All About Gerunds, Participles, And Infinitives - Nectur
All About Gerunds, Participles,and Infinitives]The words of the world want to make sentences.—Gaston Bachelard gerunds: nouns participles: adjectives infinitives: nouns, adjectives, and adverbsIntroductionBegin a mini-lesson by reading aloud the Bachelard quote at the top of the page. Explain thatsome of those “words of the world” are gerunds, participles, and infinitives. Write a shortdefinition of each and an example, such as the following, on the board: A gerund is formed by adding –ing to a verb. It always acts as a noun:Dancing to music makes me happy. A participle is formed by adding –ing or –ed to a verb. It always acts as an adjective:The dancing girl turned up the volume on her overloaded iPod. A n infinitive is formed by adding to in front of the verb. It can act as a8SPOH 4JEFnoun, adjective, or adverb: PG UIF #FETo dance is my dream. (noun: subject)I have a date to dance on Saturday. (adjective modifying date)I went to the gym to dance. (adverb modifying went) Zgj cYh! -/ %,0!33!'%EVgi X eGrades 6–8 2010 bySarah GlasscoEVgi X etic Teaching Resourcesck, Scholas Zgj cYh! Add examples of geru:XehaWfnds, partiaZh! VcYs you come across: smiling,goingare used)(as nouns.-in the passage.8K4@C?8FSmiling fortoo longmakes myHe was sentface hurt.to the principal’s officTerrencee for goinwas upseg to thet by ourgym withleaving theout permparty earlyission.CTeg\V\c Xf.verb –ingor –ed: grinning, grinnPresent partied; teariciples areng, tornformed byPast partiadding –ingciples areto the endformed byof the verbadding –edhave irreg.ular formto the ends: bringing,of the verbParticiplebrought;. However,s are usedseeing, saw.some pastas adjectiveparticiples.s8K4@C?8FThe grinning boy made me smileA dusty lace, too. (prescurtain, tatteent participle)red and torn, swungin the lazybreeze. (pas aÐa\g\iXfto verb: to smile,to break,to bes are usedas nouns,adjectives, and adverbs.t participle) 2010 byInfinitiveApplyof threehours everg all youry day. (nouteeth is then)best waygenuinelyto smile, a personwidely. (adjemust bective)truly happy. (adverb)) Distribute a copy of the Who We Are reproducible on page 52 to eachstudent. Use it with students to document all the gerunds, participles, and infinitives in themodel passage. Encourage them to record the gerunds, participles, and infinitives they seein other print sources. You also may want to refer them back to this reproducible in the nextlesson, on phrases and clauses, pages 47–52.Grab ‘Em!,e for a totalActivitiesThat ReallyTo smileis to smilGrammarDisplayinGrades 6–88K4@C?8FMy goal41kZhSF infinitiveverb –ingGerunds cÐc i 8IP 8F "ciples, andg ResourcesGrab ‘Em!,Distribute copies of the passage “Wrong Side of the Bed” on page 43 tostudents. Allow time for them to read the passage on their own, or ask them tofollow along as you read it aloud. Use the teaching chart on page 42 to discusshow the writer uses gerunds, participles, and infinitives in the passage.kZhtic TeachinThat ReallyTeach cÐc i ck, ScholasActivities(Also see the lesson on phrases and clauses, pages 47–52.)aZh! VcYWaking upon the wron1g side ofsee, my bedthe bed sentsits tightme swimin a cornming in spacer of myand so doesbedroome—literalthe rightly. Really!. The head2side. I wokYouof the bedthroughe up on thebutts upmy bedroomright sideagainst awall andof the bed,wallinto an alterounce guppwhich meanate univy in a hugens I wenerse. Suddt rightfish tankenly, I feltsink. Look. My armsas weightlesing down,and feetbegan toI realizeds as a two4move invothat I wasnThen I realiluntarily’t treading3zed thatas I begawater—II was driftn to4was treadSaturn. Iing pasting air!grabbedthe hazyone of therings of4rings andfigure outheld on untilhow to quicI couldkly get hombut I wase. A comable to reac 5et shot pasth out andme,comet dropgrab its tail.ped me offThe speeding500,000,left only000 mile2,569,83s from hom8,008 milee. Thats to go!I was tooclose to anundiscovinto its orbitered planet and got. Burnedby the sunpulledplanet forand thenbitten byhours and 6the cold,hours. FortuI spun aroume out ofnately, a6nd that hotshuttle shipthe planet’sand coldfrom anotorbit. Watsight madher galaxyching Earthe me homstoppedfrom theesick. I mad 7and plucshuttle’skedwindowDon’t aske a whisperewas fun,me to telld wish: Ibut thenyou howwish I werethe. I wonderhome inhow mucbed. Thenh moneyI was!I owe forthat shuttleride? . . .6[ aUV ]N NTR f\b !