ICMIEE20-278 Design And Implementation Of Addressable Fire Detection .
International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering 202019-21 December, 2020, Khulna, BANGLADESHICMIEE20-278Design and Implementation of Addressable Fire Detection and AlarmSystem in Ready-made Garments Sector of BangladeshAlak Barua1, Nowsheen Sharmili*21Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka,Bangladesh*2Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, buet.ac.bdABSTRACTFire accidents in the ready-made garments sector of Bangladesh have become an alarming issue in the recentera, hampering the safety of the garments workers. The source of the fire originates from electrical short circuits,storage of flammable materials, transformer explosion, etc. The dilatoriness in the fire detection system results incatastrophic mishaps. The conventional fire alarm detection process of our country cannot locate the exact fire origin ontime causing fire hazards. The addressable fire alarm system resolves the problem by assigning a unique address to eachdetector to locate the exact position of the fire for further protection system. In this paper, an addressable fire alarmsystem is designed in ‘AutoCAD’ by following the NFPA (The National Fire Protection Association) rules for agarments factory of Bangladesh constituting of multi-detectors (heat/smoke), heat detectors, smoke detectors, sounderstrobes, and manual call points, etc. The designed addressable fire alarm system sends the signal of the particularlyaddressed detector to the control panel for pinpointing the origin of the fire. This concept has not been implemented inample garments factories of Bangladesh; thus, holding a major contribution indeed to ensure fire safety.Keywords: Addressable, NFPA, FACP, BNBC, Detector, Sounder Strobe.1.IntroductionReady-made garments hold the firstposition in the export sector of Bangladesh,generating more than 78% of the countries’ totalforeign income. In the fiscal year of 2010-2011,Bangladesh earned USD 17.91 billion byexporting apparel which made this country thesecond-largest apparel exporter in the world [21].According to the statistics of 2009, the fatalitynumber is the highest in the garments sector amongthe other industrial sectors [19]. In 2017, thestatistics of the last 69 incidents in the garmentsindustry of the previous 22 years show that 94.2%of incidents were occurred by fire, and buildingcollapse were held responsible for only 3% ofincidents and another 3% by other differentincidents [10]. On 24 November 2012, thecatastrophic fire accident of the Tazreen Fashionfactory in the Ashulia district on the outskirts ofDhaka, Bangladesh took out the lives of at least 117people and caused injury to 200 people [16]. Thisrampant fire of the Chowdhury Knitwear andGarment factory at Shibpur, near Dhaka, on thenight of November 25, 2000 killed at least 48workers and injured 150 workers [1]. Theseaccidents hinder the profitability and sustainabilityof our RMG sectors, causing a great loss to ourcountry’s economy. Improper maintenance of thefactory and unsuitable design of the garments lead tothese fire accidents. The garments should follow theBNBC (Bangladesh National Building Code) rulesto reduce the building collapse and NFPA rules forensuring the fire safety system. In the USA, the firstFactory Act accompanying with a factory inspectioninitiative were undertaken in Massachusetts as agovernmental action after the occurrence ofcatastrophic fire at the Granite Mills [15]. Theconsequence of boiler explosion in 1905 at R. B.Groover shoe factory in Brockton near Boston atMassachusetts, USA [20] where the massiveexplosion ripped the boiler components through thefloor and turned the four-storied building into agraveyard [2] as well as emphasized the ratificationprocess of the Factory Act. In Hong Kong, the firesafety codes were very crude and the occupationalbuildings were not differentiated from thecommercial buildings. But after 1987, sprinklersystems were developed in most of the commercialhigh-rise buildings [3]. Asian countries, such asSouth Korea and Japan use conventional FACPs(fire alarm control panel) and detectors as they areeconomical [12]. As a proof of this, 54,534 FACPswere approved by the Korea Institute of FireIndustry and Technology in 2011 out of a total of56,081 approved FACPs, corresponding to 97.4%[14]. In the conventional fire alarm detectionprocess, fire is detected by the sensors with the helpof the circuit board, but the sensors are notICMIEE20-278-1
