Sudan Economic Report - AfDB

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About this seriesThis new Country Economic Report series seeks to bring the best possible knowledge to bear onpolicy and institutional reforms in Africa. It also seeks to develop and help implement the AfricanDevelopment Bank’s High Five strategies, while guiding the design of individual country assistancestrategies. And it seeks to enhance the quality and impact of the Bank’s analytical and advisoryactivities and development policy operations — and to foster a community of economists (acrosssectors) on the continent. The series is produced by the Country Economics Department, in closecollaboration with teams in other departments of the Bank’s Vice-Presidency for Economic Governance and Knowledge Management and Office of the Chief Economist.Copyright 2018 African Development Bank GroupISBN: 978-9938-882-84-1The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the officialviews of the African Development Bank, its Boards of Directors, or the countries they represent.This document, as well as any data and maps included, are without prejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries, andto the name of any territory, city, or area.

It took a long time for economic historiansand development theorists to explain themystery of modern economic growth. Someresearchers suggested that a combination ofcheap energy costs and high wages encouragedbusiness people in the western world to devotemore resources to technological innovation.Others focused on the benefits of colonial resource extraction, or on the social and politicalinstitutions that encouraged entrepreneurship.These traditional arguments sounded convincing for a long while. Today, they are insufficient at best. Material and political conditionsalone could not have done it. The IndustrialRevolution was primarily the result of ideas.People and business leaders found innovative ways of adopting technology and makingit commercially viable so that it could boostproductivity. Some great inventions had beensitting on the shelves for many decades. Ittook some wise and very practical people todesign the institutions that would create theappropriate incentives and conditions for theirbroader use by firms and households, bringbenefits and rewards to all stakeholders — andstimulate economic growth.In a world where labor and capital are quitemobile, the main explanation for the economicdifferences between rich and poor countries isnot just money: It is also and increasingly thedifference in their ability to generate, or borrow and use, the best ideas out there.This Sudan Country Economic Report, thefirst in a new series, confirms that it is time forthe country to generate, borrow, and use thebest ideas out there. It shows that the permanent removal of U.S. economic sanctionscreates an incentive for the government todeepen policy reforms. That would strengthenthe case for heavily indebted poor countries(HIPC) debt relief, which might enlarge the fiscalspace, attract more concessional financing, andhelp reintegrate Sudan into the global economy. Removal of sanctions also bodes well forthe fairly resilient private sector, which is nowlooking for opportunities to borrow from theAfrican Development Bank and others. Bothtraditional and nontraditional creditors arestepping up technical assistance work thatwould position them to take such investmentopportunities. Removal of sanctions will alsoimprove the operational environment, endinglong delays in transferring funds for such development partners, including the Bank.Policy makers may want to prioritize policiesfor grasping low hanging fruit to achieve quickwins that could boost investor confidence andenhance the momentum for development. ForSudan, it is critical to apply the rent generatedfrom natural resources to facilitating diversification to other non-resource-based industries.It has abundant land and natural resources,so it is a primary- product exporter in the firststage of development. To upgrade its industrial structure, it must first close its endowmentgaps with advanced industrial countries by investing in human and institutional capital andin physical infrastructure.Ferdinand BakoupActing Director, Country EconomicsDepartmentVice-Presidency, Economic Governance andKnowledge Management/Office of theChief EconomistAfrican Development Bank GroupForeword After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic WinsForewordiii

