2017 Free To Think - Scholars At Risk
2017Free to ThinkReport of the Scholars at RiskAcademic Freedom Monitoring Project
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSScholars at Risk gratefully acknowledges the members of higher education communities worldwidewho—through their courage and dedication—have inspired us. We acknowledge especially the researcherscontributing to the Academic Freedom Monitoring Project by reporting and analyzing incidents, trackingdown sources and witnesses, and helping to develop advocacy responses. We thank the Office of theProvost and New York University for hosting Scholars at Risk, the many member institutions, associations,partners, and individuals who contribute to our work beyond the Monitoring Project, including especiallythe Vivian G. Prins Foundation for core support for services for threatened and refugee scholars, theNational Endowment for Democracy, the Open Society Foundations, New York University, the CarnegieCorporation, the Winston Foundation, the Charina Endowment Fund, Stichting Polar Lights, the HenryLuce Foundation, Fritt Ord Foundation, AAUP Foundation, Newman's Own Foundation, our anonymousdonors, the members of SAR's Board and Ambassadors Council, and the many friends of Scholars at Riskwho help us each day to protect more scholars.This report is the result of research conducted by the Monitoring Project and may not reflect the views ofindividual network members, institutions, or participating individuals. Special thanks to Ilene Cohen forher assistance in preparing this report. Scholars at Risk invites comments on this report or inquiries aboutour work at scholarsatrisk@nyu.edu.September 2017ISBN 978-0-692-94985-6 Scholars at Risk 2017. All rights reserved.For use or information, contact Scholars at Risk at scholarsatrisk@nyu.edu.Cover: Police detain a demonstrator during a protestagainst a government decree ordering the mass dismissalof scholars from universities, outside the Cebeci campusof Ankara University, on February 10, 2017 (AFMI 426). 2017 REUTERS/Umit Bektas
Free to Think 2017Report of the Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring ProjectTABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive Summary. 4Violent Attacks on Higher Education Communities. 6Extraordinary Threats to Turkey's Higher Education Sector.12Threats to Organized Student Expression.20Deteriorating Conditions in Venezuela. 26Restrictions on Travel. 28Threats to Institutional Freedom in Central and Eastern Europe.32Recommendations. 34Appendix: Table of Incidents. 36Appendix: Methodology. 41SAR Publications & Materials. 42
Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring ProjectEXECUTIVE SUMMARYAttacks on scholars, higher education institutions, students, and staff occur with alarming frequency inevery region around the globe. The negative impact of these attacks extends well beyond the individualsand institutions directly targeted to include entire academic systems and society generally: that is, theconsequence of such attacks is to shrink the space in which every person is free to think, question, andshare ideas. Through its Academic Freedom Monitoring Project, Scholars at Risk (SAR) responds to theseattacks by identifying and tracking key incidents, with the aim of protecting vulnerable individuals, raisingawareness, encouraging accountability, and promoting dialogue and understanding that can help preventfuture threats. Free to Think 2017, the third installment in SAR’s reporting of attacks on higher educationcommunities,1 analyzes 257 reported attacks in 35 countries occurring between September 1, 2016, andAugust 31, 2017.2The Monitoring Project collects data on defined types of attacks on higher education. These includekillings, violence, and disappearances; wrongful prosecution and imprisonment; loss of position andexpulsion from study; improper travel restrictions; and other severe or systemic issues (including, forexample, university closures or military occupation of a campus). While they differ across states andregions and by severity and type, these attacks all share a common motivation: to control or silencehigher education institutions and personnel. This report focuses on key developments and trends over thereporting year.Severe, violent attacks on the university space were again reported over the past year. These includeattacks in societies experiencing armed conflict or extremism, where higher education communities maybe targeted as perceived symbols of state authority or sources of potential opposition to radical ideologies.These also include targeted attacks against individual scholars or students, generally intended to punishor deter inquiry or expression on disfavored topics. During the past year, large-scale violent attacks werereported on campuses in Pakistan, Nigeria, and Syria, while targeted killings of individual scholars andstudents were reported in Pakistan,Niger, and Sierra Leone.REPORTED ATTACKS ON HIGHER EDUCATIONSEPTEMBER 1, 2016 – AUGUST 31, 20174Killings, Violence, Disappearances55Imprisonment83Prosecution45Loss of Position32Travel Restrictions21Other21Total257In Turkey, state and universityauthorities continue to take sweepingmeasures against the highereducation sector. These includeimprisonment and prosecutions;dismissals and expulsions of scholarsand students; and restrictions ontravel and institutional autonomy.To date, thousands of scholars,administrative staff, and students1 For past editions of Free to Think, see k/.2 The data in this report reflects only a smallsubset of all attacks on higher educationcommunities during this reporting period.Given the limited resources available, as wellas the scope, variety, and complexity of attacksoccurring, a comprehensive accounting is notyet possible.