addressed in a wired system. But in the addressablefire alarm system, the detectors are arranged in acoded form with the control panel each having aunique address to call the address for fire alarm andsend the signal of the occurrence of fire to thecontrol unit which resolves the problem of theconventional fire alarm detection process [4]. Theaddressable fire alarm systems provide informationof each sensor to the control panel allowing a prealarm warning while the conventional systems onlyprovide information about the specific circuits.Addressable fire alarm systems are omnipresent inthe developed countries in a great amount. Thetraceable heat detectors are officially approved inSouth Korea [13]. But the developing country likeBangladesh does not abide by the NFPA rules indesigning the fire safety system in garments. Theconventional fire alarm system is existent in some ofthe well-established garments in Bangladesh. But theaddressable fire alarm system is quite a newapproach to many garments of Bangladesh which isvery favorable in detecting smoke without any effortand automatically, providing protection systems tothe affected area. In this paper, an addressable firedetection and alarm system will be introduced in agarments factory of Bangladesh by following theNFPA rules which is a great contribution indeed.2.MethodologyAddressable Fire Detection and AlarmSystem process assigns addresses to each detector,audible devices, and the addresses are stored in thecontrol memory unit. The controller monitors eachdetector. If multiple alarms are detected, a generalalarm is sounded via all devices. If only one alarm isnotified, an assigned sequence number is placed onthe audible, visible devices. Thus, the controllerprovides preventive action and safest egress to theparticular alarmed area. The accurate position of thegeneration of fire is detected and sufficient watersupply and preventive action are provided.Addressable detectors are connected via two-wireconnections, both forming a loop for the integrationof the circuit. They are addressed through a dipswitch. Output devices are handled on the zonecircuit and address messages are sent as commandinstruction to the output device [4]. The analogoutput-smoke, gas are transmitted to the detectorsand transitions of this output signal current informsthe control panel about the room temperature to takenecessary actions.The conventional fire alarm system isdisadvantageous as it only detects the zone of thedetectors, but not the individual locations of thespecific detectors. Moreover, in the conventional firealarm system, all the detectors of the specific zonebecome inactive at the state of the fire detection[12]. But, the addressable detectors detect the signalswith a regular interval, named the count pulse andcontrast the counted number with their ownaddressable ID number to send information to theexact device. The addressable systems allow textlabels for easy identification of the detectors. Forexample, if detector 2 is labeled as ‘Bedroom 2’ if itis in bedroom 2. The addressable systems can alsochange the alarm thresholds for different operatingconditions along with clock and real-time logrecords. Some addressable systems incorporateprogramming options to control the outputs ofspecific events [4].In this paper, this addressable system with sometraceable smoke and heat detectors and multidetectors is introduced in a garments factory ofBangladesh. The garments sectors constitute ofcutting section, sewing section, washing and dryingsection, finishing section, warehouse area, officearea, and utility section.The addressable detector systems mounted in almosteach sector of the garments factory are discussed inthe next phrases.2.1. Cutting SectionFabrics are cut according to a pattern in thecutting section and it is the heart of the wholeapparel manufacturing process. Fabrics are receivedfrom the storage area and cut in a pattern and sentinto the sewing station to complete the rest of theprocess [18]. Apparels are easily incendiary andsuch occurrence of fire is very frequent in