3Com Switch 4800G Family IRF Configuration Guide
3Com Switch 4800G FamilyIRFConfiguration GuideSwitch 4800G 24-PortSwitch 4800G 48-PortSwitch 4800G PWR 24-PortSwitch 4800G PWR 48-PortSwitch 4800G 24-Port SFPProduct Version:Release 2202Manual Version:6W102-20100630www.3com.com3Com Corporation350 Campus Drive, Marlborough,MA, USA 01752 3064
Copyright 2009-2010, 3Com Corporation. All rights reserved. No part of this documentation may bereproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative work (such as translation,transformation, or adaptation) without written permission from 3Com Corporation.3Com Corporation reserves the right to revise this documentation and to make changes in content from time totime without obligation on the part of 3Com Corporation to provide notification of such revision or change.3Com Corporation provides this documentation without warranty, term, or condition of any kind, either impliedor expressed, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties, terms or conditions of merchantability,satisfactory quality, and fitness for a particular purpose. 3Com may make improvements or changes in theproduct(s) and/or the program(s) described in this documentation at any time.If there is any software on removable media described in this documentation, it is furnished under a licenseagreement included with the product as a separate document, in the hard copy documentation, or on theremovable media in a directory file named LICENSE.TXT or !LICENSE.TXT. If you are unable to locate a copy,please contact 3Com and a copy will be provided to you.UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT LEGENDIf you are a United States government agency, then this documentation and the software described herein areprovided to you subject to the following:All technical data and computer software are commercial in nature and developed solely at private expense.Software is delivered as “Commercial Computer Software” as defined in DFARS 252.227-7014 (June 1995) oras a “commercial item” as defined in FAR 2.101(a) and as such is provided with only such rights as areprovided in 3Com’s standard commercial license for the Software. Technical data is provided with limited rightsonly as provided in DFAR 252.227-7015 (Nov 1995) or FAR 52.227-14 (June 1987), whichever is applicable.You agree not to remove or deface any portion of any legend provided on any licensed program ordocumentation contained in, or delivered to you in conjunction with, this User Guide.Unless otherwise indicated, 3Com registered trademarks are registered in the United States and may or maynot be registered in other countries.3Com and the 3Com logo are registered trademarks of 3Com Corporation.All other company and product names may be trademarks of the respective companies with which they areassociated.ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTIt is the policy of 3Com Corporation to be environmentally-friendly in all operations. To uphold our policy, weare committed to:Establishing environmental performance standards that comply with national legislation and regulations.Conserving energy, materials and natural resources in all operations.Reducing the waste generated by all operations. Ensuring that all waste conforms to recognized environmentalstandards. Maximizing the recyclable and reusable content of all products.Ensuring that all products can be recycled, reused and disposed of safely.Ensuring that all products are labeled according to recognized environmental standards.Improving our environmental record on a continual basis.End of Life Statement3Com processes allow for the recovery, reclamation and safe disposal of all end-of-life electronic components.Regulated Materials Statement3Com products do not contain any hazardous or ozone-depleting material.Environmental Statement about the DocumentationThe documentation for this product is printed on paper that comes from sustainable, managed forests; it is fullybiodegradable and recyclable, and is completely chlorine-free. The varnish is environmentally-friendly, and theinks are vegetable-based with a low heavy-metal content.
About This Configuration GuideOrganizationThe IRF Configuration Guide comprises one part:ContentIRF ConfigurationConventionsThe manual uses the following conventions:Command conventionsConventionDescriptionBoldfaceThe keywords of a command line are in Boldface.italicCommand arguments are in italic.[]Items (keywords or arguments) in square brackets [ ] are optional.{ x y . }Alternative items are grouped in braces and separated by vertical bars.One is selected.[ x y . ]Optional alternative items are grouped in square brackets andseparated by vertical bars. One or none is selected.{ x y . } *Alternative items are grouped in braces and separated by vertical bars.A minimum of one or a maximum of all can be selected.[ x y . ] *Optional alternative items are grouped in square brackets andseparated by vertical bars. Many or none can be selected.& 1-n The argument(s) before the ampersand (&) sign can be entered 1 to ntimes.#A line starting with the # sign is comments.GUI conventionsConventionDescription Button names are inside angle brackets. For example, click OK .[]Window names, menu items, data table and field names are insidesquare brackets. For example, pop up the [New User] window./Multi-level menus are separated by forward slashes. For example,[File/Create/Folder].