#4)6YYRe]Y\ R)49aUR S\YY\e NamTR bdV[T'[Q ]N aVPV]YR V[SV[VaVcR DateSarah GlasscoGrammarGrammar Activities That Really Grab 'Em Sarah Glasscock, Scholastic Teaching ResourcesGerunds, participles, and infinitives are formed from verbs, but eachperforms a different function in a sentence. This mini-lesson focuseson the following:
GerundsTo create a gerund, add –ing to the end of a verb.KEY POINTS A gerund is used as a noun. Students may find it difficult to tell thedifference between a gerund and a presentparticiple. Emphasize that to identify a gerundcorrectly they will have to understand whichpart of speech the word is.TEACHING WITH THE MODEL PASSAGE1 To find the subject of this sentence, askyourself, “What sent the writer swimming inspace?” The complete subject is Waking up on thewrong side of the bed. Since Waking is used as anoun, it’s a gerund.7 Notice that there is no punctuation setting offthe gerund from the rest of the sentence. Gerundsdon’t require any punctuation.To create a present participle, add –ing to the end of a verb. To create a past participle, add–ed to the end of a verb.KEY POINTS A participle is used as an adjective.TEACHING WITH THE MODEL PASSAGE2 Swimming is a present participle because it actsas an adjective modifying me. A present participle ends in –ing. A pastparticiple usually ends in –ed. Some past participles have irregular forms: thebent or broken branch.4 Both uses of treading are verbs; they go with theverb was. Looking is a present participle.6 Burned by the sun and bitten by the cold areadjectives describing the writer. Both are pastparticiples, and bitten is an irregular participle.InfinitivesTo create an infinitive, add to before a verb.KEY POINTS An infinitive can be used as a noun, adjective,or adverb.TEACHING WITH THE MODEL PASSAGE3 Some verbs, such as begin, decide, agree, andwant, are followed by infinitives. Students may confuse infinitives withprepositional phrases. Remind them that aninfinitive consists of to plus a verb, while aprepositional phrase consists of to plus a nounor a pronoun.5 This sentence contains a split infinitive—theadverb quickly splits the infinitive to get. It’s really okay to split an infinitive. This mythgot started because a lot of our language comesfrom Latin words. You can’t split infinitives inLatin because in Latin the infinitive is simplythe verb without to before it.42Grammar Activities That Really Grab 'Em Sarah Glasscock, Scholastic Teaching ResourcesParticiples
MODEL PASSAGEGerunds, Participles, and InfinitivesWrong Side of the BedWaking up on the wrong side of the bed sent me swimming in space—literally. Really! You21see, my bed sits tight in a corner of my bedroom. The head of the bed butts up against a walland so does the right side. I woke up on the right side of the bed, which means I went rightGrammar Activities That Really Grab 'Em Sarah Glasscock, Scholastic Teaching Resourcesthrough my bedroom wall and into an alternate universe. Suddenly, I felt as weightless as a twoounce guppy in a huge fish tank. My arms and feet began to move involuntarily as I began to3sink. Looking down, I realized that I wasn’t treading water—I was treading air!44Then I realized that I was drifting past the hazy rings of4Saturn. I grabbed one of the rings and held on until I couldfigure out how to quickly get home. A comet shot past me,5but I was able to reach out and grab its tail. The speedingcomet dropped me off 500,000,000 miles from home. Thatleft only 2,569,838,008 miles to go!I was too close to an undiscovered planet and got pulledinto its orbit. Burned by the sun and then bitten by the cold, I spun around that hot and cold66planet for hours and hours. Fortunately, a shuttle ship from another galaxy stopped and pluckedme out of the planet’s orbit. Watching Earth from the shuttle’s window was fun, but then the7sight made me homesick. I made a whispered wish: I wish I were home in bed. Then I was!Don’t ask me to tell you how. I wonder how much money I owe for that shuttle ride? . . .In this passage, you’ll explore the following: gerunds participles infinitives43
