels. These four categories are:Passenger vehiclesTransit vehiclesGoods movement and freight vehiclesPublic service vehiclesAFT DRThe last section, “Toronto’s Automated Vehicle Ecosystem” describes the key players inthis sector, and their involvement, responsibilities, and/or interest in AVs. The industrysubsection speaks to major AV investments in and around Toronto; the governmentsubsection outlines the responsibilities for each order of government and initiatives thathave been implemented to ease AV adoption; the academic, research and civil societyorganizations subsection describes projects that are underway, and organizations thatare in place for research and/ or development of AV technology; and the residentssubsection outlines public opinion on AVs, specifically as it relates to the Greater Torontoand Hamilton Area.PAGE 3

PART I: BACKGROUNDWhat Are Automated Vehicles?Automated vehicles (AVs) use computers and sensors to understand the drivingenvironment and operate with little or no human input. Throughout this report, theterm “automated vehicle” is used to refer to vehicles designed to travel in public rights of-way without a fixed guideway (i.e., rail, water, and air vehicles are excluded) in whichat least some aspects of a safety-critical operation such as steering, acceleration andbraking occur without direct driver input.Automation TechnologiesAll vehicles exist on a scale of automation, however, as auto manufacturers release newmodels with different feature packages, it can be hard to know where precisely a vehiclefalls along the spectrum.AFTThe Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Levels of Driving Automation1 (Figure 1) area widely used set of definitions for indicating the level of driving automation. There aresix levels – the higher the level, the more the vehicle is capable of handling all aspects ofdriving without human intervention.2Assisted driving featuresLevel 0: The human driver is operating and controlling the vehicle when thesefeatures are turned on, and must constantly supervise steering, braking andacceleration to maintain safety. Other vehicle systems may provide warningsor support, such as automatic emergency braking or lane departure warnings. Level 1: The human driver is operating and controlling the vehicle whenthese features are turned on, but is assisted with either steering or braking/acceleration (e.g., lane centering OR adaptive cruise control). Level 2: The human driver is operating and controlling the vehicle whenthese features are turned on, but is assisted with both steering and braking/acceleration (e.g., lane centering AND adaptive cruise control).DR Automated driving features Level 3: The human driver is not operating or controlling the vehicle whenthese features are turned on (e.g., traffic jam chauffeur), but must drive ifprompted in order to maintain safety. Level 4: The human driver is not operating or controlling the vehicle whenthese features are turned on, but will either: need to drive if prompted in order to reach the destination (in a vehiclethat can be driven) or not be able to reach every destination (in a vehicle that does not have asteering wheel or pedals) PAGE 4Level 5: The human driver is not operating or controlling the vehicle whenthese features are turned on, and can reach any destination.

AFTPART I: BACKGROUNDRFigure 1: Visual chart showing the J3016 Levels of Driving Automation. (Source: SAEInternational)3DDriving automation systems are made possible through a number of sensors that modeland respond to the driving environment. Automakers, suppliers, technology developers,and other players in the industry have developed systems using one or more of thefollowing sensor technologies: Cameras (monocular, stereo, infrared, or a mix of these) Radar (short range, long range, or both) Ultrasonics (i.e. Sonar) LidarMost automated vehicle developers utilize a mix of these technologies to ensure thatthese systems are aware of their surroundings. For SAE Level 4 and 5 driving automationsystems, the industry has not yet created a standard understanding of what mix ofsensors will be required, and currently develop their technology based on performanceof these sensors (i.e. speed detection, sensitivity to colour, robust to weather and timeof day, resolution, range), cost, market segment, and visual appeal.4PAGE 5

AFTPART I: BACKGROUNDFigure 2: Sensors for Vehicle Computer Vision Systems. (Source: Michigan Tech ResearchInstitute)4Connected TechnologiesData Collection & AnalysisRTorontonians already live with some intelligent transportation technology: highoccupancy vehicle lane enforcement and red light cameras are two examples. Wireless,connected technologies could further unlock the transformative potential of drivingautomation by enabling individual AVs to communicate both amongst each other andwith transportation infrastructure.DA vehicle equipped with sensors, communication technology, and computing poweris a mobile “big data” collecting machine. Big data has three main characteristics: 1)volume – there are vast numbers of individual data points; 2) velocity – data comes intothe system in real-time or near-real-time, and; 3) variety – data about many differentobjects, individuals and conditions in numerous formats. These are collectively known asthe “3 Vs”.In the case of AVs, this data is generated from inputs that are both inside and outsidethe vehicle. Outside the vehicle involves: data on congestion, road safety, street andcurbside usage, travel demand, air quality, noise and more. Inside, the vehicle collectsdata about its own performance, as well as its passengers’ movements and activities –which raises new and unique considerations about data privacy and usage.This data is mobilized in a variety of ways, such as through data analysis, modelling,visualization, and mapping. For example, instead of a simple count of on-street parkingspace inventory, location data broadcast by AVs (in conjunction with embedded curbsensors) could allow for the visualization of real-time, historical, and anticipated pickup and drop-off patterns throughout the day, week-to-week, and seasonally, andfor all points on a network. Better predicting demand could allow for more efficientmanagement of transportation infrastructure.PAGE 6

