BALLISTICS AND AMMUNITION - The Eye
B-GL-306-006/FP-001FIELD ARTILLERYVOLUME 6BALLISTICS AND AMMUNITION(BILINGUAL)Although not classified this publication, or any part of it, may beexempt from disclosure to the public under the Access toInformation Act. All elements of information contained hereinmust be closely scrutinized to ascertain whether or not thepublication, or any part of it may be released.Issued on Authority of the Chief of the Defence StaffOPI: SSO ARTY/FMC HQ1992-06-01
LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGESInsert latest changed pages; dispose of superseded pages in accordance with applicable orders.NOTEThe portion of the text affected by the latest change is indicated bya black vertical line in the margin of the page. Changes toillustrations are indicated by miniature pointing hands or blackvertical lines.Dates of issue for original and changed pages are:Original . 0 . 1992-06-01Ch . 1 .Ch . 2 .Ch . 3 .Ch . 4 .Ch . 5 .Ch .6 .Ch .7 .Ch .8 .Ch .9 .Ch .10 .Ch .11 .Zero in Change No. Column indicates an original page. Total number of pages in this publicationis 221 consisting of the following:Page No.Change No.Title page . 0A. 0i/ii . 0iii/iv . 0v to xiv . 01-1-1/1-1-2 . 01-2-1 to 1-2-6 . 02-1-1 to 2-1-6 . 02-2-1 to 2-2-5/2-2-6 . 02-3-1 to 2-3-9/2-3-10 . 02-4-1 to 2-4-8 . 03-1-1 to 3-1-5/3-1-6 . 03-2-1, 3-2-2 . 03-3-1 to 3-3-14 . 03-4-1 to 3-4-8 . 03-5-1 to 3-5-3/3-5-4 . 04-1-1/4-1-2 . 04-2-1 to 4-2-7/4-2-8 . 04-3-1 to 4-3-3/4-3-4 . 04-4-1 to 4-4-3/4-4-4 . 05-1-1/5-1-2 . 0Page No.Change No.6-1-1 to 6-1-8 . 06-2-1/6-2-2 . 06-3-1 to 6-3-3/6-3-4. 06-4-1 to 6-4-5/6-4-6. 07-1-1/7-1-2 . 07-2-1 to 7-2-6 . 07-3-1 to 7-3-16 . 08-1-1, 8-1-2 . 08-2-1 to 8-2-3/8-2-4. 09-1-1, 9-1-2 . 09-2-1 to 9-2-8 . 09-3-1 to 9-3-6 . 09-4-1 to 9-4-12 . 09-5-1 to 9-5-14 . 09-6-1 to 9-6-4 . 09-7-1 to 9-7-16 . 09-8-1/9-8-2 . 09-9-1/9-9-2 . 09-10-1/9-10-2 . 09-11-1 to 9-11-3/9-11-4. 0A-1 to A-3/A-4 . 0
5-2-1 to 5-2-4 . 05-3-1, 5-3-2 . 0B-1, B-2 . 0C- 1 /C-2. 0Contact Officer: SO Arty Doc 1992 DND Canada
FOREWORD1.B-GL-306-006/FP-001, Field Artillery, Volume 6, Ballistics and Ammunition, is issuedon the authority of the Chief of the Defence Staff.2.This manual is effective upon receipt and supersedes B-GL-306-006/FP-001, FieldArtillery, Volume 6, Ballistics and Ammunition, Interim 1 dated 15 February 1985.3.Suggestions for amendments should be forwarded through normal channels to MobileCommand Headquarters (FMC HQ), Attention: SSO Arty.