PrefacePreface After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic WinsTivhe Bank has responded positively toa government request to finance thepreparation of an economic recoverymaster plan through its efforts to intensifyits assistance to Sudan in the post-sanctionsera. The plan will facilitate Sudan’s access todebt relief and its reintegration into the global economy. That will, in turn, unlock concessional financing, create more fiscal space, attract both foreign and domestic investment,and end the country’s international economicisolation.Preparing the plan will proceed in tandemwith updating the arrears clearance and debtrelief strategy financed by the Bank in 2013and resuming technical assistance to the African Union High-level Implementation Panel,chaired by the former president of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki. The strategy will be usedby the Tripartite Committee on Debt—comprising the governments of Sudan and SouthSudan and the Panel—to seek debt relief.Since 2010, the Bank has complemented itstechnical and advisory services to the Panel,the lead mediator in Sudan’s initiative to securea bailout package to address its debt burden.The Bank will resume technical and advisoryservices to enable Sudan to build momentumseeking debt relief, especially in searching for adebt relief champion.African Development Bank Group assistanceto Sudan will be undertaken in the context ofthe extended Sudan Country Brief 2020–21.This extended brief, as the development cooperation framework between the Bank and thegovernment of Sudan, has two pillars: capacitybuilding for improving service delivery, and agriculture for job creation and livelihoods. Thecomplementary and mutually reinforcing pillarsaddress the country’s fragility and are gearedtoward attaining the Bank’s High 5 developmentgoals—light up and power Africa, feed Africa,industrialize Africa, integrate Africa, and improvethe quality of life for the people of Africa. Theassistance will unlock about 277 million for2020–21, bringing the Bank’s Sudan portfolio toabout 431 million. The Bank will leverage additional resources from bilateral Trust Funds, Africa50, the Global Environment Fund, the ClimateInvestment Fund, and the Green Climate Fundand explore co-financing with other partners.This economic report analyzes the impactof sanctions and suggests a pragmatic policy framework and set of targeted policies toachieve quick economic wins.Gabriel NegatuDirector General, East Africa Development andBusiness Delivery OfficeAfrican Development Bank Group

ContentsiiiivxxiOverview 1Part 1 Sudan’s economy 7Chapter 1 Sudan in the global economy Issues of regional integration Sudan’s assets Sectoral structure and unemployment 9101111Chapter 2 A volatile and challenging environment Political background to macroeconomic imbalances The macroeconomic effects of Sudan’s two decades of ‘solitude’ Missed economic opportunities but still resilient 17171819Chapter 3 Growing macroeconomic imbalances Fiscal imbalance and inflation Dynamics of public debt and debt sustainability Official external flows, foreign direct investment, and remittances Macroeconomic effects of sanctions Evidence of the price effect of sanctions 232424262931Chapter 4 Charting a new path Poverty and inequality Opportunities for reengaging with the international community A macroeconomic strategy for the post-sanctions era A new path 3334364145Contents After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic WinsForeword Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations v

Contents After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic WinsviPart 1 Notes and referencesNotes References 4747Part 2 Targeted strategies for quick economic wins 51Chapter 5 Sudan’s medium-term options The Growth Identification and Facilitation Framework 5354Chapter 6 Identifying sectors with latent comparative advantage Sudan’s existing comparative advantage Which sectors could Sudan potentially enter competitively? How does comparative advantage change over time? Identifying sectors for quick wins in the short to medium term 5959626264Chapter 7 Assessing domestic capacity and production costs Sudan’s manufacturing sector Estimating direct production costs Easing institutional constraints to reduce costs 69697171Chapter 8 Attracting financing for economic development Sudan’s advantages as a member of international organizations New forms of development financing Patient capital 75757576Chapter 9 Scaling up self-discovery by private firms Examples of successful self-discovery by private firms in other countries Support by the government of Sudan 818182Chapter 10 Recognizing the power of industrial parks and providing limited incentives Recognizing the power of industrial parks and export processing zones Providing limited incentives to industries having a latent comparative advantage 858587Part 2 Notes and referencesReferences Notes 8989

Annex 1. Background information Annex 2. Economic performance Annex 3. Cointegration results Annex 4. Forums and commitments for cooperation with Africa Annex 5. Xinjiang’s successful targeted industrial policies 3.9Growth Identification and Facilitation Framework at a glance Sanctions, war, trade, and macroeconomic conditions Setting poverty simulation parameters Gum arabic for economic recovery and environmental sustainability in Sudan Growth Identification and Facilitation Framework at a glance From a commodity exporter to a manufacturing powerhouse: China’s economictransformation Measuring revealed comparative advantage Which subsectors create greater numbers of blue-collar jobs? Profile of a local leather goods producer Combating desertification through public–private partnerships: The Kubuqibusiness model Sudan, East Africa, and world markets Natural resource rents in Sudan, 1995–2015 Sudan’s rapidly growing young labor force, 1950–2100 Sectoral value added in Sudan, 1980–2016 Poverty incidence by professional category in Sudan, 2015 Distribution of labor force by sector of activity in Sudan, 2009 and 2015 Timeline of major events in Sudan Average real GDP growth in Sudan, 1981–2016 Oil rent and GDP per capita growth Output volatility Sudan total domestic investment Bilateral trade of Sudan, by trading partner Total government revenues and oil rents in Sudan, 1990–2016 Fiscal balance and inflation in Sudan Public sector wages and government expenditure in Sudan Sudan’s debt profile Total and external debt, 1990–2016 Interest arrears, 1990–2016 Real exchange rate misalignment, 1990–2016 Real exchange rate misalignment and terms of trade, 1993–2016 Real exchange rate misalignment and exports performance, 1990–2016 0202121242425252626272728Contents After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic WinsAnnexes vii