PART I: BACKGROUNDAs driving automation technology becomes more common on new vehicles, the largeamounts of data generated could be valuable not only for improving the vehicle’soperation, but also for gaining more profound insights into urban conditions and helpingdecision-makers develop evidence-based policy.5 With the advent of machine learning,algorithmically governed systems will be able to continually tweak and optimizethemselves without any human intervention. However, this automation creates bothopportunities and risks. On the one hand, it can reduce human error, reduce costs,increase productivity, and create openings for new services and products. On the otherhand, depending on the quality of data and assumptions used to train the algorithms,automation can increase human error and bias in data outputs.TelematicsAFTTelematics refers to telecommunications, sensors and instruments technology whichallow for the sending, receiving and storing of information to control vehicles onthe move. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) technology allows for the wireless exchange ofinformation about a vehicles’ speed and position with surrounding vehicles, helpingto avoid crashes and manage traffic congestion.6 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) andVehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology uses wireless technology to broadcast andreceive information and messages about upcoming road conditions, construction zones,traffic lights, weather, emergency alerts and more. There are currently two majorcommunication technologies that make this possible:7Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) is a wireless communicationtechnology – similar to Wi-Fi – enabling vehicles to communicate with eachother and other road users directly, without involving cellular or otherinfrastructure. Every vehicle broadcasts its location, heading and speed securelyand anonymously ten times per second. All surrounding vehicles receive themessage, and each estimates the risk imposed by the transmitting vehicle.8 Cellular V2X technology uses mobile networks provided by private carriers justlike mobile phones. While cellular communications do not consistently providehigh enough transmission speeds required for critical safety applications, theycan carry longer-range communications for data transfers to support somemobility and environmental applications, along with supporting data collectedand disseminated by transportation agencies, such as traffic and pavementdata. The next iteration of cellular V2X technology is

Infrastructure and Development Services . Ulli S. Watkiss . City Clerk City Clerk's Office . Jef Fielding Chief of Staff Office of the Chief of Staff City Manager's Office . Omo Akintan . Executive Director People, Equity & Human Rights City Manager's Office . Gregg Lintern . Chief Planner & Executive Director City Planning . DRAFT. Robert .

Related Documents:

Toronto Music Strategy 2 The Toronto Music Sector in Numbers Invest Toronto ranks Toronto as North America's 3rd-largest music market.Toronto is home to anada's largest community of artists;2 as such, it is also unquestionably the largest music city in Canada and the centre of the country's music industry.

Toronto Downtown 475 Yonge Street, Toronto, ON M4Y 1X7 1 416-924-0611 . Courtyard Marriott Toronto Downtown 2019 Wedding Package . Courtyard Toronto Downtown 475 Yonge Street, Toronto, ON M4Y 1X7 All prices listed are in Canadian Dollars & are subject to a 15.5% taxable service charge, a taxable 1.5% administration &

In this paper, we use the term "automated driving systems" (ADS) to refer to vehicles with SAE Level 3 automation or higher. We use the term "automated vehicle technologies" (AV) when referring to automated vehicles in general. The following terms and technologies are referenced throughout this paper: Automated Driving Systems (ADS) are

TACTICAL CATALOG. WE BUILD IT BETTER NO MATTER WHAT INDUSTRY WE GUARANTEE A SUPERIOR PRODUCT . Chevrolet Suburban - not shown TACTICAL 8 FEATURES. FEATURES TACTICAL 9. COPBOX CABINETS TACTICAL COPBOX CABINET:-With increasing utilization of SUVs as Police Pursuit V

Continued social media engagement, including publishing of educational material 4.1.5. Building professional ties with international tactical medicine bodies including Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care & Committee on Tactical Emergency Casualty Care. 4.1.6. Promoting and supporting research on civilian and military tactical medicine .

Model Year 2015 Fuel Economy Leaders / 5 2015 Model Year Vehicles / 6 Diesel Vehicles / 29 Electric Vehicles / 31 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles / 33 Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles / 35 Fuel Cell Vehicles / 35 Hybrid Electric Vehicles / 36 Ethanol Flexible Fuel Vehicles / 38

The Vision Zero Action Plan for the City of Toronto includes safety measures that vary from enhanced data collection, to automated enforcement strategies, education and awareness initiatives, automated pedestrian detection, safety corridors and more.61 With the creation of this Tactical Plan as a supplement to strategies like Vision

automated driving: Highway autopilot, highly automated freight vehicles on dedicated roads, automated public rapid transit/shuttles in mixed traffic, robot taxis, and driverless maintenance and road works vehicles. The report describes the automated driving