RECORD OF CHANGESIdentification of ChangeChange No.DateDate EnteredSignature
CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO BALLISTICSSection 1 - GeneralIntroductionApplicationSection 2 - DefinitionsGeneralIntrinsic ElementsInitial ElementsTerminal ElementsDefinitions Relating to EquipmentCHAPTER 2 - INTERNAL BALLISTICSSection 1 - IntroductionGeneralSummary of EventsVelocity and PressureDistribution of EnergyMuzzle Velocity and Weight of Propellant ChargeSection 2 - PropellantGeneralSection 3 - The Effects of Variations in Loading ConditionsGeneralPosition of All-BurntVariation in Charge WeightVariation in Propellant SizeVariation in Projectile WeightVariation in Propellant ShapeVariation in Chamber CapacityVariation in Bore AreaVariation in Shot-Start PressureVariation in Shot-TravelVariation in Charge Weight, Propellant Size and Shape
Section 4 - Charge Design and Muzzle VelocityCharge DesignMuzzle VelocityPropellant ManufacturePropellant ProofPropellant TemperatureMoisture Content of PropellantsPosition of Bagged Propellant in the ChamberAmmunition LotsWeight of ProjectileNon-Uniform RammingDriving BandsFall-BackCopperingPropellant ResidueEffect of Barrel WearAbnormal Internal Ballistic EffectsOccasion-to-Occasion Effect (Day-to-Day Effect)Charge-to-Charge Propellant PerformanceCalibrationTolerances in New EquipmentsDetermination of Muzzle VelocityVelocity TrendCHAPTER 3 - EXTERNAL BALLISTICSSection 1 - In-Vacuum/in-Air TrajectoriesGeneralMotion in a VacuumCharacteristics of In-Vacuum TrajectoryMotion in AirCharacteristics of the In-Air TrajectorySection 2 - The AtmosphereGeneralThe AtmosphereRegions of the AtmosphereRegions of Concern to ArtillerySection 3 - Forces Due to Air ResistanceDragVelocity
Effects Due to VelocityProjectile DesignBallistics CoefficientAngle of YawStabilizationOver-stabilized and Unstable ProjectilesSection 4 - DriftGeneralGyroscopic ConsiderationsGyroscopic Motion of a Spinning ProjectileDrift Due to Equilibrium YawCoriolis EffectMagnus EffectPoisson EffectLateral JumpDrift ConstantCross-wind EffectSection 5 - Rotation of the EarthGeneralEffects of Rotation on RangeRotation Effects on BearingApplication of CorrectionsCHAPTER 4 - TERMINAL BALLISTICSSection 1 - IntroductionGeneralSection 2 - Terminal EffectsGeneralHigh Explosive EffectFragment PatternsEffects AchievedCarrier ShellAnti-Tank Projectile
Section 3 - The Effectiveness of FireGeneralEffectiveness of Gun and Mortar FireEquivalent for Other GunsSection 4 - Crater AnalysisGeneralExamination of Shell CratersExamining Mortar Bomb CratersShell IdentificationCHAPTER 5 - BALLISTIC METEOROLOGYSection 1 - IntroductionGeneralAtmospheric PropertiesSection 2 - The Determination of Ballistic Met DataDetermination of Met DataComputer Met MessagesSection 3 - Validity of MetGeneralSpace ValidityTime ValidityCriterion for Selection of Met DataCHAPTER 6 - VARIATIONS AND CORRECTIONSSection 1 - Nature of VariationsGeneralDefinitionStandard ConditionsVariations in Range, Time of Flight and VertexVariations in BearingStandard and Non-Standard ConditionsCross-Term Effects
Section 2 - CorrectionsDefinitionCorrections to Elevation or RangeDescription of Range CorrectionsSection 3 - Distinction Between Range Variations and Range CorrectionsDifference in SignDifference in SizeSection 4 - Determination of CorrectionsGeneralDetermination of Range Correction of the MomentNon-Standard Projectile CorrectionRotation CorrectionNon-Rigidity CorrectionMV CorrectionDescription of Bearing CorrectionsBearing Variations and Bearing CorrectionsDescription of Fuze Setting CorrectionsMV VariationsCorrection of the MomentAngle of SightMechanical FuzesCorrections in High Angle FireReduction of DataCHAPTER 7 - ACCURACY AND CONSISTENCY OF ARTILLERY FIRESection 1 - IntroductionDefinitionsSection 2 - Statistics for the GunnerIntroductionMeasures of Central TendencyMeasures of DispersionCombination of DispersionsThe Normal Distribution Curve
