Yulunga - Sport Australia
YulungaTraditional Indigenous Gamesausport.gov.au/isp
YulungaTraditional Indigenous GamesTraditional Indigenous GamesThe games outlined in this resource are considered primarilyas a contribution towards the implementation of IndigenousAustralian perspectives across the education curriculum, fromKindergarten to Year 12 (K–12). It is recommended that localelders are consulted and invited to be involved in some wayprior to undertaking any unit of work or special event using theTraditional Indigenous Games.Examples of statements that might be acceptable to localelders and that can be made in association with the use ofthe games in this resource are:‘We pay our respect to the traditional custodians of this land.’‘We acknowledge that we are on the traditional lands of the peoples and pay our respects to the traditional custodians.’In the language of the Kamilaroi (Gamori) people ofnorth‑western New South Wales, Yulunga means ‘playing’.
AcknowledgmentsThe Australian Sport Commission acknowledges Ken Edwards for the extensive and thorough researchundertaken to collate the Yulunga: Traditional Indigenous Games.To create this resource, Ken Edwards with the assistance of Troy Meston reviewed almost every availableaccount of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander games from all parts of Australia.The Australian Sports Commission recognises the traditional owners of the games and activities that formed thebasis of this resource. This resource is dedicated to all Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.Traditional Indigenous Games ConsultantsKen Edwards (PhD) is a former physical education teacher and academic in the Faculty of Health (Schoolof Human Movement Studies) at Queensland University of Technology (QUT) in Brisbane. He is currently astaff member in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (School of Humanities — Education) at BondUniversity on the Gold Coast.Troy Meston is a graduate of the Faculty of Education at QUT and currently Director of Blackbase in Brisbane.He is actively involved in the promotion of Indigenous traditional games in schools and community groups.DisclaimerThe Traditional Indigenous Games resource has been designed for people of all ages. The resource assumesthat each person participating in the activities is healthy and has no medical condition that would precludehim or her from participating in the activities. People should not be allowed to participate in an activity ifany medical, physical or other factor indicates that he or she is not suited to that activity. Where there areany queries or concerns about such matters, the consent of the participant, or if under 18, the participant’sparent/legal guardian, should be obtained before allowing participation. Adult supervision must be providedfor all activities where participants are under 18 years of age. While care has been taken in the preparationof the resource, the publisher and authors do not accept any liability arising from the use of the resource,including without limitation, from any activities described in the resource. Australian Sports Commission 2008This work is copyright. Apart from any uses as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 and subsequentamendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process without written permission fromthe Australian Sports Commission. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction should be addressed tocopyright@ausport.gov.auFor general enquiries regarding the Australian Sports Commission:Tel: (02) 6214 1111Fax: (02) 6251 2680Email: asc@ausport.gov.auWebsite: ausport.gov.auISBN 978 1 74013 102 5Content by Ken Edwards, with assistance by Troy MestonIllustrations by Glenn RobeyProduced by Australian Sports Commission Publishing staff
ForewordThe Yulunga: Traditional Indigenous Games resource was developed to provide allAustralians with a greater understanding and appreciation of Indigenous culture— the way it was many thousands of years ago and still is today. Over the yearssport has played a major role in developing a socially cohesive environment withinIndigenous communities. Many of the games you see today have evolved fromtraditional games of the past.Through this unique sporting resource, traditional Indigenous culture can beexperienced and enjoyed by all Australians. It combines curriculum principlesand cultural traditions in sport-related activities for people of all ages, whileensuring the integrity of traditional games. It can be used in schools aroundAustralia as an educational resource and as a guide to inclusive, structuredsport within communities.Adam GoodesSydney Swans AFL playerAmbassador, Indigenous Sport Program, Australian Sports Commissioniii
ContentsForeword. iiiIntroduction. 1GamesBall and top spinning games. 3Ball games. 8Ball-hitting games. 38Ball-rolling games. . 63Boomerang games. 82Bullroarer game. 89Climbing game. . 91Corroboree games. 93Finding-object games. . 96Guessing games. . 99Hide-and-seek games. 105Hitting games. . 109Jumping games. 113Marble games. 116Memory game. 120Play-language game. 122Pushing game. 123Roller game. . 125Running games. 127Skipping games. 135Spinner–propellor games. . 142String game. 145Tag games. 146Throwing games. 160Tracking game. 199Water games. 201Wrestling games. 227iv