Free to Think 2017"Overall, the threadrunning through thisIncidents of violence against organized student expressionreport is the intentwere reported in increasing numbers this year. In Venezuela,South Africa, Niger, Cameroon, Turkey, and India, stateto silence inquiryauthorities responded to nonviolent student protests withforce, including with rubber bullets, tear gas, and stunand discourse."grenades. In some cases, however, students engaged in violenthave been targeted, in apparent retaliation either for theirimputed affiliations or for the content of their nonviolentresearch, publications, teaching, and other expressive activity.or coercive conduct, including incidents in South Africa, where campus facilities were damaged, and in theUnited States, where physical force was used to intimidate and disrupt disfavored speakers on campus.In Venezuela, as the general political crisis has deepened, university campuses have been sites of conflictand violence, often involving government troops clashing with student protesters.In many states, authorities attempted to obstruct free inquiry and expression through travel restrictions,including restrictions on entry, exit, and residence, either at home or abroad. Over the past year, Turkeyissued decrees stripping thousands of scholars of their passports. Since the decrees also expelled thescholars from their university positions and banned them from working at state institutions in Turkey inthe future, the removal of their passports completes the ban on their ability to continue their work, athome or abroad. In China, authorities ordered Uyghur students from China who were studying abroad toreturn to home; and reports suggested that family members were held hostage pending the return of theirstudent relative. Reported, too, were the imposition of fines, as well as the detention and disappearanceof students who did return. Israeli and Thai authorities prevented individual scholars from crossing theirborders, while Chinese, Ugandan, and Turkish authorities barred individual scholars from exiting, allapparently in response to nonviolent academic conduct or expression. And, if it is not struck down by theU.S. Supreme Court, the Trump administration’s executive orders restricting travel from Iran, Libya, Somalia,Sudan, Syria, and Yemen could have severe impacts on higher education, undermining the vitality of U.S.campuses as places of open and diverse cultural and intellectual exchange.In Central and Eastern Europe, legislative and administrative actions over the last year have threatened theautonomy and continuing operations of universities and research centers, including especially, in Russia,the Levada Center and European University in St. Petersburg, and, in Hungary, the Central EuropeanUniversity. Although these incidents do not involve physical harm or imprisonment, they suggest an intentto punish researchers or institutions for their affiliations or for the content of their research, publications,and teaching. As such, they represent serious threats to academic freedom and institutional autonomy.Overall, the thread running through this report is the intent to silence inquiry and discourse. It connectsscholars, students, and staff on campuses around the world, mapping a global crisis. Scholars at Risk onceagain calls on responsible states, higher education leaders, and civil society to respond to this crisis—toreject the use of violence, criminal investigations and penalties, legislative and administrative interference,and other coercive means to restrict peaceful expression, as well as to reaffirm publicly their support forthe principles that critical discourse is not disloyalty, that ideas are not crimes, and that everyone should befree to think, question, and share ideas.5
Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring ProjectVIOLENT ATTACKS ON HIGHEREDUCATION COMMUNITIESViolent attacks on higher education communitiesstifle knowledge production by scholars, students,and higher education institutions, limiting theability of society as a whole to develop.During the past year, 55 violent attacks againsthigher education communities were reported.At least 46 students, scholars, campus securitypersonnel, university staff, and other individualswere killed in these attacks, with hundreds moreinjured.Attacks on CampusesSignificant mass attacks targeting universitiesoccurred in Syria, Pakistan, and Nigeria. OnOctober 4, 2016, armed opposition troops in Syrialaunched rocket attacks that targeted buildingson the campus of the University