Animal Welfare In Abattoirs, Poultry Processors And . - RSPCA Australia
Animal welfare in abattoirs,poultry processors and knackeries— regulatory scorecard
RSPCA Australia 2021RSPCA AustraliaPO Box 265Deakin West ACT 2600Tel: (02) 6282 8300Email: rspca@rspca.org.auWebsite: www.rspca.org.au
ContentsHow to read this report 2Executive summary 3Summary of recommendations 4Introduction 6Methodology 7Results 8Distribution of slaughtering establishments across Australia 8Food safety legislation 8Animal welfare legislation 14Jurisdictional variations 17Export legislation 19Industry animal welfare standards 21Best practice regulation 21Regulatory oversight 22Enforcement actions 31Regulatory gaps 35Recommendations 40Animal welfare requirements 40Audit frequency 41Auditor training 41Oversight and CCTV use 42Company training 43Transparency 44Appendix 1: Questions posed to state and territory regulators Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard 45– 1 –
How to read this reportThis report focuses on the mandatory animal welfare standards in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries (collectivelyreferred to as slaughtering establishments) required by the Australian Government and each state and territory jurisdiction.In this report, an abattoir defines a facility where animals are slaughtered for human consumption; a poultry processor is aspecific type of abattoir where poultry are slaughtered for human consumption; and a knackery is a facility where animalsare killed for animal food, or the making of animal by-products used in animal food. In some jurisdictions, a knackery mayinclude establishments that receive live animals for slaughter and those that receive dead animals killed on-farm for furtherprocessing and the regulation for each of those types of establishments may differ.The report makes repeated reference to five separate documents which form the basis of regulation in this area: the fulltitle, link, and scope for each of these documents are set out below. These documents are referred to in this report by theabbreviations listed below. Where referred to collectively, standards AS 4696:2007, AS 4465:2006 and AS 4841:2006 aretermed the Australian Standards.This report does not cover the regulation of the slaughter of rabbits, ratites (emus and ostriches), crocodiles, fish or othermarine life, or wild game. Wild game is defined as any mammal, bird or reptile, excluding fish, that is killed in the field(such as kangaroos, wild deer and boar). Nor does this report cover home slaughter services where animals are killed in situand are not permitted to be sold in a commercial context.Model CodeModel Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Livestock at SlaughteringEstablishmentsStanding Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management Report No. 79(CSIRO Publishing, 2001 print, 2002 online)AS 4696:2007Australian standard for the hygienic production and transportation of meat and meatproducts for human consumptionAbattoirsPoultry processorsKnackeriesAbattoirsFood Regulation Standing Committee Technical Report No. 3, AS 4696:2007(CSIRO Publishing, 2007)Industry AnimalWelfare StandardsIndustry Animal Welfare Standards – Livestock processing establishments preparingmeat for human consumptionAbattoirsAustralian Meat Industry Council, Second edition (Meat & Livestock Australia, 2009)AS 4465:2006Australian standard for construction of premises and hygienic production of poultrymeat for human consumptionPoultry processorsFood Regulation Standing Committee Technical Report No. 1, AS 4465:2006(CSIRO Publishing, 2006)AS 4841:2006Australian Standard for the Hygienic Production of Pet MeatKnackeriesPrimary Industries Standing Committee Technical Report No. 88 - Amended 2009,AS 4841:2006 (CSIRO Publishing, 2009)Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard – 2 –
Executive summaryThe aim of this report is to identify gaps in the regulatory system relating to animal welfare in abattoirs (domestic andexport), poultry processors and knackeries across Australia and to provide recommendations for how these gaps could beaddressed to improve animal welfare in the sector.Publicly available information was sourced from all states and territories, with additional detailed information sourcedthrough interviews with state and territory regulatory authorities. This information covered the regulatory requirement andstructure, audit frequency and scope, auditor competency, company monitoring, training and reporting and enforcementactions and provisions available to the jurisdictions. In addition, information on three case studies where animal welfareincidents have occurred was gathered.Export-registered abattoirs and poultry processors are regulated by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture,Water and the Environment (DAWE), in which the following is required: compliance with an ‘Approved Arrangement’ andstandard operating procedures, weekly verification of animal handling practices, regular auditing, and the daily presence ofan On-Plant Veterinarian (employed by the DAWE) at abattoirs and at poultry processors where it is an importing countryrequirement.Abattoirs which supply export markets that require export registration and oversight by the DAWE are referred to as Tier2 establishments. Some export markets accept product prepared