Events and activitiesTraditional games event. 243Athletic events. 247Displays and skills games. 248Tabloid event. 250Sports Ability. 252Index. . 253Wener ganbony tillutkerrin?What shall we play first?(Language of the Western people of Victoria)v
IntroductionYulunga: Traditional Indigenous Games presents a selection of games and activitiesplayed in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander societies. Traditionalpastimes have been included along with some more ‘modern’ activities. This bookis based on extensive research, including several hundred accounts collectedover many years from all parts of Australia and the Torres Strait Islands. Many ofthe original accounts of games were recorded during the nineteenth century byexplorers, government officials, settlers, scientists and missionaries. There arecomparatively few descriptions of games and sports by Indigenous people, butefforts have been made to include a significant level of Indigenous input.Some points about how the games are presented: Some of the games can be played in their traditional form or close to it —sometimes by using modern equipment. Some games have been modified from their traditional form so that there is anunderstanding of the basic skills and game play while considering other factorssuch as safety and ease of play. In some cases modifications of a game oractivity have been outlined to provide opportunities for people of different agesand abilities to be able to participate in an enjoyable and relevant way. Some games have been reconstructed from vague or incomplete accounts intowhat is believed to be an accurate representation. Many of the games presented can be successfully played as skill games orlead‑up games in physical education lessons, or in specific sports practicesessions, rather than as major games in themselves. A large number of thegames can be played as outlined in this book. Some types of games outlined (such as wrestling and ball games) provide anopportunity to play different versions of the game or activity. The games vary in the type and level of competition.As part of the process in preparing this book, an Australia-wide consultation wasconducted in conjunction with the Indigenous Sport Program at the AustralianSports Commission. Where possible, approval was sought from the traditionalowners of the games or from representative Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanderorganisations. The sole motivation in researching and developing the gamespresented has been to provide an outline of the types of activities that were, and insome cases still are, part of Australian Indigenous play culture.1
Individuals and groups contributed information in the course of the consultationprocess. The enthusiasm and positive feedback received reinforces the importantrole that these games and activities can serve.The games outlined cover most regions of Australia. Care has been taken to avoidgames used in initiation ceremonies and religious events, or which could give afalse impression of the cultural identity of Indigenous people.It is recommended that when the games are used as part of a school or sportingprogram, local elders and Indigenous groups are informed of the plans and invitedto participate in some way, including commenting on suitable activities.2
BALL AND TOP SPINNING ears7–9BackgroundTeaching pointsSpin-tops were made from the gourds of theBenincasa vacua, in an area of north Queensland.The people in the Cape Grafton area called thembunbuja. A spin-top was made by passing a stickthrough the gourd and then fixing the stick intoposition with twine and beeswax. Hold the ends of the top.Spin-tops were used only by the men, and spun bytwirling with the flats of the open hands or a flick ofthe thumb and first finger. A hole was made in theside, to make it hum. Look at it go. Be ready to spin it. Pull and push your palms together.(Flick the thumb and first finger). Release the top.Game play and basic rules Make or use small tops that can be spun withthe hands or with the thumb and finger. Some types of spin-tops can be purchased intoy shops.3
BALL AND TOP SPINNING GAMESjillora‘jil-lor-a’All school-age groups (K–12)Post-school ageBackgroundShort descriptionSpinning balls or tops of various kinds were used asan amusement by Aboriginal people in most partsof Australia and by Torres Strait Islanders.A ball-spinning activity.The spin-ball used in the northwest central districtsof Queensland was a round ball of about 2 to 3centimetres in diameter. It was made of lime,ashes, sand, clay and sometimes hair, rolled intoshape, either between the hands or the folds of ablanket, and subsequently baked, thus making itsmooth and hard. The spin-ball was often paintedwith red or yellow ochre. One to ten playersPlayersPlaying area A suitable indoor or outdoor areaEquipment Large balls such as basketballsLanguageGame play and basic rulesThe spin-ball was called jillora at Boulia, popojoat Glenormiston and Roxburgh, pucho-pucho inthe Kalkadoon country, and anai-dappi-dappa atHeadingly and Lake Nash. The game was apparentlyintroduced from the lower Diamantina River area. Players attempt to make the ball spin for as longas possible. Players use one or both hands to spin thelarge balls on a smooth surface. Youngerplayers may need help from other players inspinning the balls.4