of Aleppo (AFMI3372). The university was located in an areacontrolled by the Syrian regime at the time ofthe attack. Reported casualties range from 2 to 5students killed and as many as 12 students injured.This incident raises particular concerns regardingthe targeting of university facilities in armedconflict.In Pakistan, on October 24, 2016, armed militantsstormed and attacked Balochistan Police College(BPC), in Quetta, killing at least 61 people—primarily students—and injuring at least 120 (AFMI382). At approximately 11:20 PM, two gunmenwearing suicide vests entered BPC through thecollege’s front gate and killed two security guards3 Citations to AFMI (Academic Freedom Monitoring Project Incidents) refer to incidents reported by the project as listed in theappendix to this report.Security officers patrol the entrance of Nigeria's University of Maiduguri, where armed groups and individuals havecoordinated at least six attacks since January 16, 2017. 2017 STEFAN HEUNIS/AFP/Getty Images6
Free to Think 2017on duty, while a third gunman entered by scalinga rear wall. The three assailants entered studentresidence halls, opened fire, and threw grenades.Shortly thereafter, police, army soldiers, and specialservices commandos arrived on campus and, overseveral hours, exchanged gunfire with the militantsbefore clearing the campus. Two of the assailantsdetonated their vests during the attack; the thirdwas shot by security forces before he could doso. Officials from the Islamic State jihadist grouppublicly claimed responsibility for the attack.Starting on January 16, 2017, armed groups begantargeting Nigeria’s University of Maiduguri in astring of six violent attacks, resulting in at least 14deaths and 33 injuries.The first such attack, on January 16, 2017, killedat least four people and injured another 15 (AFMI410). At around 5:15 AM, security guards shot andkilled a girl of about 12 years old who was wearingan explosive belt as she attempted to enter thecampus. A second young female bomber entereda mosque on campus and detonated an explosivedevice as worshipers gathered for morning prayers,killing herself, professor Aliyu Man, and at leastone other person. Security forces shot and killed athird suicide bomber near the university before hervest could be detonated. The militant group BokoHaram claimed responsibility for the attack.Three additional mass attacks occurred at theUniversity of Maiduguri within a single week inMay 2017. On May 13, three suicide bombersattacked the university, killing themselves and onesecurity guard and injuring another (AFMI 472).Security guards stopped and questioned two of theattackers, who quickly detonated their explosives.The third assailant reached a chapel on campusand detonated his vest; no further casualties werereported. The university was scheduled to hold anadmissions exam that morning, with approximatelyfour thousand students expected to attend. Mediareported severely lower attendance following theattacks.In a similar attack on May 18, three unidentifiedsuicide bombers attacked the University ofMaiduguri, killing themselves and injuring threeothers after attempting to enter a female residencehall (AFMI 477). When security guards patrollingthe campus confronted them, one of the attackersquickly detonated his explosives, while the othertwo fled to a construction site on campus wherethey then detonated their explosives. Threesecurity guards were injured in the attack.Two days later, on May 20, an unidentifiedindividual attempted to bomb a residence hall(AFMI 480). When a security guard spotted theCASE UPDATEGiulio RegeniIn Free to Think 2016, SAR reported on the caseof Giulio Regeni, an Italian graduate student fromCambridge University, U.K., researching labormovements in Egypt, who disappeared in January2016 and was later found murdered; his bodyshowed signs of torture. Despite internationalattention and demands for state investigations,the case remains unsolved. Regeni’s murder tookplace at a time of mass unrest on the campusesof Egyptian universities and of mass detentionsof Egyptian scholars and students. On June 9,2016, SAR issued its Courage to Think DefenderAward, in absentia, to the “wrongfully detainedscholars and students in Egypt,” in recognition oftheir commitment to exercising the right to think,share, and question ideas despite tremendousrisks. As of this report, hundreds of Egyptianscholars and students remain in prison or subjectto other restrictions.Photo Credit: 2017 Alisdare Hickson (CC BY-SA 2.0)7
Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring ProjectDemonstrators chant slogans and protest the killing of Mashal Khan, who was beaten to death by fellow studentsin response to blasphemy accusations at Abdul Wali Khan University in Mardan, Pakistan (AFMI 462). 2017 REUTERS/Akhtarattacker just outside the campus and approachedhim, the attacker quickly detonated his explosives,killing only himself.On June 25, a group of unidentified individualsattacked the University of Maiduguri and thesurrounding community, killing 1 security guardand 8 civilians and injuring 3 campus securitypersonnel and 11 civilians (AFMI 496). Theattackers arrived on campus at approximately10:00 PM, when one stormed a campus securityoffice, killing a guard and injuring three others. Fourof the attackers left campus for the nearby villageof Zannari, where they detonated explosives, killing8 people and injuring 11 others.8The most recent attack on the University ofMaiduguri occurred on July 6, when two attackersattempted to bomb a university dormitory (AFMI503). Campus security, which had been increasedfollowing the previous attacks, spotted and quicklyfired on the attackers, killing one. The otherdetonated his explosive device, killing himself.Media reports suggest that the attacks have beencarried out by the militant group Boko Haram; thegroup has publicly claimed responsibility for theJanuary 16, 2017, attack. Responding to theseattacks on the University of Maiduguri, a federalinstitution of higher education, the state reportsthat it intends to build a fence around the campus,install closed-circuit surveillance equipment aroundthe perimeter, and increase security forces.
Free to Think 2017Targeted Attacks and DisappearancesIn addition to these mass attacks, this reportingperiod saw incidents of premeditated attacksand disappearances in apparent retaliation fornonviolent expression.In Pakistan, on April 13, 2017, Mashal Khan, ajournalism student at Abdul Wali Khan University(AWKU) in the northern Pakistani city of Mardan,was brutally attacked and killed by a mob afterbeing accused of blasphemy (AFMI 462). Policereported that rumors had circulated among thestudent body that Mr. Khan maintained a Facebookpage that published blasphemous content. Aninvestigation later found that the rumors werespread in order to incite violence against him,apparently in retaliation for concerns he had raisedregarding students’ rights at the university. On theafternoon of April 13, Mashal was in a universityresidence hall when a large group of studentssurrounded and attacked him. The group strippedMr. Khan and beat him to death with woodenplanks. Several sources suggest that he was alsoshot at close range. Two other students who wereaccused of blasphemy alongside Mr. Khan werealso beaten but managed to escape. In responseto the attack and campus protests that followed,AWKU officials ordered the university closed;it reopened on May 22. A police investigation isongoing.Also in Pakistan, on January 6, 2017, SalmanHaider, a scholar of psychology from Fatima JinnahWomen University and a human rights activistknown for his left-wing, secularist views, waskidnapped (AFMI 407). Three others, also activein left-wing, secularist groups, went missing onJanuary 4 and 6, prompting concern that the fourwere kidnapped because of their activism. OnJanuary 28, Dr. Haider was released and reunitedwith his family; the other three activists alsoreappeared in late January. The identity of Dr.Haider’s abductors has not been announced.In a related incident on January 16, unidentifiedindividuals abducted and tortured PunjabUniversity student Suhail Ahmed in apparentretaliation for social media posts expressingsupport for the then-missing Dr. Haider (AFMI412). Mr. Ahmed was taken from his hostel roomby force, blindfolded, brought to an undisclosedlocation on campus, and severely beaten. Mr.Ahmed reports that security guards did notrespond to his pleas for help.In Algeria, on February 16, 2017, severalunidentified individuals attacked a group ofprofessors participating in a general assembly todiscuss the National Council of Higher Education(CNES), a faculty union, on the Ben AknounCASE UPDATEDisappearance of StudentProtesters in MexicoIn Free to Think 2015, SAR reported onthe September 2014 disappearance of 43students from the Raúl Isidro Burgos RuralTeachers’ College of Ayotzinapa, Mexico. Astate investigation of the incident identifiedthe remains of at least one student and a massgravesite with other remains. The Inter-AmericanCommission on Human Rights (IACHR) signed anagreement with the state and nongovernmentalorganizations representing the victims and theirfamilies to provide assistance and support. InJuly 2017, reports emerged that cell phonesbelonging to IACHR experts in Mexico for theinvestigation had been targeted with spyingsoftware sold only to governments to fightcriminals and terrorists. Mexican authoritieshave denied involvement in the spying. The caseremains unresolved.Photo Credit: 2015 Nopal Media (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)9
Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring Projectcampus of the University of Algiers (AFMI 428).The meeting—where professors intended to holda vote on the potential establishment of a CNESoffice on the university campus—took place amidcontroversy regarding accusations of riggedelections for the national leader of CNES, as wellas reports that the university’s rector opposedthe establishment of an on-campus CNES office.A group of at least 10 young men interrupted themeeting, attacked faculty, and attempted to stealthe ballot box. Three professors were injured.On June 28, 2017, Fanuel Kaseke, a student at theUniversity of Zimbabwe (UZ), was abducted andheld for six days, apparently in connection with hispeaceful student activism (AFMI 500). Mr. Kasekecofounded and leads a student organization oncampus and is known for writing political articles inKillings, Violence,and DisappearancesDuring this reporting period,SAR issued 55 reports of killings, violence,and disappearances. These incidents includekillings and disappearances either in retaliationfor particular academic content or conduct,or targeting of members of higher educationcommunities, including higher educationleaders, academic and nonacademic staff, andhigher education students. Disappearanceincludes arrest, detention, abduction, orother deprivation of liberty by government orquasi-government officials, by groups, or byindividuals acting on behalf of, with support,consent or acquiescence of the government,followed by a refusal to disclose the fate orwhereabouts of the persons concerned, ora refusal to acknowledge the deprivation oftheir liberty, which places such persons outsidethe protection of the law. Violence includesviolent physical assaults causing serious harmto individual members of higher educationcommunities, including beatings, shootings, orother injuries with weapons, and torture.10student publications. On June 26, he helpedorganize a student protest against UZ’s decisionto increase tuition for medical students, duringwhich violent clashes between protesters andpolice broke out (AFMI 498). Following the protest,Mr. Kaseke received anonymous, threatening callsdemanding that he stop writing and organizingdemonstrations. On June 28, Mr. Kaseke waslured into a car by two men and a woman askingfor directions. Once Mr. Kaseke was in the car,one of the passengers struck him on the head,knocking him unconscious. He awoke in a cell inwhat appeared to be a remote area, where he wasdetained for six days, beaten, and interrogatedabout his role in the June 26 protest. On July 4,his captors apparently sedated him and left him,unconscious, on a street in Mbare. Men identifyingthemselves as police have reportedly frequentedMr. Kaseke’s mother’s house and asked about hiswhereabouts since he was released by his captors.Violence against Student ProtestersViolent attacks frequently occurred in the contextof student protests. (See page 20.) Four of theseresulted in student deaths. On March 23, 2017,students from Sierra Leone’s Njala Universitydemonstrated in response to faculty strikes. Thestudents marched without a permit through thestreets of Bo, with some students burning tires,blocking roads, and engaging in vandalism. Policeopened fire and shot tear gas at the students in aneffort to disperse them. One student was killed,several were injured, and 35 were arrested (AFMI446). On April 10, 2017, security forces clashedwith students protesting outside Abdou MoumouniUniversity, in Niger, over complaints about theallocation of university resources. One studentdied, at least 88 were injured, and 313 weredetained (AFMI 460). On May 24, 2017, a 22-yearold nursing student was shot and killed by statesecurity forces during a protest on the campus ofOrient University, in Venezuela (AFMI 482). And onJuly 21, 2017, two student protesters were killedand many more were injured when Congolesesoldiers and police opened fire on University ofKinshasa students demonstrating against therecent detention of two classmates (AFMI 510).