SymbolsConventionDescriptionMeans reader be extremely careful. Improper operation may causebodily injury.Means reader be careful. Improper operation may cause data loss ordamage to equipment.Means a complementary description.Related DocumentationIn addition to this manual, each 3com Switch 4800G documentation set includes the following:Manual3Com Switch 4800G Family GettingStarted GuideDescriptionProvides all information you need to install and use the3Com Switch 4800G Family.Describe how to configure your 4800G Switch using thesupported protocols and CLI commands. The 3Comswitch 4800G family documentation set includes 10configuration guides:1. Fundamentals Configuration Guide2. IRF Configuration Guide3Com Switch 4800G FamilyConfiguration Guides3. Layer 2 – LAN Switching Configuration Guide4. Layer 3 – IP Services Configuration Guide5. Layer 3 – IP Routing Configuration Guide6. IP Multicast Configuration Guide7. ACL and QoS Configuration Guide8. Security Configuration Guide9. High Availability Configuration Guide10. Network Management and Monitoring Configuration GuideDescribes command line interface (CLI) commands andsyntax options available on the switch. The 3Com switch4800G family documentation set includes 10 commandreferences:1. Fundamentals Command Reference2. IRF Command Reference3Com Switch 4800G Family CommandReferences3. Layer 2 – LAN Switching Command Reference4. Layer 3 – IP Services Command Reference5. Layer 3 – IP Routing Command Reference6. IP Multicast Command Reference7. ACL and QoS Command Reference8. Security Command Reference9. High Availability Command Reference10. Network Management and Monitoring Command ReferenceObtaining DocumentationYou can access the most up-to-date 3Com product documentation on the World Wide Web at this URL:http://www.3com.com.
Table of Contents1 IRF Configuration ·········1-1IRF Overview tion ··········1-2Basic Concepts ··········1-2Working Process ········1-3Physical Connections ··················1-3Topology Collection ·····················1-8Role Election ······1-8IRF Virtual Device Management and �···1-9IRF Virtual Device Configuration Task List ················1-14Configuring IRF Virtual ·············1-14Configuring IRF Ports ················1-14Setting a Member ID for a Device ecifying a Priority for a Member Device ·········1-16Specifying the Preservation Time of the Bridge MAC �······1-16Enabling Auto Upgrade of Boot Files ·················1-17Setting the Delay Time for the Link Layer to Report a Link-Down �···············1-18Accessing an IRF Virtual ··········1-19Accessing the Master ················1-19Accessing a Slave laying and Maintaining an IRF Virtual ········1-20IRF Virtual Device Configuration ···················1-20IRF Virtual Device Configuration Example ·········1-202 Index ·····2-1i
1IRF ConfigurationWhen configuring IRF, go to these sections for information you are interested in:zIRF OverviewzBasic ConceptszWorking ProcesszIRF Virtual Device Configuration Task ListzConfiguring IRF Virtual DevicezAccessing an IRF Virtual DevicezDisplaying and Maintaining an IRF Virtual DevicezIRF Virtual Device Configuration ExamplesIRF OverviewIntroductionDeveloped by 3Com, Intelligent Resilient Framework (IRF) provides a new method to connect multipledevices through physical IRF ports. Individual devices join to form a distributed device called IRF virtualdevice. IRF realizes the cooperation, unified management, and non-stop maintenance of multipledevices.AdvantagesIRF features the following advantages:zStreamlined management. When an IRF virtual device is established, you can log in to it byconnecting to any port of any member to manage all members of the IRF virtual device.zHigh reliability. An IRF virtual device comprises multiple member devices: the master runs,manages and maintains the IRF virtual device, whereas the slaves process services as well asfunctioning as the backups. As soon as the master fails, the IRF virtual device immediately elects anew master immediately to prevent service interruption and implement 1:N redundancy. In addition,not only the IRF links of members can be aggregated, but also the physical links between the IRFvirtual device and the upper or lower layer devices can be aggregated, and thus the reliability of theIRF virtual device is increased through link redundancy.zPowerful network expansion capability. By adding member devices, the number of IRF ports andnetwork bandwidth of an IRF virtual device can be easily expanded. Each member device has itsown CPU and they can process and forward protocol packets independently. Therefore, theprocessing capability of the IRF virtual device also can be easily expanded.1-1