Variations The game can be played by several players atonce. On the signal to start, all players start theirballs spinning. In a competition the last ball left spinning isthe winner. Timed-team jillora: Players are organised intogroups of three to five. Players add their timestogether and attempt to set a ‘record’. Havethree attempts to set a record. At the end addthe times for all the groups to set a class record.CommentThis version is designed for use as a warm-upactivity and is particularly suitable for youngerchildren.Teaching points Balls ready. Hands each side on top. Push with one hand pull with the other.Hold in the fingers. Make it spin. Step back. Keep it going. Try again. A little harder. That’s the idea.5
BALL AND TOP SPINNING s7–9SchoolYears10–12Post-school ageBackgroundPlayersThe Lake Eyre women made small gypsum balls tospin. The game was played by several players atonce. The player whose ball spun the longest wasthe winner. One to ten playersPlaying area A suitable indoor or outdoor areaSometimes two women competed against eachother. In another form of the game two ballswere spun in a large bowl (pirrha) and there wasexcitement when the balls collided.EquipmentLanguage Use a number of discs (frisbees) — the discsshould all be the same. The underside of the disccan be smoothed and the surface waxed.The name for the game is taken from the large bowl(pirrha) used for spinning balls. Use balls such as wooden balls, billiard balls orlarge marbles.Short descriptionGame play and basic rulesThe game is one of ball spinning. The object is totry to make the ball spin for as long as possible. The ball is spun on the surface of an upturneddisc (frisbee) or similar object. The player prepares by holding the disc in onehand — or placing it on a flat surface — withthe other hand ready to spin the ball. The spin is6
Top-spinning techniqueusually made by flicking the thumb and first andsecond fingers. The spin-ball is spun by being pressed betweenthe first and middle fingers, on either a patch ofsmooth, hard ground, or more usually on a flatboard. The signal to start is given and the ball is spun. The ball can be moved around the surface of thedisc by changing the angle of the disc. For bestresults the ball should be kept in the middle ofthe disc. Another method is to spin the ball by holdingit between the thumb and first two fingers andgiving it a quick twist. A stop-watch is used to time how long the ballspins. When the spin is timed, the stop-watch isstarted as the hand is lifted away from the balland the time is recorded until it stops turning.Suggestion Players aim to achieve their best time or beat aset time (such as 45 seconds).This activity could be ideally used as a classroomactivity or as a night-time activity as part of anoutdoor education unit.ScoringTeaching pointsThe player whose ball spins for the longest timewins the game. Players have three attempts and thebest time counts. Spin balls ready. Thumb and one or two fingerson the ball.Variations Hands each side of the disc. Try to keep it still ormove it around. Grip and flick hard to spin. The game can be played by several players atonce. On the signal to start, all players startthe ball spinning. The longest-spinning ball isthe winner. Count the time. Keep going. Try again. A little faster. That’s the idea. Players in groups of three at a time compete inan elimination contest to determine a winner. For a team competition the ball must bespun and hands lifted away quickly on thesignal to start. If there is any delay the turndoes not count. Players attempt to guess which ball will spin thelongest before the turn has started. Have two balls spinning in the same pirrha andattempt to have them collide with each other.This is not a competition. The game can be played by the players in teamsof three or five and with each player competingagainst a member of the other team at thesame time.Spinning technique Spin a basketball on a smooth wooden floor. Usetwo hands to start the ball spinning.7
BALL Years7–9BackgroundGame play and basic rulesThis was a ball game played by both genders ofthe Juwalarai people in New South Wales. A ball(boogalah) was made of sewn-up kangaroo skin.In playing the game all of one Dhé, or totem,were team-mates. All the players start in the middle of the playingarea. To decide who will start the game a player(or referee) throws the boogalah into the air andthe player who catches it moves with their totem(team) to stand in a group in the middle of theplaying area. The other team is in a circle aroundthem.Short description The boogalah is thrown high into the air and theplayers attempt to catch it for their team.This is a team throwing and catching game. The players in the circle cannot move to catchthe boogalah until it is thrown in the air. If aplayer from the outside circle catches it, his orher side goes into the middle to swap placeswith the other team. Teams change placesquickly. Physical contact should be avoided asmuch as possible.Players Two teams of six to ten playersPlaying area A designated area suitable for the activityEquipment A soccer ball (size 2 or 3) or a gator skin ball asthe boogalah8