Free to Think 2017IN MEMORIAM Liu Xiaobo (1955-2017)Liu Xiaobo, a Chinese scholar of literature, writer,human rights defender, democracy advocate, andNobel Laureate, died in China on July 13, 2017. Liuwas a prominent supporter of the 1989 TiananmenSquare protests and among the leading drafters of“Charter 08,” a manifesto promoting democracy andnonviolent political reform in China. He was takeninto custody in December 2008 and held withoutcharge until December 2009, when he was convictedand sentenced to 11 years in prison and 2 years ofdeprivation of political rights on charges of “incitingsubversion of state power.” SAR included Liu on itsScholars-in-Prison list and campaigned along with manyothers for his release. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on December 10, 2010, while in prison, forhis “long and nonviolent struggle for fundamental human rights.” Less than one month before his death,authorities announced that Liu had been diagnosed with late-stage liver cancer; despite international pleas,he was not permitted to travel abroad to seek potentially life-saving treatment. Liu’s wife, Liu Xia, has beenincommunicado since her husband’s death. She had been under house arrest since 2010 and was last seenin a video posted to Youtube, on August 18, 2017.Photo Credit: 2017 Etan Liam (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)SAR condemns these targeted, violent attacks on higher education communities and calls on stateauthorities to investigate these incidents, to make every effort to hold perpetrators accountable, and toensure the security of all members of the community. SAR also calls on higher education institutions andcivil society to press state authorities for greater protection and accountability, and to contribute to effortsto understand and reinforce principles of autonomy and academic freedom.11
Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring ProjectONGOING THREATS TO TURKEY'SHIGHER EDUCATION SECTORState and university authorities continue to takesweeping and targeted measures against Turkey’shigher education sector.In Free to Think 2016,4 SAR reported oninvestigations, detentions, prosecutions, firings,travel restrictions, and other actions againstscholars who endorsed the Academics for Peacepetition (hereafter referred to as the PeacePetition) calling for peace in the southeastern partof the country,5 and on the expansion of theseactions to thousands more scholars following a July15, 2016, coup attempt.One year on, this purge continues, posing anunprecedented threat to a national highereducation system.Since September 1, 2016, 7,023 academic andadministrative personnel have been targeted fordismissal from their positions, and 294 studentshave been expelled in accordance with a series ofdecrees issued under a state of emergency thatcontinues to be extended. At least 990 scholars,staff, and students have been detained or arrested,with warrants served for at least 318 more. Allbut five reports of such violations in Turkey arein connection with endorsement of the PeacePetition or coup-related accusations.Imprisonments & ProsecutionsOver the last year, SAR has reported 49 incidentsinvolving detentions, arrests, warrants, andwrongful prosecutions of at least 1,308 scholars,staff, and students in Turkey.In most incidents, authorities have sought thedetention or prosecution of scholars, staff,and students, on suspicion of having allegedconnections with Fethullah Gülen, a Muslim clericself-exiled in the U.S. who Turkish authoritiesclaim was responsible for the coup attempt. Theevidentiary basis supporting these allegations hasoften been unclear or undisclosed to the public.This has been of most concern in cases of massdetentions, including on September 2, 2016, whensecurity forces took into custody 15 academicand administrative personnel from Mustafa KemalUniversity, including its rector, Hüsnü Salih Güder(AFMI 349). Three days later, eleven academicpersonnel from Sakarya University were similarlydetained on unknown grounds (AFMI 352). OnNovember 2, 2016, authorities issued warrants for137 academics, later detaining at least 73 followingsearches of their homes (AFMI 387). It is unclearhow many remain in detention or what evidencehas been presented for their prosecution.In other coup-related cases, the evidentiary basisfor detentions and arrests has ranged from thealleged use of a secure smartphone messagingapplication, to institutional affiliations, to acts ofpeaceful expression and association.On September 27, 2016, authorities detainedseven research assistants from Karadeniz TechnicalUniversity for alleged use of Bylock, an encryptedsmartphone messaging application that stateauthorities claim was used by org
Niger, and Sierra Leone. In Turkey, state and university authorities continue to take sweeping measures against the higher education sector. These include imprisonment and prosecutions; dismissals and expulsions of scholars and students; and restrictions on travel and institutional autonomy. To date, thousands of scholars,
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