nature.The reasons behind the fire incidents are electricshort circuits, faulty electrical wirings, smokingmaterials, boiler explosion, etc. The origin of fire inthe garments factory is in the forms of electricalshort circuit (100%), storage of flammable materials(37.14%), boiler explosion (44.29%), canteenkitchen (24.17%), transformer explosion (28.57%),overheating (8.57%), and others (21.43%) [10]. Fireaccidents can also originate from fire extinguisherswith zero operating pressure, blockage of exit doorsby furniture, etc. [23]. Moreover, almost 77.14% ofgarments workers are informed about the fire byfactory alarm, 20% workers are informed frommanagement and 2.86% are notified by theemployee for leaving the workplace [11].As an introduction of the addressable system, multidetectors, sounder strobe, and manual call points areinstalled in the cutting section for extinguishing thefire.2.1.1.DI-9101E Intelligent Combination Heat andPhotoelectric Smoke DetectorThe heat and smoke detector used in thecutting section is ‘DI-9101E Intelligent CombinationHeat and Photoelectric Smoke Detector’. Along withthe smoke sensor, and semi-conductor heat tric Smoke Detector’ (multi-detector)ensures photoelectric detection and rise oftemperature at fire detection. Combination of thesmoke detector with the heat detector overcomes theICMIEE20-278-2
disadvantages of the detectors being insensitive toblack smoke and can also detect fire at the rise of thetemperature of alcohol flame, thus extending itsrange [6]. The distinct characteristics, specifications,programming process and installation process aredelineated in the following sections.Specification:Model: DI-9101ETemperature: (-10 C to 50 C)Standby Current: 0.8 mAAlarm Current: 1.8 mAInstallation Process of the Multi-detector:In many cases, the PVC conduit is installedinside the concrete of the ceiling. But for easymaintenance, the PVC conduit is installed on thesurface of the ceiling. A PVC conduit holding firerated cable (1.5 mm2) exits from a fire alarm controlpanel which is used to join all other detectorsthrough it. The PVC female connector is used toconnect the PVC conduit to the junction box. Thejunction box holds the multi-detector. There isanother PVC conduit exiting from the junction boxthrough a female connector. The outlet PVC conduitinterconnects another detector. The PVC conduitleaving from the last multi-detector is connected tothe control panel. This installation procedure ensureseasy installation and maintenance and forms anintegrated system.Detector spacing Detector coverage Reduction factor Safety factor 30 0.84 0.7 17.64Thus, the spacing between the detectors is 17.64 ft.Table 1 Detector Spacing Reduction Based onCeiling Height.Ceiling HeightUp toMultiplyGreater thanand IncludingListed( )Spacing .5309.10.34Two beams and their correspondingcolumns can create a pocket. The detectors are set inthe middle of these pockets. Sometimes, more thanone detector is installed in one pocket.2.1.2.C-9403 Conventional Sounder StrobeC-9403 is a sounder strobe alerting peopleon the occurrence of fire by providing alarm. Itprovides audible along with visible alarm signalswhen applied to an external 24V DC power [9].Fig. 1 Heat/ smoke detector Surface Mounteddetails with Embedded PVC Conduit.Calculation Regarding Installation Process:The multi detectors cover 30 ft. around itwith a radius of 15 ft. As this coverage is notconsidered as square shape, so there is a safety factorassuming it as a circle. Detector spacing reduction isbased on ceiling height. The reduction factor and thesafety factors are multiplied with the coveragemeasurement. The reduction factor is taken as 0.84by considering the ceiling height of 12 ft. usingTable 1 [17]. The safety factor is considered as 0.70.Specification:Operating Voltage Power: 24V DC (20V 28V)Flash Frequency: 1.4 (1 20%) HzOperating Current Start Current: 35 mASound Level: Tone 1: not lower than 95 DB (at 1 mdistance)Tone 2: not lower than 95 dB (at 1 m distance)Installation Process of the Sounder Strobe:The sounder strobe is attached at 2.5 mfrom the finished floor level which is shown in Fig.2. The base can be mounted on the back box whenthe conduit is embedded. The conduit is embeddedwhen the shallow base is used. The deep base shouldbe adopted at the time of surface mounting. Thesounder is connected by a cable (2.5 mm2) from thecontrol panel. One sounder is connected withanother sounder parallel. An end of line resistance isconnected to the last sounder to complete the circuit.ICMIEE20-278-3