Section 3 - Dispersion and ProbabilityGeneralMean Point of ImpactProbable ErrorDispersion PatternDispersion ScaleNormal Probability CurveRange Probable ErrorForkDeflection Probable ErrorVertical Probable ErrorAirburst Probable ErrorApplication of Probable ErrorsProbability TablesMost Probable Position of the Mean Point of ImpactSingle Shot Hit Probability and AssuranceSingle Shot Hit Probability for Bias TargetsConversion of a Circular Target to an Equivalent SquareAssurance and Assurance GraphsCHAPTER 8 - FIRE CONTROL DATASection 1 - Establishing Ballistic DataGeneralDetermination of Basic Ballistic DataProcessing of Ballistic DataNon-Standard AmmunitionPreparation of Computer Tapes and Firing TablesSection 2 - Tabular Firing TablesGeneralConstruction of the Firing TablesFiring Table LayoutCHAPTER 9 - AMMUNITIONSection 1 - IntroductionGeneralDefinitionsService Classification
Section 2 - PropellantsIntroductionPropellant ShapePropellant Design ConsiderationsAdvantages and Disadvantages of Single, Double and Triple Base PropellantsGranulationFlash and SmokeCommon Propellant AdditivesSection 3 - High ExplosivesGeneralMajor Groups of High ExplosivesExplosive TrainMiscellaneous ExplosivesSection 4 - Cartridge SystemsIntroductionQF CartridgeBL CartridgePrimersThe Complete RoundPractical Considerations (Care and Handling)ChargesPropellant Proof and Charge AdjustmentSection 5 - ProjectilesIntroductionProjectile DefinitionsFactors Affecting Projectile DesignFactors Affecting Ballistic PerformanceProjectile Stressed on FiringDriving BandsHigh Explosive Projectile (Internal Form and Dimensions)Carrier ProjectilesSection 6 - Anti-Tank ProjectilesGeneralHigh Explosive Anti-Tank Projectiles
Section 7 - FuzesIntroductionDesign PrinciplesForces FTsed in Arming FuzesClassificationImpact FuzesTime FuzesMechanical Time MechanismElectronic Time FuzesBoostersProximity FuzesSection 8 - Ammunition MarkingGeneralSection 9 - Ammunition SortingGeneralAdditional InformationSection 10 - Ammunition PreparationGeneralSection 11 - PrematuresGeneralANNEX A - EXAMPLE COMPUTATION OF IN-VACUUM TRAJECTORYANNEX B - EXPLANATORY NOTES ON SOME Si UNITSANNEX C - REFERENCES AND STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENTS
LIST OF FIGURESFIGURE 3-4-23-4-3Intrinsic Elements of the TrajectoryInitial Elements of the TrajectoryPlus Angle of SightMinus Angle of SightTerminal ElementsPressure-Travel and Velocity-Travel CurvesRatio of Weight of Propellant to Weight of Projectile Rise with Increased MuzzleVelocity for the M109A2/A3 HowitzerPropellant CharacteristicsSizes and Shapes of Propellant GrainApproximate Variation Due to Change in Loading ConditionsVariation in Charge WeightIncrease in Propellant SizeDecrease in Propellant SizeIncrease in Projectile WeightVariation in Propellant ShapeVariation in Chamber CapacityVariation in Bore AreaVariation in Shot-Start PressureAlternative Charges of Different Shapes Give Same Muzzle Velocity and Position ofAll-BurntVelocity Trends - 105 mm HowitzerParabolic TrajectoryEffects of GravityComparison of TrajectoriesThe Standard AtmosphereEffect of Velocity (Mach Number) on DragFactors Affecting Projectile VelocityCompression Waves at Subsonic VelocitiesCompression Waves at Supersonic VelocitiesCompression Waves at Transonic VelocitiesEffects of Base Design on Air FlowAir Turbulence Caused by SpoilersCalibre Radius HeadLong Nose Ogive of the 6.18 CalibresThe Angle of YawForces Due to Air Resistance that Affect StabilityStabilization by FinsOver-Stabilized ProjectilePrecessionPrecession and NutationProjectile Axis and Trajectory Coincides