Contents After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic Wins3.103.113.124.14.24.34.44.5viiiU.S. aid to Sudan, 1990–2016 28Remittances to Sudan, 1990–2016 29Domestic credit to the private sector, 1980–2016 29Sectoral contribution to GDP in Sudan 33Agriculture’s share of employment in Sudan 34Projecting the Sudanese poverty trend using 2009 data 35Projected trends in poverty under alternative scenarios, 2014–20 35Projected trends in poverty where structural transformation is driven by a switch inemployment 374.6 Projected trends in poverty where structural transformation by driven by switchesin employment and productivity 374.7 The Belt and Road Initiative includes a “string of pearls” in East Africa — Sudancould be one of the pearls 394.8 Outward foreign direct investment by BRICS countries, 2000–2016 404.9 Composition of China-sponsored projects and programs in Sudan 414.10 Composition of China-sponsored infrastructure projects by percentage ofprojects and by percentage of dollars spent 415.1 Industrialization is an engine of growth: manufacturing and income growth, 1990–2014 536.1 China’s revealed comparative advantage is declining in labor-intensive exportsectors, 1984–2016 636.2 Revealed comparative advantage is declining in some sectors in Egypt, Tunisia, andVietnam 647.1 Sudan’s industrial sector’s share of employment 698.1 Shares of world investment from developing country groups will overtake sharesfrom developed countries after 2015, 1965–2030 768.2 Composition of external financing flows to developing economies, 1.4 trillion intotal, 2016 77A1.1 Sudan’s young labor force and population premium 95A1.2 Sudan’s total exports in 2015 were 5.7 billion 97A1.3 Sudan’s total imports in 2015 were 10.5 billion 97A2.1 Sudan’s share in regional gross domestic products 98A2.2 Domestic investments in Sudan 98A2.3 Oil rents and gross domestic product in Sudan 99A2.4 Total oil rents and net product taxes in Sudan 99A2.5 Net taxes on products in Sudan 100A2.6 Trends in agricultural trade in Sudan 100A2.7 Total external financing flows in Sudan 101A2.8 Decomposition of external financial flows in Sudan 101A2.9 Share of the United States in total ODA in Sudan 102A2.10 Remittances received in Sudan 102A2.11 Remittance growth and share in GDP in Sudan 103A2.12 Institutional efficiency indices in Sudan 103A2.13 Trade facilitation indices in Sudan 104A3.1 Estimated normalized cointegrating vectors 108

27.37.4A1.1A1.2A2.1A3.1A3.2Generalized impulse responses to a shock in the PPP relation Generalized impulse responses to shock in PPP relation with broad money Structural change by sector and employment: 1990–2015 Xinjiang: Trade openness and border trade Unemployment and youth unemployment by sex in Sudan, 2015 Youth unemployment in Sudan and several comparators, 1990–2016 Poverty decomposition by state in Sudan Exports of Sudan, by partner (percent of total exports) Imports of Sudan, by partner (percent of total imports) China’s share in total grants and loans and in debt of Sudan, 1999–2007 Financial inflows to Sudan Macroeconomic impact of 1997 sanctions (before and after analysis) Macroeconomic impact of 1997 and 2006 sanctions and 2011 secession of SouthSudan (impact analysis with additional major shocks) Sudan and identified comparator countries Identified subsectors in which Sudan has a revealed comparative advantage Subsectors in which revealed comparative advantage is declining in comparatorcountries and which Sudan could potentially enter Priority subsector identification using the four criteria for identifying subsectorsfor quick wins in the short to medium term Foreign direct investment in Sudan’s textiles and leather industry, 1992–2015 Entry-level blue collar labor costs in Sudan and selected countries Performance of logistics services in Sudan and comparator countries Access to infrastructure in selected capital cities in Sub- Saharan Africa (percent ofhouseholds with access) Population density: Sudan and its comparators Sudan’s revealed comparative advantage in SITC 4 digit Structural transformation (or the lack of) in Africa and Asia Relative purchasing power parity (RPPP), 1971Q1–2017Q4 Inflation error correction model 1970Q1-2017Q4 104106107Contents After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic WinsA3.2A3.3A5.1A5.2ix