WRITING PROMPTSGerunds, Participles, and InfinitivesTeachers: Duplicate these prompts on sturdy paper and then cut them apart. You may also write the prompts on the board or display them onscreen. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------------------------------------------- - - - - - - Name DateWrite! What is your least favorite chore or job to do around thehouse? Explain why you dislike doing this chore so much. Makereaders really feel how much you dislike it.With the Rest of the Class: Exchange your writing with a partner.Wr ite yo urfull resp on seon a sepa ra tesh eet of pa per.After reading each other’s work, compare and contrast the choresand your response to them. Then talk about how you used gerunds,participles, and/or infinitives in your writing. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------------------------------------------- - - - - - - Name DateThe Three Faces of . . .Write! Read the passage “Wrong Side of the Bed” again.Think about the elements that go into writing a fantasy.Then write your own fantasy passage. Before you begin writing,think of a verb. In your passage include three forms of that verb—Wr ite yo urfull resp on seon a sepa ra tesh eet of pa per.gerund, participle, and infinitive. Read over your work to make sureyou’ve used all three forms of the verb, and that you’ve used eachone correctly.With the Rest of the Class: Exchange passages with a partner. See if you can identify whichverb he or she included and find all its forms.44Grammar Activities That Really Grab 'Em Sarah Glasscock, Scholastic Teaching ResourcesDon’t Make Me Do That!
Activities: Gerunds, Participles, And InfinitivesWhat Did Shakespeare Mean?Grammar Activities That Really Grab 'Em Sarah Glasscock, Scholastic Teaching ResourcesThe title character in Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, says the following:To be or not to be, that is the question:Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep;No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heart-ache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to—’tis a consummationDevoutly to be wish’d. To die, to sleep;To sleep, perchance to dream. . . .Write Hamlet’s soliloquy on the board or make copies for the group. Have members take turnsreading it aloud. What do they think Hamlet means? Guide them in a rewrite of his speechusing modern-day language.With the Class: As a class, talk about Shakespeare’s use of infinitives. How do the infinitiveshelp the rhythm and flow of the speech? How did groups incorporate infinitives into theirrevision?Participle PoetryHave students think about a noun to write a poem about. It could be something asconcrete as leaf or as abstract as freedom. The title of the poem is the noun selected.Challenge pairs to write the poem using only participles to describe the noun.With the Class: After pairs practice, ask them to perform a choral reading of their poem for theclass and then discuss how they created their poem.Is “to” Your BFF? Does “–ing” Follow You Around?Play a grammar game featuring gerunds, participles, and infinitives. Here arethe rules: Three people are contestants and the rest of the class is the audience.The teacher assigns the gerund, participle, or infinitive form of the same verbto each contestant, for example: Contestant 1—irritating (gerund), Contestant 2—irritating(present participle), Contestant 3—to irritate. Then the teacher challenges the audience to askquestions to identify one of the forms, for example: “Which contestant is a participle that means‘annoying’”? The audience takes turns asking each contestant a question to find the answer—without asking obvious questions such as “Are you a participle?”With the Class: Discuss the following questions: Which was the easiest form to identify—gerunds,participles, or infinitives? What made it difficult to identify irregular forms of participles? Whichquestions helped you tell the difference between a gerund and a present participle?45