Fig. 2 Installation Details of Fire Alarm Sounder.DI-M9204 Digital Manual Call PointManual call points are attached to the wallsof the garments for safety. The victims press thefrangible element on the manual call point to notifythe control panel about the fire incident. Afterreceiving the signal of the manual call point, thecontrol panel addresses the exact location of thedevice and generates siren [5].Fig. 4 Installation Process of Manual Call Point onthe wall.2.1.3.Specification:Operating Voltage Loop: 24V (16V 28V)Alarm Current: 1.8 mAStandby Current: 0.6 mAInstallation Process of the Manual Call Point:The manual call point is installed at 1.2 mfrom the finished floor illustrated in Fig. 4. The backbox is installed into the wall with screws accordingto Fig. 3. The base is installed onto the back box.The juts of the MCP is hooked to the base. The cable(1.5 mm2) passing from the detectors or controlpanel is connected with the manual call points.Another cable is connected from the exit of themanual call point and is connected to the next deviceor can get back to the control panel.2.2. Sewing, Drying and Washing SectionAfter cutting the fabrics, they are sent to thesewing station, drying, and washing section for thefollowing processes. In these sections, electricalshort-circuit, heavy machine work can cause fire.The same models of addressable multi-detectors,sounder strobes and manual call points of the cuttingsection are installed in these sections. Theinstallation process is also similar to the cuttingsection.2.3. Finishing Section, Office Area,andWarehouse/ Store AreaThe fabrics processed from the cutting,sewing, washing, and drying section are sent to thefinishing section. The finishing section constitutes ofchecking, final inspection, pressing, packing, etc.After the finishing process, the inventories are storedin the warehouse or storage area. These places donot consist of heavy machinery, and thus the sharprise of fire is very rare. A small fire incident withlittle smoke can occur here at most. The office areaof the administrative workers is also not susceptibleto excess fire-related accidents. These consequencescreate the necessity of the smoke detectors at theselocations instead of multi-detectors or heat detectors.2.3.1.Fig. 3 Installation Details of Manual CallPoint.DI-9102E Intelligent Photoelectric SmokeDetector‘DI-9102E Intelligent Photoelectric SmokeDetector’ is a new generation breakthrough productwhich turns on the fire LED for indicating the firesignal and transmits it to the control panel. Themaintenance of this detector is easy with a highendurance of dust contamination and environmentallight [7]. The smoke detector can adapt to thechanging temperature, humidity, and dustaccumulation by figuring out these drift variances toreduce sensitivity resulting in a constant amount ofsmoke for fire detection according to the driftICMIEE20-278-4
compensation algorithm. These consequences resultin a constant amount of smoke generationirrespective of any environmental condition.Specification:Operating Voltage Loop: 24V (16V 28V)Alarm Current: 1.8 mA (without remote indicator) 3.8 mA(with remote indicator)Standby Current: 0.8 mAInstallation Process of the Smoke Detector:The base is fixed with the electric box bytwo taping screws. A portion of the bottom of thedetector is aligned to a portion of the base byrotating the detector. The mounting is illustrated inthe following figure. The installation procedure ofthis smoke detector on the surface and theattachment to the control panel is similar to theinstallation of heat detectors.alarm control panel that can be used as a backupsource. The sizing of the battery for the fire alarmcontrol panel along with these devices is shown inTable 2.Table 2 Fire Alarm System Secondary Battery SetDescriptionFire ectorManualCall PointFire 60.04600.003460.13801.2516Total system alarmcurrentTotal system standby current (Amp)Calculation Worksheet.Required standby capacity, alarm capacity, totalcapacity and adjusting battery capacity arecalculated from Table 2.Required