in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard,with oversight of establishments by the relevant state regulatory authority; facilities that supply these markets are referred toas Tier 1 establishments.Domestic abattoirs and knackeries are under the jurisdiction of state and territory governments. There is no requirementfor an On-Plant Veterinarian and the standards for animal welfare and auditing requirements vary between jurisdictions.For example, in NSW, abattoirs are required to comply with the Industry Animal Welfare Standards as well as specific standardoperating procedures, whereas in other jurisdictions standards are limited to the minimal provisions in AS 4696:2007.The Model Code, last updated in 2000, covers all slaughtering establishments, however, in most jurisdictions it is notmandatory and is in urgent need of replacing with contemporary standards.There is little to no transparency around animal welfare standards or auditing of slaughtering establishments, especially indomestic abattoirs and knackeries. When issues are raised and investigations instigated, such as following the release ofundercover footage of animal cruelty or poor practices, in most jurisdictions there is no public reporting of the outcomesof investigations. These problems exist at a time of increasing public concern about livestock production, transport andslaughter, and the regular publication of footage of poor practice at Australian abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries.In addition to this, the opportunity to improve existing standards via the national Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelinesprocess has undergone delays since 2012 with the last activity recorded in 2017. In February 2020 the Agriculture Ministers’Forum (AGMIN) announced that the process will recommence and be led by the Queensland Government, however, at thetime of writing (January 2021) no significant progress has yet been made in advancing this review.The information presented in this report was analysed using a nominal scoring system to compare the level of regulationand enforcement for animal welfare in each jurisdiction. The results of this analysis show significant inconsistencies betweenjurisdictions in their regulatory requirements, compliance and enforcement actions across slaughtering establishments,and differences between facilities that serve domestic and export markets. These variations in approach appear to haveoccurred as a consequence of differences in past experiences and incidents, the regulatory environment and the resourcesavailable in each jurisdiction. In all cases there are gaps in the current regulatory system, however, some jurisdictions havemore work to do than others to strengthen their regulation and enforcement practices.To address the current inconsistencies, this report makes 13 recommendations in relation to animal welfare requirements,audit frequency, auditor training, oversight and CCTV use, company training, and transparency. Having a consistentregulatory framework to regulate and enforce animal welfare across Australia, will facilitate the continual improvement ofanimal welfare practices at abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries.Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard – 3 –
Summary ofrecommendationsRecommendation 1 – The development of Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines for Livestock at ProcessingEstablishments (applicable to cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, deer, buffalo, camels, alpaca, donkeys and poultry) to replacethe Model Code must be urgently prioritised.Recommendation 2 – The Standards and Guidelines must include species-specific standards where requirements differ forall points of processing from arrival until confirmation of death, including unloading, holding pen and race design, generalhandling, emergency killing, stunning and slaughter requirements. The Standards and Guidelines must include a requirementthat they are independently reviewed and updated every five years to reflect scientific and technical developments.Recommendation 3 – Once endorsed, the Standards and Guidelines must be made a regulatory requirement for allabattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries through referencing in the relevant legislation in each jurisdiction.Recommendation 4 – Audits must be conducted at a minimum of quarterly at abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries.Audit frequency must be based on a compliance rating with audit frequency increased if breaches or non-conformancesare identified.Recommendation 5 – Where animal welfare is part of the scope of an audit, a minimum level of training in animal welfare,equivalent to Animal Welfare Officer training, must be required and held by auditors to cover all aspects of live animalhandling at the slaughtering establishment.Recommendation 6 – Those officers who undertake investigations to enforce animal welfare legislation (through theimplementation of the national Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines) must be required to have both training in animalwelfare, equivalent to Animal Welfare Officer training, as well as the Certificate IV in Government Investigation as is currentlyapplied in the NT.Recommendation 7 – On-going state, territory and federal government