37-2-47-2-57-2-6Projectile Begins to Precess Around the TrajectoryHorizontal View of the TrajectoryEquilibrium YawTrajectory Viewed from the Moon and EarthMagnus EffectPoisson EffectRotational Effects on RangeProjectile LagLatitudinal EffectX-ray Shadow Graphs of a Detonating ProjectileDetonation of a Projectile at RestDetonation of a Projectile in FlightActual Detonation of a Projectile in FlightFragment Patterns of Ground and AirburstNumber of Rounds Required for Immediate NeutralizationNumber of Rounds Required for Lasting NeutralizationNumber of Rounds for DemoralizationTypical Shell CraterA Typical Mortar CraterMortar Crater AnalysisStructure of Atmospheric ZonesRelationship of Trajectory to Line NumberHypothetical Weighting FactorsVariations Due to Change in A/P (Low Angle) (Elevation View)Variations Due to Change in A/P (High Angle) (Elevation View)Rigidity of the Trajectory (Low Angle) (Elevation View)Non-rigidity of the Trajectory (Low Angle) (Elevation View)Non-rigidity of the Trajectory (High Angle)Effects of the Components of Non-rigidityVariation Due to Change in Muzzle Velocity (Low Angle) (Elevation View)Variation Due to Change in Muzzle Velocity (High Angle) (Elevation View)Variation Due to Change in Wind (Low Angle) (Elevation View)Variation Due to Change in Wind (High Angle) (Elevation View)Definition of Variations and Corrections (Elevation View)Relationship Between Variations and Corrections (Elevation View)Dependence of Vertex Height on Muzzle Velocity for a Given Range (ElevationView)Dependence of Vertex Height on Angle of Sight (Elevation View)Fall of Shot DataCalculation of Probable Error for RangeDispersion of RoundsHistogram of FigureHistogram with Increased Number of Rounds and Decreased Interval ofMeasurementDetermination of Percentage of Rounds Failing in a Bracket from the FrequencyCurve
9-6-29-6-39-7-1DispersionMean Point of ImpactRange Probable ErrorThe 100 Per cent RectangleDispersion RectangleAreas Under the Normal Probability CurveVertical DispersionNormal Probability Table, Areas of the Normal Probability Curve it is expressed inprobable errors)Single Shot Hit ProbabilityBias TargetAssurance of at Least One Hit for "N" Rounds when Single Shot Hit Probability isKnownAssurance of at Least Two Hits for N Rounds when Single Shot Hit Probability isKnownAssurance of at Least Three Hits for "N" Rounds when Single Shot Hit Probability isKnownDetermining Components of a 1 Knot WindShape of PropellantsIn-Service Artillery PropellantsTypical Flash Reducer AdditiveCommon Propellant AdditivesCurrent High ExplosivesPropelling Charge and Bursting Charge Explosive TrainTypes of Cartridge CasesBL Cartridge System (M4 A2)Primer used in QF Cartridges (M28 A2)Primer in Place in QF CartridgePrimer used with BL Cartridges W82)Electrical Primer (Bridge Type)Electrical Primer (Conducting Cap Type)Typical PackagingMain Projectile DetailsTypical Driving BandsObturating and Driving BandsTypical HE Projectile Filled with HE (Projectile, 105 mm, HE, M1, W/Suppl Chg)Bursting Carrier Projectile (Projectile 155 mm Smoke WP, M110)Base Ejection Projectile (Projectile 155 mm Smoke, Base Ejection, M116)Base Ejection Projectile (Projectile 155 mm Illuminating, M485)APERS M546 Flechette (Beehive)Improved Conventional Munitions (ICM) ProjectileICM Grenade M42Hollow Charge EffectTypical High Explosive Anti-Tank ProjectilesHigh Explosive Squash Head (HESH) ProjectileFuze Chart
119-7-129-11-1Typical Point Detonating Selective Fuze with Superquick Element, Delay Assemblyand Booster (M739)Base Detonating Fuze M62Base Detonating Fuze L58A1A Typical Mechanical Time Fuze (M565 or C29)Thiel Time Mechanism (UK)The Junghans Time Mechanism (US)The Dixi Time Mechanism (Swiss)Typical Booster Mechanism (M125A1)Illustration of a Typical BoosterIllustration of a Typical Proximity FuzeDetailed Illustration of a Modern Proximity Fuze (M732)Painting and Marking of Ammunition (2 Sheets)
CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO BALLISTICSSECTION 1GENERALINTRODUCTION1.This manual is only an introduction to the vast and complicated subject of ballistics. Itdoes not deal in advanced theory but does contain material for the benefit of those who wish topursue this fundamental aspect of gunnery beyond the barest essentials. In this manual, ballisticsis discussed in three separate phases:a.Internal Ballistics. This concerns the events that take place from charge ignitionto the moment when the projectile leaves the muzzle.b.External Ballistics. This deals with the motion of the projectile from the momentof leaving the muzzle to the moment of impact or burst.c.Terminal Ballistics. This deals with