ACTIVITYNameDateGerunds, Participles, and InfinitivesWho We AreAdd examples of gerunds, participles, and infinitives you come across in the passage.verb –ing: smiling, goingGerunds are used as nouns.EXAMPLES:Smiling for too long makes my face hurt.He was sent to the principal’s office for going to the gym without permission.Terrence was upset by our leaving the party early.Participlesverb –ing or –ed: grinning, grinned; tearing, tornPresent participles are formed by adding –ing to the end of the verb.Past participles are formed by adding –ed to the end of the verb. However, some past participleshave irregular forms: bringing, brought; seeing, saw.Participles are used as adjectives.EXAMPLES:The grinning boy made me smile, too. (present participle)A dusty lace curtain, tattered and torn, swung in the lazy breeze. (past participle)Infinitivesto verb: to smile, to break, to beInfinitives are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.EXAMPLES:My goal is to smile for a total of three hours every day. (noun)Displaying all your teeth is the best way to smile widely. (adjective)To smile genuinely, a person must be truly happy. (adverb)46Grammar Activities That Really Grab 'Em Sarah Glasscock, Scholastic Teaching ResourcesGerunds
To create a gerund, add -ing to the end of a verb. KEY POINTS A gerund is used as a noun. Students may find it difficult to tell the difference between a gerund and a present participle. Emphasize that to identify a gerund correctly they will have to understand which part of speech the word is. Participles
y t w k r e h e g o 5.5ossessives with Gerunds, P 67 Possessives with Gerunds; Using ing Verb Forms 92 Using -ing Verb Forms 71 68 Reviewing Gerunds 72 5.6 Infinitives as Subjects and Complements 94 69 Infinitives as Subjects 73 70 Infinitives as Subject Complements 74 71 More Infinitives as Subjects and as Subject Complements 75 5.7 Infinitives as Objects 96 72 Infinitives as Direct Objects 76
properties of the gerund construction but also captures syntactic parallelism observable between gerunds and to-infinitives in English. 1. Introduction English gerunds generally manifest nominal properties in their external distribution, but they have verbal characteristics construction-internally. Theses dual properties of the gerund phrases (GPs,
His hobby is playing computer games. 2. My least favorite chore is cleaning the bathroom. 3. His problem is not coming to class on time. Special Notes: 1. Notice, in the examples above, that gerunds can have objects and be . Supply the gerund forms of the following words in parenthesis. Be mindful of your spelling. Lesson 28 t Gerunds 17
A gerund is a verb form that acts as a noun. Gerunds always end in -ing. A gerund can function in all the same ways a noun can function, such as subject, object of a preposition, direct object, or subject complement. Below is a list of gerunds and functions. Write a sentence using the gerund as indicated. 1. swimming as a direct object
A gerund is a verb form that ends in "-ing" and is used as a noun (walking, traveling, voting); an infinitive is the base form of a verb preceded by "to" (to walk, to travel, to vote). Gerunds and infinitives can function as the subject of a sentence or the object of a verb. Words derived from
Sentence Basics The subject of the sentence is the person . When a sentence has a compound subject and/or verb, the sentence baseline is split in two –resembling a meat fork. . Gerunds plug into the diagram in the same place a regular noun would. Gerunds are placed on top of a pedestal. verb.
C ontents Preface How to Use This Book Husbands, Wives, and Lovers iJ CAN-CAN Arturo Vivante A husband arranges a secret meeting with a woman and is surprised by the outcome. Literary Elements: Irony, Symbol Language Elements: Gerunds and Present Participles, Short Expressions Using And, Definitions 2 THE STORY OF AN HOUR Kate Chopin A wife has a startling reaction to the news of her husband .
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