funding must be dedicated towards trainingand capacity building for all staff, auditors and investigators to help ensure high animal welfare standards and thatnon‑compliance with animal welfare standards at abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries is identified and addressed.Recommendation 8 – To demonstrate ongoing animal welfare compliance, all slaughtering establishments must berequired to conduct on-going verification of animal welfare through monitoring protocols (reflecting the relevant provisionsof the current Australian Standards, and then the Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines when they areadopted) and licensing and/or registration requirements.Recommendation 9 – All slaughtering establishments must have an Animal Welfare Officer who is competent in all facetsof production and who is responsible for the oversight of animal welfare at the facility and for reporting breaches of animalwelfare to management to ensure appropriate actions are taken to address breaches.Recommendation 10 – Equipment for remote monitoring (e.g. CCTV) of procedures must be installed in livestockprocessing facilities and reviewed for internal plant operation. This equipment must allow a clear view of all areas where liveanimal handling occurs, including unloading facilities, lairage areas, restraint, stunning, shackling, and sticking processes.Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard – 4 –
Recommendation 11 – A minimum level of training must be mandated as a licensing and/or registration requirement forall staff involved in activities that impact animal welfare at abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries. Training must becertified by a registered training organisation.Recommendation 12 – Information on each regulatory authority’s compliance and enforcement framework for animalwelfare standards in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries must be made publicly available and be easily accessible.This must include details of what the minimum animal welfare standards and regulatory requirements are for: audit scopeand frequency, auditor training, oversight (regulatory authority) training, company training and CCTV use.Recommendation 13 – Detailed reporting of the following information must be publicly available and updated annually: The number of export and domestic abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries operating in each jurisdiction, as well asthe species and number of animals slaughtered. The number of audits undertaken at each slaughtering establishment and the outcome of each of those audits,including details where critical non-compliances have occurred. The number of Animal Welfare Incident Reports or complaints submitted per slaughtering establishment, including detailson the nature of the report or complaint as well as a descriptive outcome of the investigation findings and action taken. The type and number of slaughtering establishments operating under an Approved Arrangement that allows unstunnedslaughter and the number of each species of animal subjected to unstunned slaughter.Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard – 5 –
1IntroductionRSPCA Australia is concerned about the differencesin the way in which abattoirs, poultry processors andknackeries in Australia are regulated, and what thismeans in terms of the welfare of animals handledand slaughtered at these facilities.Livestock industries in Australia produce and processmeat products for both the domestic and exportmarkets, with Australia being one of the largestexporters of beef, mutton and lamb globally.The majority of abattoirs are specialised for singlespecies processing, with only a few multi-speciesestablishments remaining. Over the past 70 years theindustry has undergone almost constant structuralchange, from historical centralised abattoirsowned by the public sector, to the decentralisationof abattoirs, and more recently, reducing to asmaller number of significantly larger abattoirs.Poultry processing plants differ from abattoirs inthat they are predominantly part of a verticallyintegrated system, where the poultry companyowns the entire process from breeding, hatching,growing, transport, and slaughter of birds. The scaleof poultry processing has expanded exponentiallyin recent decades as poultry consumption hasincreased and, as with abattoirs, the trend is forfewer, larger facilities. Knackeries, which slaughterand process animals for animal food rather thanhuman consumption, have been gradually reducingin number across Australia and remain as generallysmall-scale owner‑operated facilities.State and territory regulation of animal welfareat slaughtering establishments occurs throughtwo main sets of legislation: food safety or meatproduction legislation and animal welfare legislation.A version of this arrangement is in place across allstates and territories. The regulation of slaughteringestablishments in Australia is based on the type ofanimal being slaughtered, the purpose of slaughter,and the intended market of the resulting meat products.The Australian Bureau of Statistics releases publicinformation for livestock slaughtered and meat producedfor human consumption: the animals included in thisdata are cattle (bulls, bullocks and steers, and cows andheifers), calves (bobby and other), sheep, lambs, pigs,and