standbycapacity (Amphrs.)Fig. 5 Installation Details of Smoke Detector.The same models of the sounder strobesand manual call points of the cutting section areinstalled in this section with a similar installationprocedure. In addition, as utility section is highlyprone to fire, ‘DI-9103 Digital Dual Heat detector’[8] is used in this section to detect the sharp rise offire. The installation process of the heat detector isnot delineated in the paper.ResultsA typical garments factory constitutesmany sections stated above. A 9 storied garmentsfactory of 15,000 square feet area can have 87 multidetectors, 18 heat detectors, 128 smoke detectorsconnected to the control panel. The Fire alarmcontrol panel will be connected to the 220-240 V ACsource. There should have a backup system in caseof AC (alternating current) power failure. There is apair of battery of 12V as per requirement of the fireRequired alarmcapacity (Amphrs.)Total capacity(Amp-hrs.) Required standby capacity(Amp-hrs.) 24 1.2516 Amp-hrs. 30.0384 Amp-hrs. Required alarm time (hrs.) Total system alarmcurrent (Amp)0.12 1.6714 Amp 0.200568 Amp Required alarm capacity(Amp-hrs.) Requiredstandby capacity (Amphrs.)30.0384 0.200568 Amphrs.30.238968 Amp-hrs. 3. Adjusting batterycapacity (Amphrs.) Total capacity (Amp-hrs.) Derating factor 30.238968 1.2 Amp-hrs.36.2867616 Amp-hrs.ICMIEE20-278-51.6714
4.in this paper. Finally, the AutoCAD designs of theaddressable system in the typical garments sectors areattached in the Appendix section of the paper forbetter illustration. The paper only ensures the detectionsystem, but the protection system is necessary to agreat extent after the detection system. The futurework of this research incorporates designing a fireprotection system, such as- sprinkler system for thereduction of fire hazards. The rate of fire accidentswill alleviate by cohesive addressable fire detectionwith a protection system.5.References[1] Ahmed, J.U. and Hossain, T., 2009. Industrial safety in the readymade garment sector: A developingcountry perspective. Sri Lankan Journal of Management, 14(1), pp.1-13.[2] Canavan, D.A. (2005). Remembering the 1905 Groover Shoe Factory Explosion, Bulletin, 60(3), 9-12.[3] Chow, W.K., 2001. Review on fire safety management and application to Hong Kong. InternationalJournal on Engineering Performance-Based Fire Codes, 3(1), pp.52-58.[4] Elbehiery, H., 2012. Developed intelligent fire alarm system. Journal of American Science, 8(8),pp.1016-1025.[5] Gulf Security Technology Co., Ltd. Manual of DI-M9204 Digital Manual Call Point.[6] Gulf Security Technology Co., Ltd. Manual of DI-9101E Intelligent Combination Heat andPhotoelectric Smoke Detector.[7] Gulf Security Technology Co., Ltd. Manual of DI-9102E Intelligent Photoelectric Smoke Detector.[8] Gulf Security Technology Co., Ltd. Manual of DI-9103 Digital Dual Heat Detector.[9] Gulf Security Technology Co., Ltd. Manual of C-9403 Conventional Sounder Strobe.[10] Hasan, M.M., Mahmud, A. and Islam, M.S., 2017. Deadly Incidents in Bangladeshi Apparel Industryand Illustrating the Causes and Effects of These Incidents. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 5(5),p.193.[11] Hossain, M.F., 2016. Fire Hazard in Readymade Garment Factories and its Impacts on workers inDhaka Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 42(1): 77-93.[12] Jee, S.W., Lee, C.H., Kim, S.K., Lee, J.J. and Kim, P.Y., 2014. Development of a traceable fire alarmsystem based on the conventional fire alarm system. Fire Technology, 50(3), pp.805-822.[13] Korea Fire Industry Technology Institute (2011) Model Approval & Inspection Technical Standards forFire Detectors Notification No. 2011-1 by National Emergency Management Agency in South Korea.[14] Liu, Z. and Kim, A.K., 2003. Review of recent developments in fire detection technologies. Journal ofFire Protection Engineering, 13(2), pp.129-151.[15] MacLaury, J., 2004. Government regulation of workers' safety and health, 1877-1917. US Departmentof Labor, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy.[16] Masud, A., Hoque, A.A.M., Hossain, M.S. and Hoque, M.R., 2013. Corporate social responsibilitypractices in garments sector of Bangladesh, A study of multinational garments, CSR view in DhakaEPZ. Developing Country Studies, 3(5), pp.27-37.