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic WinsTxhis country economic report is a product of the Vice-presidency for Economic Governance and KnowledgeManagement. Ferdinand Bakoup (Acting Director, Country Economics Department) coordinated the preparation of the report andSuwareh Darbo (principal country economistfor Sudan) was the Task Team Leader. Vivianus Ngong, Amah Ezanin Marie-Aude Koffi,and Tricia Baidoo helped with coordination ofthe various aspects of the production of thereport.Abebe Shimeles (then Acting Director of theMacroeconomics Policy, Research, and Forecasting Department) led the team preparingmacroeconomic background papers. The teamincluded Anthony Simpasa and Chuku Chuku.Linguere Mbaye and Zackary Seogo providedexcellent support and assistance.The Statistics Department produced thedata on poverty under the guidance of CharlesLeyeke Lufumpa, Director. Louis Kouakou Koualed the statistics team, which included NirinaLetsara and Yassine Jmal on poverty issues. Thereport team is grateful for the very productivecollaboration with Sudan’s Central Bureau ofStatistics, which led to the successful completion of the survey and the compilation of keyindicators under the supervision of the CBSDirector General, Dr. Karam Allah Ali Abdelrahman. The team is also grateful to the Sudanesegovernment ministries for their invaluable contributions to the poverty study.The following external consultants and researchers contributed background papers todifferent chapters: Yan Wang, Suliman Kabbashi, Adams Adama, Zorobabel T. Bicaba, andTiguene Nabassaga. Audrey Chouchane andMark Eghan provided comments on some partsof the report.Sadiq Bentum Commey (Eighth WonderCompany Limited) designed the cover of thereport. Editing and layout were carried out bya team from Communications DevelopmentIncorporated led by Bruce Ross-Larson and including Joe Caponio, Mike Crumplar, and ElaineWilson.Finally, the report benefited immenselyfrom the advice of Ibrahim Elbadawi, ManagingDirector, Economic Research Forum.

ACDRSArrears clearance and debt reliefstrategyAfDBAfrican Development BankAGOAAfrican Growth and Opportunity ActAIIBAsian Infrastructure InvestmentBankAUHIPAfrican Union High LevelImplementation PanelBRIBelt and Road InitiativeCOMESA Common Market for Eastern andSouthern AfricaCOP21Paris Climate ConferenceCPIConsumer price indexEBAEverything but ArmsESAEastern and Southern AfricaEUEuropean UnionFAOFood and Agriculture OrganizationFDIForeign direct investmentFOCACForum on China–AfricaCooperationGDPGross domestic productGNIGross national incomeHIPCHeavily indebted poor countriesI2EImporting to exportIFADInternational Fund for AgriculturalDevelopmentILOInternational Labour OrganizationIMFInternational Monetary FundITInformation Africa ForumLetter of creditLow- and lower-middle incomecountriesLogistics Performance IndexManufacturing value addedOfficial development assistanceOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentU.S. Treasury Office of ForeignAsset ControlOutward foreign direct investmentOther official financePurchasing power parityPoverty reduction support planRevealed comparative advantageSpecial economic zoneTokyo International Conference onAfrican DevelopmentTreasury single accountUnited Arab EmiratesUnited NationsUnited Nations EnvironmentalProgrammeUnited StatesVector autoregressionWorld Development IndicatorsWorld Integrated Trade SolutionWorld Trade OrganizationAbbreviations After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic WinsAbbreviationsxi