ApplicationAs shown in Figure 1-1, a master and a slave form an IRF virtual device, which is a single device to theupper and lower layer devices.Figure 1-1 IRF networkingIP networkIP networkSlaveMasterIRF linkEqual toIRF virtual deviceBasic ConceptsRoleThe devices that form an IRF virtual device are called member devices. Each of them plays either of thefollowing two roles:zMaster: Manages the IRF virtual device.zSlave: All members that operate as the backups of the master are called slaves. When the masterfails, the IRF virtual device automatically elects a new master from one of the slaves.Master and slaves are elected through the role election mechanism. An IRF virtual device has only onemaster at a time. Other members are the slaves. For more information about election process, see RoleElection.IRF portAn IRF port is a logical port dedicated to the internal connection of an IRF virtual device. An IRF portcan be numbered as IRF-port1 or IRF-port2. An IRF port is effective only after it is bound to a physicalIRF port.Physical IRF portPhysical ports used for connecting members of an IRF virtual device are called physical IRF ports.Physical IRF ports can be ports dedicated to the IRF virtual device, Ethernet ports or optical ports(which port can serve as physical IRF ports depends on the device model.).Typically, an Ethernet port or optical port forwards packets to the network. When bound to an IRF port,it acts as a physical IRF port and forwards data traffic such as IRF-related negotiation packets and datatraffic among member devices.1-2
IRF virtual device mergeAs shown in Figure 1-2, two IRF virtual devices operate independently and steadily. Connect themphysically and perform necessary configurations to make them form one IRF virtual device, and thisprocess is called IRF virtual device merge.Figure 1-2 IRF virtual device mergeIRF virtual device partitionAs shown in Figure 1-3, when an IRF virtual device is formed, the failure of the IRF link causes physicaldisconnection between the two members, and then the IRF virtual device is divided into two IRF virtualdevices. This process is called IRF virtual device partition.Figure 1-3 IRF virtual device partitionMember priorityMember priority determines the role of a member during a role election process. A member with ahigher priority is more likely to be a master. The priority of a device defaults to 1. You can modify thepriority at the command line interface (CLI).Working ProcessIRF virtual device management involves four stages: Physical Connections, Topology Collection, RoleElection and IRF Virtual Device Management and Maintenance. First physically connect the membersof an IRF virtual device, and then the members perform topology collection and role election toestablish an IRF virtual device, which then enters the IRF virtual device management and maintenancestage.Physical ConnectionsConnection mediumTo establish an IRF virtual device, physically connect the physical IRF ports of member devices. For theSwitch 4800G series, the 10 GE interface modules can be inserted into the expansion module slots onthe rear panel of the switch to provide physical IRF ports. The following 10 GE interface modules canbe used to provide physical IRF ports:zOne-port 10 GE XFP interface modulezDual-port 10 GE XFP interface module1-3
zShort-haul dual-port 10 GE CX4 interface modulezDual-port 10 GE SFP interface moduleFor more information about an interface module, refer to its user manual.You can connect physical IRF ports of the Switch 4800G series with either the CX4/SFP dedicatedcables or fibers according to the interface type on the interface module. Dedicated cables providehigher reliability and performance; whereas fibers connect physical devices located very far from eachother and provide flexible application.The physical IRF ports are numbered according to their physical locations on the rear panel of theSwitch 4800G series. With the rear panel facing you, the physical IRF ports are numbered successivelyfrom left to right: ports on the interface module in slot 1 are numbered 1 and 2, and ports on theinterface module in slot 2 are numbered 3 and 4, as shown in Figure 1-4, which illustrates an exampleof inserting a CX4 dual-port interface module.Figure 1-4 Numbering physical IRF portsIf you insert a one-port interface module into the slot, then the number of the physical IRF portcorresponding to the module in slot 1 is 1, and the number of the physical IRF port corresponding to themodule in slot 2 is 3. For the number of physical IRF ports, see Configuring IRF Ports.Physical IRF ports can be used for both IRF connection and service data transmission. Whenestablishing an IRF virtual device, you need to specify that the physical IRF ports are used for the IRF,that is, bind them with IRF port(s) to implement IRF connection and establishment.Connection requirementsAs shown in Figure 1-5, IRF-Port1 on one device can only be connected to the physical port bound toIRF-Port2 of a neighbor device; otherwise, an IRF virtual device cannot be formed.1-4