the motion of the projectile and parts orfragments thereof, from the moment of impact or burst.2.For a short period of time after the projectile leaves the muzzle, the projectile is actedupon by the pressure of the emerging gas. This is known as the transitional phase of ballistics(sometimes referred to as intermediate ballistics). Its effect must be taken into account duringthe design and construction of the equipment when such factors as the functioning of the weapon,the steadiness and stability of the gun and the use of a muzzle brake are considered. Its effectmust also be considered in the selection of the point or points of measurement from which todeduce muzzle velocity (MV). The point(s) selected is usually a few metres forward of themuzzle where the effects are known to be negligible and where it can be assumed that theprojectile has been subjected to the usual retardation due to air resistance during its flight fromthe muzzle to the point of measurement. The effects of the transitional phase of ballistics areassumed to have no significant influence on the gunnery problem and are, therefore, notconsidered in its solution.APPLICATION3.Gunnery is the practical application of the science of ballistics to the engagement oftargets. It is applicable to the engagement of targets and to the reduction of data obtained byshooting to a form suitable for the eventual re-engagement of targets. While the appropriate datacan be arrived at by use of a proforma through a rather mechanical process, a knowledge ofballistics and ammunition characteristics will allow an understanding of the process beingfollowed.
SECTION 2DEFINITIONSGENERAL1.The terms defined in this section are in the main, extracts from STANAG 4119, Adoptionof a Standard Cannon Artillery Firing Table Format. They are based on the concept of a curvedearth and are generalized so that they may be used for any artillery weapon. To simplify thedescription of the elements of the trajectory of a projectile, the following assumptions are made:2.3.a.The trajectory is a two-dimensional curve lying in a vertical plane.b.The terms projectile and target are considered as points.c.The term weapon refers to the trunnions and the term origin refers to the muzzle.The definitions listed are classified into three groups as follows:a.intrinsic elements are those that are characteristic of a trajectory by its very nature;b.initial elements are those that are characteristic of an artillery projectile at thepoint of origin; andc.terminal elements are those that are characteristic of an artillery projectile at thepoint of impact or point of burst.Definitions relating to the equipment are also covered.INTRINSIC ELEMENTS4.The Trajectory. The trajectory is the path traced by the centre of gravity (CG) of theprojectile in its flight through the air from the muzzle to the point of impact or burst.5.Origin. The location of the CG of the projectile when it leaves the muzzle of the gun isdesignated the origin of the trajectory. The line of departure cannot be predetermined if themagnitude and the direct
Abnormal Internal Ballistic Effects Occasion-to-Occasion Effect (Day-to-Day Effect) Charge-to-Charge Propellant Performance Calibration Tolerances in New Equipments Determination of Muzzle Velocity Velocity Trend CHAPTER 3 - EXTERNAL BALLISTICS Section 1 - In-Vacuum/in-Air Trajectories General Mo
A sub-discipline of ballistics that determining whether a bullet or cartridge was fired by a particular weapon 2 C15 Firearms, Tool Marks and Impressions Forensic Ballistics is divided into three categories: -Internal ballistics -External ballistics -Terminal ballistics THE THREE CATEGORIES OF BALLISTICS 3 C15 Firearms, Tool Marks and Impressions
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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 4 November 1986 AMMUNITION HANDBOOK A Guide for Ammunition Specialists PREFACE FM 9-13 is intended to serve as a ready reference for ammunition specialists and supervisors during training or when assigned to an ammunition support unit or ac