[17] NFPA, N., 2013.72: National Fire Alarm Signaling Code. National Fire Protection Association.[18] Nizam, M.E.H., 2015. Visual Management and Technical Furniture for the development of garmentsmanufacturing process focusing cutting section.[19] OSHE (2009) (online) Bangladesh: 1273 workers killed in occupational incidents since January.[20] Paul, A.R. and Alam, F., 2018. Compliance of Boiler Standards and Industrial Safety in IndianSubcontinent. International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture, 3(4), pp.182-189.[21] Wadud, Z., Huda, F.Y. and Ahmed, N.U., 2014. Assessment of fire risk in the readymade garmentindustry in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Fire Technology, 50(5), pp.1127-1145.Discussion and ConclusionAddressable fire alarm system is introducedin different sections of garments- cutting, sewing,drying, finishing, warehouse, utility, and office area,etc., to accurately locate the fire source. Theinstallation process of the addressable detectors byfollowing NFPA rules, specification, and features ofthe detectors are delineated in this paper. All thedetectors, sounder strobes, and manual call points arewell integrated with each other and released in thecontrol panel. The control panel is powered by a DCbattery backup source in case of AC power failure.The calculation of this battery sizing is also providedICMIEE20-278-6
The conventional fire alarm detection process of our country cannot locate the exact fire origin on time causing fire hazards. The addressable fire alarm system resolves the problem by assigning a unique address to each detector to locate the exact position of the fire for further protection system. In this paper, an addressable fire alarm
a/c, cooling non-coincident load heat greater @ 2.0kw x 100 units 200 555 555 555 4 refrig/mico wave unit 100 @ 1.00kw 100 278 278 278 278 c. 1. guest laundry dryer 1 @ 5000w 5 14 14 14 2. guest laundry washe
from SIEGENIA-AUBI allows you to move the folding door to the side safely and easily, maximising the opening and allowing easy access to the outdoors. . KFV Karl Fliether GmbH & Co. KG Siemensstraße 10 D-42551 Velbert Telefon 492051 278-0 Telefax Vertrieb Inland 492051 278-167 Telefax Vertrieb Ausland 492051 278-33
TOON BOOM ANIMATION INC. 4200 Saint-Laurent, Suite 1020 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 2R2 1 514 278 8666 contact@toonboom.com toonboom.com Toon Boom Harmony Premium V15.0 Premiu m Keyboard Shortcuts Guide. Legal Notices Toon Boom Animation Inc. 4200 Saint-Laurent, Suite 1020 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 2R2 Tel: 1 514 278 8666 Fax: 1 514 278 .
lpabon@fullerton.edu Psychology Department Office Location: H-830M/830L Phone: (657) 278-3514 Chair Dr. Jessie Peissig Phone: (657) 278-3514 Office: H-830M jpeissig@fullerton.edu Department Administration Phillip Schierer Phone: (657) 278-3516 Office: H-835O pschierer@fullerton.edu Department Office Noel Torres
fiber have been used for the fabrication of composites. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the fiber orientation on various mechanical and physical properties of the composites. 2. Experimental Procedure 2.1 Reinforcement material Jute yarn, fiber and twill type jute mat were used as reinforcement for the composites.
Standardized guidelines API RP 13I [24] and API RP 13B-1 [25] is followed to evaluate and characterize the performance of nano-based drilling fluids. Experimental protocols are ensured to conduct this laboratory-scale investigation. 2.1 Collection of Materials All the purchased reagents including Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl 3, 6H
Standard Companion Guide Refers to the Implementation Guide - 278 Health Care Services Review Request and Response- Authorization Request for PASRR Nursing Facility Specialized Services (NFSS) Based on ASC X12 version 005010 CORE v5010 Companion Guide June 2019 Version 4.0 .
Paper-and-Pencil Assessments INCLUDING Reading Comprehension Items English/Language Arts (ELA) Directions for Administering the Part 1 ELA Paper Practice Test- Section 1 . If the Mathematics practice test was previously administered, make sure you redistribute the practice test books to the correct students according to their names on the front covers. The passage and questions in this section .