poultry (meat chickens). Meat and Livestock Australiaalso provide numbers of cattle, sheep, goats and pigsslaughtered across each state (excluding Western Australia)through their Weekly Slaughter Report. There is, however,no publicly available information for other animalsslaughtered for human consumption, such as horses,ducks or turkeys or the number of animals slaughteredat knackeries.The Australian meat industry markets itself, bothdomestically and internationally, as a source of clean,safe, high quality meat products. Intrinsically linked tothis reputational messaging is the concept that animalsare humanely handled prior to and during slaughter.However, inconsistencies in regulation, a lack oftransparency across states and territories, and a series ofpublicly reported incidents have the potential to seriouslyerode public confidence in the treatment of animals atslaughtering establishments.Industry has long recognised that public expectation forincreasing levels of animal welfare standards to be upheldand demonstrated, as well as the need for increasedtransparency. The Australian Meat Processor Corporation’sStrategic Plan for 2020-2025 states that, by 2025, redmeat processors will have a transparent, industry‑ownednational animal welfare standard that exceeds all otherstandards globally. For this to occur, Australia requires aregulatory system that is consistent and can genuinelyverify and enforce good animal welfare at all slaughteringestablishments. This report identifies the gaps in thecurrent system and what changes are needed to reachthe point where Australians can have confidence that allanimals entering an abattoir, poultry processor or knackeryacross the country are handled and slaughtered humanely.Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard – 6 –
2MethodologyA search of government and industry websites usingkey terms was conducted to determine how muchinformation is currently publicly available on animalwelfare and the regulatory arrangements for abattoirs,poultry processors and knackeries in Australia.A general internet search using the same key termswas also conducted. This process also allowed theidentification of the relevant regulatory authorities foreach state and territory.The regulation and enforcement of animal welfarewas broken up into the principles required to ensurecompliance, such as regulation, oversight, competencyof staff at the regulator and company levels,and enforcement. Examples of non‑conformancesand prosecutions of animal welfare breaches werealso provided using case studies. The case studiespresented describe three incidents, at two abattoirsand a poultry processor, in two states which led tosubsequent regulatory change.Each regulatory authority was contacted to requesta meeting on the regulation of animal welfareat slaughtering establishments in their state orterritory. The aim of the meetings was to confirmthat the information sourced through the searchof publicly available documents was complete andaccurate, and to obtain information on animalwelfare and regulatory arrangements for slaughteringestablishments where this information was unable tobe sourced from publicly available documents.Each state and territory regulatory authority was providedwith the list of interview questions prior to the meeting tofacilitate the discussion (Appendix 1). Contact was madewith every state and territory except the Australian CapitalTerritory (ACT), as there are currently no slaughteringestablishments in operation in the ACT. The ACT hastherefore been omitted from this regulatory analysis.Interviews were held with government officers from NSW,NT, Queensland, SA, Victoria and WA.Following the completion of a draft version of the report,each regulator was contacted and given the opportunityto review and provide written feedback on the draft reportto ensure the accuracy of information presented and to fillany gaps where information had not yet been provided.Regulators were also provided an opportunity for videoconsultations with RSPCA Australia to further discuss anyfeedback on the draft report. In addition to the regulatorconsultations, the report was provided to the AustralianMeat Industry Council and Australian Meat ProcessorCorporation prior to publication and a video consultationheld to discuss any comments on the report.The regulators consulted on the report were: Biosecurity Queensland – Queensland Departmentof Agriculture and Fisheries Biosecurity SA – Primary Industries and RegionsSouth Australia Compliance and Enforcement Services– PrimeSafe Victoria Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment– Australian Government Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade– Northern Territory Government Department of Primary Industries and RegionalDevelopment – Government of Western Australian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water andEnvironment – Tasmanian Government Food, Environmental Health Directorate, Public andAboriginal Health Division – Government of WesternAustralia Department of Health Livestock Biosecurity Branch, Biosecurity & AnimalWelfare Group – Department of Primary Industry andResources – Northern Territory Government Regulatory Operations Unit - NSW Food Authority– NSW Department of Primary Industries Safe Food Production Queensland.Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard – 7 –