Figure 1-5 IRF virtual device physical connectionIRF topologyAn IRF virtual device typically adopts daisy chain connection or ring connection, as shown in Figure1-6.zA daisy chain connection is mainly used in a network where member devices are distributedlylocated.zA ring connection is more reliable than the daisy chain connection. In a daisy chained IRF virtualdevice, the failure of one link can cause the IRF virtual device to partition into two independent IRFvirtual devices; where the failure of a link in a ring connection result in a daisy chain connection, notaffecting IRF services.Figure 1-6 IRF connectionsYou can connect at most nine Switch 4800G series switches to form an IRF virtual device.Correspondence between an IRF port and a physical IRF portThe connection of IRF ports is based on that of physical IRF ports; therefore, you need to bind an IRFport with physical IRF port(s). An IRF port can be bound to one physical IRF port or, to realize linkbackup and bandwidth expansion, bound to two physical IRF ports (aggregated as an aggregate IRFport).1-5
You need to specify the correspondence between an IRF port and physical IRF port(s) throughcommand line. When you specify that an IRF port is bound to one physical IRF port, the serial numberof the physical IRF port bound to IRF port 1 must be smaller than that of the physical IRF port bound toIRF port 2; when you specify that an IRF port is bound to two physical IRF ports (aggregate IRF port),these two physical IRF ports must be on the same module.As shown in Figure 1-7. Switch A connects to Switch B and Switch C through IRF ports IRF-port 1 andIRF-port 2 respectively.Figure 1-7 IRF port correspondenceBased on the type and number of the interface module inserted on Switch A, you can adopt one of thefollowing typical correspondences to establish an IRF connection.zThe dual-port 10 GE CX4 interface module is used in the following examples to introducecorrespondence between the IRF port and the physical IRF port(s).zWhen the dual-port 10 GE SFP interface module is used, the correspondence between the IRFport and the physical IRF port(s) is similar.2)IRF port correspondence for one interface moduleFigure 1-8 IRF port correspondence for one interface moduleWhen a dual-port interface module is installed, you need to bind IRF-port 1 to physical IRF port 1, andIRF-port 2 to physical IRF port 2 (as shown in Figure 1-8), because the serial number of the physicalIRF port bound to IRF-port 1 must be smaller than that of the physical IRF port bound to IRF-port 2.Therefore, you cannot bind IRF-port 1 to physical IRF port 2, and IRF-port 2 to physical port 1.1-6
zIf only one single-port interface module is installed, the device can be used only as Switch B orSwitch C in Figure 1-7, that is, the device should be at either end of a bus connection.zIn this situation, because only one IRF port is needed on Switch B or Switch C, IRF-port 2 orIRF-port 1 can be bound to any physical port on the device.3)IRF port correspondence for two interface moduleszCorrespondence in non-aggregate modeFigure 1-9 Correspondence in non-aggregate mode for two interface modulesWhen two dual-port interface modules are installed, if the correspondence is not in the aggregate mode,you can bind an IRF port to any physical IRF port (Figure 1-9 only shows one possibility). However, youmust ensure that the serial number of the physical IRF port bound to IRF-port 1 is smaller than that ofthe physical IRF port bound to IRF-port 2, namely, the physical IRF port bound to IRF-port 2 should belocated on the right side of the physical IRF port bound to IRF-port 1. The two physical IRF ports boundto the IRF ports can be located either on one interface module or on different interface modules.zIf two single-port interface modules are installed, you need to bind IRF-port 1 to physical IRF port 1,and IRF-port 2 to physical IRF port 3.zIf one dual-port interface module and one single-port interface module are installed, thecorrespondence is the same with that when you install two dual-port interface modules. In thissituation, IRF-port 2 or IRF-port 1 can be bound to any physical port on the device, because onlyone IRF port is needed on Switch B or Switch C.zCorrespondence in aggregate mode1-7