U.S. economic sanctions were imposedin 1997 after tensions escalated between South Sudan and Sudan andfighting between the Sudan People’s LiberationArmy and Sudan Armed Forces and other militias became intense. The sanctions led to twodecades of “solitude” for Sudan. Initially, theeffects were mild, since they mainly restrictedtrade, aid, and bank transactions. The sanctionslimited banking sector access to the U.S. dollarclearing system in New York and froze government deposit accounts with U.S. banks.The severity of sanctions for individualsand private business activity began to be feltin 2008/2009, when the U.S. Treasury Office ofForeign Asset Control (OFAC) started to monitor international transactions of all major international banks. OFAC especially targeted transactions with sanctioned countries (Cuba, Iran,Sudan, and others) and applied hefty fines onbanks doing business with them.Sudanese in the diaspora resorted to risky,high-cost, informal, and time-consuming waysof physically transferring cash to their familiesin Sudan. And the private sector cost of doingbusiness in trade finance (exports or imports)became prohibitively high as international andregional banks avoided Sudanese transactions.The number of international and regionalbanks willing to undertake transactions withSudan has diminished considerably directlydue to fear of huge fines imposed by regulators. The risk-return curve and risk premiumsshifted upward considerably as seen in thefollowing: Letter of credit confirmation charges increased from 0.1 percent per quarter to2.5 percent per quarter — that is, 25-fold. Terms of financing deteriorated. The letterof credit (LC) margin increased from 10 percent to 100 percent. The name “letter ofcash” superseded “letter of credit.” New charges were introduced, such as a“compliance charge” — a fee of up to 2 percent levied by some banks on each transaction. The banks argued that compliancecharges compensate for the cost1 of goingthrough the legal restrictions to complywith U.S. and European Union sanctions. International concessional resources declined. Net official development assistance plummeted from 1.5 billion in 2011 to 900 million in 2015 (AfDB). Among macroeconomic indicators2, growthplummeted to 3 percent a year in 2016 andwas projected at 3.5 percent in 2017. Inflation spiraled to 36.5 percent in 2013 and36.9 percent in 2014. Current account deficits were huge: 10.3 percent of GDP in 2012and 8.1 percent of GDP in 2013. The countrywent from a fiscal surplus of 0.1 percent ofGDP in 2011 to a deficit of –3.1 percent in 2012and –2.2 percent in 2013. Foreign exchangereserves plummeted from 1.9 months ofimport cover in 2012 to 1 month of importcover in 2016, and the parallel market exchange rate soared while the official marketexchange rate remained virtually fixed. (Thegap or premium between the parallel andofficial market rate was more than 120 percent in August 2017.) Unemployment and poverty rose as a resultof the exchange rate’s rapid depreciationand persistent inflation. AfDB operations were crippled as intermediary banks refused to conduct transactionsOverview After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic WinsOverview1

Overview After Two Decades of “Solitude”: Targeted Strategies for Quick Economic Wins2bearing the name “Sudan,” so that projects recorded low disbursement rates eventhough the Bank had obtained an OFAC license in September 2015.Sudan reached several milestones3 on theway to getting sanctions lifted. Political progress emerged from the National Political Dialogue in 2016, the 2016 Addis Ababa Roadmapfor Peace, and the formation of a governmentof national unity in 2017. The government hasallowed humanitarian aid into Darfur and otherrebellious border areas. Sudan made progresswith South Sudan in addressing the contentiousissues that dominated the immediate post-secession years, among which only border demarcation, the “Two Areas,” and the status ofAbyei have yet to be fully resolved. Sudan’s government maintains a fruitful relationship withneighboring countries in combating terrorismand thus contributing to regional stability.The United States permanently lifted sanctions on Sudan on 6 October 2017. The decisionto lift sanctions and end an economic embargocame after the Trump administration removedSudan from the list of countries whose citizensare subject to travel restrictions in September2017. Sudan was the only country removed.However, Sudan remains on the list of statesponsors of terrorism, alongside Iran and Syria,and must discontinue its alleged arms dealswith North Korea if the lifting of sanctions is tobe maintained.A new strategy is needed to address Sudan’spost-sanctions macroeconomic challenges.Sudan will continue to face the same macroeconomic challenges after sanctions as it didbefore. This report outlines a strategy aimedat sustainable growth after two decades ofsanctions.The outlookThe permanent removal of U.S. economicsanctions on Sudan creates an incentive forthe Sudanese government to deepen policyreforms. That would strengthen the case forheavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) debtrelief,4 which might enlarge the fiscal space,attract more concessional financing, and helpreintegrate Sudan into the global economy.The removal of sanctions also bodes well forthe fairly resilient private sector, which is nowlooking for opportunities to borrow from theBank and others. Both traditional and nontraditional creditors are stepping up technicalassistance work that would position them totake such investment opportunities. The removal of sanctions will also improve the operational environment, ending long delays intransferring funds from such developmentpartners as the Bank.However, the fiscal crisis and the huge debtburden will persist unless the governmentreaches out to creditors, and intensifies itsengagement with the International MonetaryFund to deepen macroeconomic reforms, particularly addressing the exchange rate misalignment and tightening monetary policy improvesthe investment climate to facilitate privatesector activity and inflows of foreign direct investment and official development assistance — while limiting the quasifiscal activities ofthe Central Bank of Sudan. And Sudan urgently needs to reactivate the Tripartite Committee on debt and coordinate with the BrettonWoods institutions and the AfDB in the context of the Technical Working Group5 on Debtfor HIPC debt relief.The outlook faces risks. The large and persistent external financing gaps over the mediumterm, if unfilled, could create disorderly adjustment, depressed economic activity, and rapidinflation. Mitigating the risks while maintainingthe fixed exchange rate regime will require significant fiscal and monetary adjustment. Otherrisks include reduced FDI, remittances fromthe Gulf, and lower oil receipts from SouthSudan. Progress in the national dialogue, which