1ResultsDistribution of slaughteringestablishments acrossAustraliaInformation on the number of abattoirs, poultryprocessors and knackeries in each Australianjurisdiction is not readily available to the public.Some information is available on agency websites(e.g. the NSW Food Authority website mentions thetotal number of abattoirs in the state) or in annualreports (e.g. in Victoria the PrimeSafe Annual Report liststhe number of each type of slaughtering establishment)but this is not consistent.To compile this report, each regulator was approachedto provide information on the number of exportabattoirs, domestic abattoirs, poultry processors andknackeries in their state or territory. The distributionof each type of slaughtering establishment acrossAustralia is shown in Table 1. The majority of exportabattoirs are located in Queensland (24) and Victoria(24), the majority of poultry processors are located inNSW (30) and Victoria (20), and Queensland has themost domestic abattoirs (47). Mobile abattoirs arepermitted in NSW, Victoria and WA, but not in the NTor Queensland.Food safety legislationSlaughtering establishments are required to be licensedby their state or territory regulatory authority. Licensingis usually under the state or territory Food Act, or similar,and associated regulations, which are predominantlyconcerned with food safety. In addition, all food regulatoryauthorities require facilities processing animals for humanconsumption (abattoirs and poultry processors) to becompliant with the Food Standards Code1.The FoodStandards Code standard 4.2.3 Primary Production andProcessing Standard for Meat covers the following species:bovine (cattle), caprine (goats), ovine (sheep), porcine(pigs), bubaline (buffalo), camelidae (camels), cervidae(deer), crocodylidae (crocodiles), lagomorph (rabbits),ratite (emus), soliped (horses, donkeys).In most jurisdictions, the food safety regulations referenceadditional standards which include aspects of animalwelfare, including the Australian Standards. Mostjurisdictions provide public links to these regulations andstandards via their relevant government agency websites,however, animal welfare is not generally referenced. Forexample, the Biosecurity Tasmania webpage on Meat andPoultry provides a list of legislation and standards thatregulate the Meat and Poultry Food Safety Scheme butthere is no mention of animal welfare.Table 2 shows the food safety or meat productionlegislation and regulations for each state or territory, therelevant Australian Standards that must be complied withunder the regulations, and the governing body responsiblefor administration and enforcement.The Australian Standards for each type of slaughteringestablishment include requirements for humane handling,stunning and slaughter of animals, set out in detail inTable 3. The requirements are written as outcome‑basedrequirements rather than being prescriptive, with guidelinesprovided to support compliance with the outcome.1 Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Food Standards Code, 2019.Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard – 8 –
3The Australian Standards all require the application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plans in the formof an ‘Approved Arrangement’ or ‘Quality Assurance Arrangement’, which are intended to manage the risks associated withslaughtering animals. These arrangements are defined as: Approved Arrangement: ‘the arrangement for the business that is approved by the controlling authority’ (AS 4696:2007;AS 4841:2006) Quality Assurance Arrangement: ‘an arrangement between the controlling authority and the operator of a processingpremises with an approved quality system, where company management takes responsibility for ensuring the productionof wholesome poultry meat. The controlling authority’s role is to monitor the effectiveness of a company’s approved QAsystem through an audit program to ensure compliance with the relevant provisions of this Standard’ (AS 4465:2006).Table 1: Distribution of abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries by state and IONALINFORMATION11113010 approximately2 mobile abattoirs(1 poultry, 1 red meat)2600Mobile abattoirs notpermitted under legislation244781Mobile abattoirs notpermitted under legislation71Includes 18 red meat,5 poultry, 1 horse62SAIncludes 1 horseabattoirPlus 28 small facilities(e.g. butchers)TAS2175224162081 holds permissionfor unstunnedslaughterIncludes 4 Tier 1abattoirs2 hold permissionfor unstunnedslaughter6 receive deadanimals killedon‑farm, 2 receivelive animals11773Includes 2 Tier 1abattoirsIncludes 1 ‘restricted’facility where productcannot be on-sold1 is a small quailoperation1 knackery receiveslive animals and 2pet meat processorswhere animals killedon-farmVICWAaEXPORT ABATTOIRS DOMESTICABATTOIRS1 holds permissions forunstunned slaughterMobile abattoirs arepermitted under legislation4/7 domestic abattoirs aresmall operations associatedwith a prison, agriculturalschool or training facilitiesMobile abattoirs arepermitted under legislationReflects information provided by state and territory regulators as of Sep-Oct2020Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard – 9 –