ScoringTeaching pointsThe team keeping the boogalah in play the longestor the highest number of times during the game isthe winner. All in the middle. Form two circles. Throw it high. Go and get it. Watch the contact. Be careful. Swap teams. Let’s go.Safety Make the game quick.For younger players, mixed-age and/or genderteams there is to be no pushing while attempting togain the boogalah. When the boogalah touches theground, play stops and the turn is taken again. Good. High throws. Call for the ball.Variations Small group boogalah: One ball for each groupof five or six. One player throws up the ball andthey all attempt to catch it. The successful playerscores one point. Play the first team to five points or the highestscore after a set time. (Suitable for physicaleducation lessons.) Ten-catch boogalah: To start players from bothteams, players stand in two lines, 10 metresapart and face each other. The referee throwsthe boogalah into the air and players attempt tocatch it for their team. When a player catchesthe boogalah, his or her team moves to standoutside the playing circle (radius of 8–10 metres)and the catching team moves to stand insidethe circle. The player catching the boogalah isin the centre of the circle and throws it intothe air. After throwing the boogalah the throwerleaves the circle. Players from the catching teamattempt to catch it to throw up again. The firstteam to make ten catches in a row wins (or countthe total catches of both teams without droppingthe boogalah).SuggestionTo add more action and as a possible warm-upactivity, it is possible to use two to three ballsthrown up in different directions. Players retrieve theballs and move to the middle of the circle and throwthem up as part of a continuous whole-group activity.Note: The game may also be played as acooperative game for the enjoyment of playing.9
BALL lYears10–12Post-school ageBackgroundPlaying areaThe young men from parts of the Gulf of Carpentariain the Northern Territory had a ball game they calledbowitgee (‘going about’). A designated area perhaps 10 x 20 metresThe ball was made of paper bark tied firmly withstring and about the size of a tennis ball. A goodnatured yell of derision greeted the unlucky playerwho dropped the ball. A sponge, tennis or small rubber ballEquipmentGame play and basic rules Players pass the bowitgee among themselveswhile moving around in the grid area. Thegroup counts the number of passes madein a designated period of time (for example,60 seconds). The bowitgee must not be handedfrom player to player (passes must be at least3 metres).Short descriptionThis is a running-and-passing activity. There are nodefinite rules for the game, which simply consists ofthrowing from one player to the other very quickly.Players Players can become quite proficient at keepingthe bowitgee going. A player often just touchesor taps the bowitgee and makes it glance ordeflect off to the next player, or catches andthrows it quickly. Six to eight players per grid/area10
Variations One group may challenge another group to finda winner, or a number of teams can competeagainst a time limit. The activity can be variedby having the pass count re-start if a passis dropped. Two groups with a ball each. Use a soft inflated ball for players to hit/deflectto each other. Count the number of hits to each other the groupcan make before the bowitgee hits the ground. Have a ‘defender’ attempt to intercept theball as it is being thrown, hit or deflected fromplayer to player.CommentThis is a good warm-up activity forball‑handling games.Teaching points Ball ready. Spread out. Try to catch and pass as quickly as you can.Pass to different players. Deflect it if you can. Call for it so they know you are ready. All ready. Catch or deflect. No punching the ball.Tap it on if you can. Watch out for others. Hands up to catch. Reachtowards the ball. Pass and move. Cover the whole area.11
BALL oolYears7–9SchoolYears10–12Post-school agePlayers Two teams of six to eight playersBackgroundThis was a ball game played by the Kabi Kabipeople of south Queensland. The game was playedwith a ball made of kangaroo skin, which was calleda buroinjin.Playing area Use a designated area approximately50–70 metres long and 35–50 metreswide. A line is marked at each end of theplaying area.The ball, which was smaller than a soccer ball, wassewn with tendons and stuffed with grass.Teams from different groups played against eachother. The game was often played until sunset.Spectators used to mark their applause by callingout ‘Ei, ei’.Equipment A size 2 or 3 soccer ball as the buroinjin (ball) Use a high-jump stand or mark a line as thescore lineLanguageThe game is named for the ball (buroinjin) used.Game play and basic rulesShort description The buroinjin is thrown into the air in the middleof the playing area to begin the game.This is a running-and-passing ball game. The aim is for a player of one team to run as faras possible with the ball and cross over a line atthe other end of the field. He or she attempts todo this without being touched by an opponent.12