Figure 1-10 Correspondence in aggregate mode for two interface modulesBecause the two physical IRF ports bound to an aggregate IRF port must be located on the sameinterface module, two IRF ports (that is, two aggregate IRF ports) can only be bound to the two physicalIRF ports on each of the two interface modules respectively (as shown in Figure 1-10). In addition, youcan only bind IRF-port 1 to physical IRF ports 1 and 2, and IRF-port 2 to physical ports 3 and 4.If one dual-port interface module and one single-port interface module are installed, you can bind twophysical IRF ports on the dual-port interface module to the IRF port in aggregate mode, and bind thephysical IRF port on the single-port interface module to the other IRF port in non-aggregate mode. Inthis situation, IRF-port 2 or IRF-port 1 can be bound to any physical port on the device, because onlyone IRF port is needed on Switch B or Switch C.Topology CollectionEach member exchanges hello packets with the directly connected neighbors to collect topology of theIRF virtual device. The IRF hello packets carry the topology information, including IRF port connectionstates, member IDs, priorities, and bridge MAC addresses.Each member records its known topology information locally. At the startup of a member device, themember device records topology information of the local device. When an IRF port of a memberbecomes up, the member device sends its known topology information from this port periodically. Uponreceiving the topology information from the directly connected neighbor, the member device updatesthe local topology information. After topology collection lasts for a period of time, all members haveobtained the complete topology information (known as topology convergence), and then the IRF virtualdevice enters the next stage: role election.Role ElectionThe process of defining the role (master or slave) of members is role election.Role election is held when the topology changes, such as, forming an IRF virtual device, adding a newmember, leaving or failure of the master, or IRF virtual device merge. The master is elected based on1-8
the rules below, in the order specified. If the first rule does not apply, a second rule is tried, and so on,until the only winner is found.zThe current master, even if a new member has a higher priority. (When an IRF virtual device isbeing formed, and all member devices consider themselves as the master, so this principle isskipped)zA member with a higher priority.zA member with the longest system up-time. (The system up-time information of each memberdevice is delivered through IRF hello packets)zA member with the lowest bridge MAC address.Then, the IRF virtual device is formed and enters the next stage: IRF virtual device management andmaintenance.zThe precision of the system up-time is six minutes. For example, if two devices with the samepriority values reboot one after another within six minutes, they will have the same system up-timeand the last role election principle will be followed, that is, the one with the lowest bridge MACaddress wins.zDuring an IRF virtual device merge, an IRF election is held, and role election rules are followed.Members of the loser side reboot and join the winner side as slaves. Whether the device rebootsautomatically or reboots with the execution of a command depends on the device model.zTo ensure the same configuration as that on the master, a device uses the master’s configurationto initialize and boot itself as long as it is elected as a slave, regardless of its original configurationor whether its current configuration is saved.IRF Virtual Device Management and MaintenanceAfter role election, an IRF virtual device is established: all member devices operate as one virtualdevice, and all resources on the member devices are processed by this virtual device and managed bythe master.Member IDAn IRF virtual device uses member IDs to uniquely identify and manage its members. For example,when the device operates independently, the slot number in the interface number is typically 1; after itjoins an IRF virtual device, the slot number will become the member ID. In addition, member IDs areused in file management. Therefore, member IDs in an IRF virtual device must be unique.If member IDs are not unique, an IRF virtual device cannot be established. A member having the samemember ID as an existing one cannot join the IRF virtual device. To ensure the uniqueness of memberIDs, use the following two methods:1)Before establishing an IRF virtual device, plan and configure member IDs for members. Adopt themember ID collision processing mechanism, which is described as follows:zDuring the establishment of an IRF virtual device, when two devices that form the IRF virtualdevice have duplicated member IDs, the master is numbered the first. Then, for a daisy chain1-9
connection, slaves connected to IRF port 1 of the master are numbered from near to far, and thenthose connected to IRF port 2 of the master are numbered the same way; for a ring connection, theslave connected to IRF port 1 of the master is numbered first, then, other slaves are numberedfrom near to far, and the slave connected to IRF port 2 of the master is numbered the last. Forexample, Device A, Device B, Device C, and Device D use their default member IDs (the value is 1)and form an IRF. Suppose Device B has the highest priority and thus is elected as the master. TheIRF virtual device first numbers the master as member device 1, and then other devices arenumbered one by one. If the four devices form a ring connection, the member IDs of them are 2, 1,3, and 4, as shown in Figure 1-11; if the four devices form a daisy chain connection, the memberIDs of them are 2, 1, 4, and 3, as shown in Figure 1-12.zWhen an IRF virtual device is established, if the newly added device and another member haveduplicated member IDs, the latter’s member ID remains unchanged, and the IRF virtual deviceassigns a smallest available member ID to the new member.Figure 1-11 Automatic numbering for a ring connection1-10