3Table 2: Food safety or meat production legislation and the associated governing body by state or territoryLEGISLATIONREGULATIONS AND RELEVANT AUSTRALIANSTANDARDSGOVERNING BODYFood Act 2003 (NSW)Food Regulation 2015NSW Food Authority(a statutory authority reportingto the Minister for PrimaryIndustries)Part 9 requires compliance with AS 4696:2007,AS 4465:2006, AS 4841:2006NSWMeat Industries Act 1996Compliance with AS 4696:2007, AS 4465:2006 andAS 4841:2006 is a licensing requirement but the ASare not expressly mentioned in the Act or RegulationsNTLivestock Biosecurity Branch,Department of Primary Industryand ResourcesFood Production (Safety)Act 2000Food Production (Safety) Regulation 2014Schedule 10 requires compliance with AS 4696:2007,AS 4465:2006 and AS 4841:2006 for food safety butdoes not require compliance with the animal welfareprovisions of the standardsSafe Food ProductionQueensland (a statutoryauthority reporting to theMinister for Agricultural IndustryDevelopment and Fisheries)Primary Produce (FoodSafety Schemes) Act 2004Primary Produce (Food Safety Schemes) (Meat)Regulations 2017Biosecurity SA, PrimaryIndustries and Resources SAQLDSAMeat Industries Regulations 1997Schedule 1 requires compliance with AS 4696:2007,AS 4465:2006, AS 4841:2006Primary Produce SafetyAct 2011Primary Produce Safety (Meat and Poultry)Regulations 2014Schedule 2 requires compliance with AS 4696:2007TASAS 4465:2006 is considered as technical guidance butis not referencedBiosecurity Tasmania,Department of PrimaryIndustries, Parks, Water andEnvironmentPrimary Produce Safety (Pet Food) Regulations 2014Part 2 r.9 requires compliance with AS 4841:2006Meat Industry Act 1993VICMeat Industry Regulations 2015Requires compliance with AS 4696:2007AS 4465:2006 and AS 4841:2006 are not referencedFood Act 2008WAFood Regulations 2009Part 5 Division 2 r.18 requires compliance withAS 4696:2007 and AS 4465:2006. The regulationscover pet meat production but do not requirecompliance with AS 4841:2006Animal welfare in abattoirs, poultry processors and knackeries — regulatory scorecard PrimeSafe (a statutory authorityreporting to the Minister forAgriculture)Department of Health(enforcement is conducted bylocal government)– 10 –
3Table 3: Summary of the animal welfare requirements under the Australian Standards for abattoirs, poultry processorsand knackeriesSpeciescoveredAnimalwelfareAS 4696:2007 - ABATTOIRSAS 4465:2006 - POULTRYPROCESSORSAS 4841:2006 - KNACKERIESCattle, buffalo, camels, goats, deer,sheep, pigs, horses and donkeysPoultryAny animal approved (by thecontrolling authority) for theproduction of pet meatOutcome: the minimisation of the risk of Outcome for animal welfare isinjury, pain and suffering and the leastnot specifiedpractical disturbance to animalsOperation under AS 4465:2006requires compliance withthe Model Code but onlywith respect to infrastructureand equipmentOutcome: Animal welfare is notjeopardised and animal handlingfacilities are not a source ofcontaminationPremises and equipment are used in away and are maintained in a conditionthat minimises risk of injury, pain andsuffering to animals and causes the leastpracticable disturbancePremises and equipment are usedin a way and are maintaine
Summary of recommendations Recommendation 1 - The development of Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines for Livestock at Processing Establishments (applicable to cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, deer, buffalo, camels, alpaca, donkeys and poultry) to replace the Model Code must be urgently prioritised. Recommendation 2 - The Standards and Guidelines must include species .
7.9. Animal welfare and beef cattle production systems 7.10. Animal welfare and broiler chicken production systems 7.11. Animal welfare and dairy cattle production systems 7.12. Welfare of working equids 7.13. Animal welfare and pig production systems 7.14. Killing of reptiles for their skins, meat and other products TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL HEALTH CODE
supply of quality poultry feeds, high veterinary and poultry feed costs and lack of poultry processing industries. The poultry sector is also suffering from chaotic and unorganised distribution system and lack of third-party logistics cold chain for poultry and poultry pro
Our Animal Welfare Plan for Wales resonates strongly with the internationally recognised concept of One Welfare, which sets out the interconnections between animal welfare, human well-being and the environment. One Welfare seeks to help improve global standards of both human well-being and animal welfare, promoting key objectives such as supporting
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poultry site news 2009). In poultry production small-scale poultry production represents one of the few opportunities for saving, investment and security against risks. It accounts for approximately 90% of total poultry production (Branckaert 1999). Despite the acknowledge importance of poultry production Akanni (2007) opined that it is .
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mainly commercial poultry producers). Small-scale poultry and egg farmers that are normally classified into the SMME category and are frequently family operations. Poultry is a large levy payer exceeding R46 million annually. The poultry meat industry made the largest contribution to the gross value of animal products, which contributed 48 .
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