There are no player positions or offside, andthe buroinjin can be thrown in any direction. Theburoinjin may be passed from player to player butit cannot be hit with the fist or kicked.SuggestionThis could be used as a skill game or a variation oftouch football. The game is played by running and passing anddoes not stop if a player drops the buroinjin.Players may not dive on the buroinjin if it is onthe ground — they must bend over and pick it up.Teaching points Teams ready. Start behind the line. First pass is a free pass. Immediately a player with the buroinjin istouched, it has to be thrown up and away (atleast 2–3 metres in the air) by that player, forteam-mates or the opposing players to attemptto pick up. The player who was touched may notcatch the buroinjin. Everyone keep moving. Watch out for other players. Run and pass. Call the touches. Keep going. Play on. Keep going. Call for the ball. Hands up to catch the ball.Scoring Keep the game fast. Move to space.If a player is able run past the score line onepoint is scored. The game is then restarted atthe halfway mark. No interference please.Variations Use a post at one end of the area only. When ateam gains possession they aim to run past thepost (or score line) to score. Either way. Players are allowed two running stepsto pass the ball after they are touched or a ‘oneand two’ count if touched while standing still.When a team gains possession, players mustalways run towards the longest end of the field.The opposing team gains possession of the ballfor any infringements. Players may run towards either score line whenthe team gains possession. To score, a player has to run through a markedarea 20 metres wide.CommentIt is expected that players follow the ‘intention’ ofthe game by throwing the ball up and away afterbeing touched.From Sports AbilitySafetyFor safety reasons players should not be allowed todive on the ball on the ground — they must bendover and pick up the ball.13
BALL GAMESkabi kabi buroinjin‘ka-bi ka-bi bur-oin-jin’Playing area A basketball court works wellEquipment A size 3 gator skin ball or similar to the buroinjin(see page �12DurationPost-school ageThe game may be played in halves of ten minutesor as a seven-minute game (suitable for sporteducation lessons).BackgroundThis was a traditional game of some Aboriginalgroups such as the Kabi Kabi in south Queensland.The game was played with a ball made of kangarooskin, which was called a buroinjin. The ball, whichwas smaller than a football, was sewn with tendonsand stuffed with grass. The game was oftenplayed until sunset. Spectators used to mark theirapplause by calling out ‘Ei, ei’.Game play and basic rules There is no offside in the game except thatplayers may not stand in the in-goal area toreceive the ball. To score a touchdown a playermust run across the baseline at the other end ofthe court without being touched. Start: One team starts the game from behind thebaseline. Opposition players are not allowed tointerfere with or intercept this first pass. A playerin possession of the ball may run with it as far aspossible unless he or she is touched by a playerfrom the opposing team.Short descriptionThis indoor version of a game called buroinjininvolves running and passing a ball in an attempt toscore a touchdown. This is done by running acrossa line at the other end of the playing area withoutbeing touched by an opponent. Play: A player with the ball who is touched mustpass the ball as soon as possible — he or shehas two steps if running or a quick ‘1 and 2’count if stationary or walking. The oppositionmay not interfere with this pass but can interceptit. The idea is to pass to another player onthe same team who is able to run across thebaseline without being touched.Players Teams of five to seven players14
An advantage rule applies in the game. Touch: Every time a player is touched the refereewill call out the touch count. When a team hasbeen touched in possession four times (threetimes can be used in some competitions) theopposing team will gain possession of the ballwhere the final touch was made. Minimum forcemust be used on all touches. Depending on the situation, players may atthe next opportunity be sent from the playingarea — at the discretion of the referee — fora designated period of time for a breach ofthe rules. If a player runs with the ball behind the team’sbaseline and is touched, possession goes to theopposing team 5 metres out from the line. Forsafety reasons an in-goal area of 3–5 metresmay be marked. Infringements: For any infringements the opposingteam will take possession of the ball and pass toanother player — no interference or interceptionis allowed on this pass. If a player runs out overa sideline, the other team gains possession onthe sideline, whether he or she has been touchedor not.Comment Passing: The ball may be passed in any directionand may be played (including a bounce pass)off the floor. The ball may not contact a playerbelow the knees (change o
Some games have been reconstructed from vague or incomplete accounts into what is believed to be an accurate representation. Many of the games presented can be successfully played as skill games or lead-up games in physical education lessons, or in specific sports practice sessions, rather than as major games in themselves.
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