Figure 1-12 Automatic numbering for a daisy chain connectionMemberID 1MemberID 1MemberID 1MemberID 1Device ADevice BDevice CDevice DSuppose DeviceB is elected asthe master whenthe IRF virtualdevice is formed.MemberID 3MemberID 2Device A(Slave)Device D(Slave)IRF-Port1IRF-Port2MemberID 1MemberID 4Device B(Master)Device C(Slave)Interface nameFor a device operating independently (that is, the device does not belong to any IRF virtual device), itsinterface name is in the following format: member ID/slot number/interface serial number, wherezBy default, member ID is 1.zAfter a device leaves an IRF virtual device, it continues using the member ID when it was in the IRFvirtual device as its device ID.zSubslot number is the number of the slot in which the LPU resides. For a box-type device, LPUsare fixed on the device, so the slot number is a fixed value. On the Switch 4800G series, thesubslot on the front panel is numbered 0, and subslots of the two expansion slots on the rear panelare numbered 1 and 2 from left to right.zInterface serial number is dependent on the number of interfaces supported by the device. Viewthe silkscreen on the interface card for the number of supported interfaces.For example, GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 is an interface on the independently operating device Sysname. Toset the link type of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 to trunk, perform the following steps: Sysname system-view[Sysname] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] port link-type trunkFor an IRF member, the interface name also adopts the previously introduced format: member ID/slotnumber/interface serial number, wherezThe member ID identifies the IRF member on which the interface resideszMeaning and value of the subslot number and the interface serial number are the same as thoseon an ind
3. Layer 2 - LAN Switching Configuration Guide 4. Layer 3 - IP Services Configuration Guide 5. Layer 3 - IP Routing Configuration Guide 6. IP Multicast Configuration Guide 7. ACL and QoS Configuration Guide 8. Security Configuration Guide . IP network IRF virtual device IP network IRF link Equal to Master Slave Basic Concepts Role
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Follow-Up for Identified Issues for IRFs; IRF Functional Outcome Measure: Change in Self-Care . resume IRF Compare site refreshes in December 2021. Refreshes will then return to normal by . Data Submission On or After July 1, 2020. CMS requires IRF-PAI submission as
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reviews to be done while you are away from your desk, on a regular or one off basis. . Brocade BigIron Switch Brocade FastIron Switch* Brocade NetIron Switch Brocade ServerIron: Brocade ICX Switch (IronWare)* Crossbeam Firewalls: 3COM 4200 Series Switches 3COM 4400 Series Switches:
3Com Switch 4200G Family 3 Command Reference acl Use the acl command to reference ACL and implement the ACL control to the TELNET users. User Interface view acl Use the acl command to define an ACL identified by a number, and enter the corresponding ACL View. System view active region-configuration Use the active region-configuration command to activate the settings of an MST (multiple spanning
secure connectivity and the latest traffic-prioritization technologies to optimize applications on converged networks. Designed for maximum flexibility and scalability, 3Com Switch 5500G models come with 24 or 48 Gigabit ports, and offer optional modules for 10-Gigabit and SFP Gigabit uplink connections. The switches can be stacked up to eight .
Casa Colina Centers for Rehabilitation March 16, 2012 Objectives Current Falls Assessment Program for an IRF setting. Comparison of the Morse Falls Assessment Scale with 4 other fall assessment scales in an IRF setting. Casa Colina Falls Assessment Scale Effective fall prevention programs for IRF's.
STM32 MCUs listed in Table 1. Outsourcing of product manufacturing enables original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to reduce their direct costs and concentrate on high added-value activities such as research and development, sales and marketing. However, contract manufacturing puts the OEM's proprietary assets at risk, and since the contract manufacturer (CM) manipulates the OEM's intellectual .