A new pathIn today’s increasingly dynamic, multipolar, yetinterdependent world, Africa needs a “can do”mindset6 — to cooperate on structural transformation for job creation. Emerging and developing countries now account for more than57 percent of global GDP, while the advancedindustrial countries account for less than43 percent. Emerging and developing countriesaccount for over two-thirds of global growthand are the main drivers of the global economy. China alone accounts for 33 percent ofglobal growth, due to its economic size and its6.5 to 7 percent annual growth.Sudan has an unprecedented opportunityto be a destination for firms relocating fromChina and other emerging donor countries (including Arabic ones). As real wages rise in Chinaand other upper-middle-income countries, millions of manufacturing jobs will move to otherdeveloping countries along with outward foreign direct investment. Improved connectivityfrom the construction of several special economic zones or agri-ecological parks near PortSudan on the Red Sea would allow Sudan andother countries in northeast Africa to seizethe opportunity provided by the industrialupgrading of China, India, South Korea, Turkey,Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and other leadingdragons.Based on the analysis here, policy makers inSudan may consider the following options:Option 1: Promote deep openings for foreigndirect investment by setting up special economic zones (SEZs) or agri-ecological parks,and making the zone the best place to attract talent and the best place to invest. Thegovernment must invest resource rents innovatively in hard and soft infrastructure in andaround the selected zones and offer time-limited incentives for foreign and domestic firmsto invest — “building the nest to attract thephoenixes.” Further integration with the regional market would allow Sudan to seize someof the 85 million manufacturing jobs that Chinamay have to relocate in the next decade. Sudanneeds to compete for outward foreign directinvestment from China, India, Saudi Arabia,South Korea, UAE, and other emerging economies to foster learning, reduce poverty, andgenerate employment for its growing younglabor force.Option 2: Augment natural capital such asland, pasture, and other assets by investing inhigher value-added agriculture, horticulture,tree crops, and animal husbandry. Promoteagri-business for green development to getgreen financing. And combat desertificationfollowing the Kubuqi model in Inner Mongolia.Sudan is endowed with abundant arable pastoral land but faces severe drought and desertification. Since most of the poor live in ruralareas, the government should enable the private sector to invest in large-scale irrigated agriculture, dairy farming and animal husbandry,and the leather supply chain for regional andglobal export. The production of fertilizers andfarming equipment could provide inputs foragriculture and agri-business. To increase ruralemployment, it might be desirable to attractworkers into light manufacturing, such as footwear and garments.This strategy would help Sudan to graspunprecedented opportunities as firms fromemerging market economies, such as fromChina, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa,“go global.” With South Sudan and other neighbors, Sudan should jointly form cross-countrysupply chains for assembly of farm machineryand equipment throu

Sudan in the global economy 9 Issues of regional integration 10 Sudan's assets 11 . 1 Growth Identification and Facilitation Framework at a glance 5 3.1 Sanctions, war, trade, and macroeconomic conditions 23 . 8.1 Combating desertification through public-private partnerships: The Kubuqi business model 78 Figures 1.1 Sudan, East Africa .

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realizes a functional behavior of a logic system from a given description (stated in form of verbal statements, truth table, K-map, state diagram, etc.) Example : Synthesize a logic function that realizes the following truth table. Use AND, OR, and NOT gates Figure 2.15. A function to be synthesized. Chapter 2-14 Synthesis of digital circuits f (a) Canonical sum-of-products f (b) Minimal-cost .