Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

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Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayChapter 1.0DelawareIntroduction to the Harriet Tubman UndergroundRailroad Byway (HTURB) Corridor ManagementPlan (CMP)The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway (HTURB) Corridor Management Plan(CMP) is intended to provide a collection of information that will assist in the preservation,promotion, interpretation, enhancement, and management of the intrinsic resources foundthroughout the HTURB corridor. This CMP will attempt to foster economic development,continued research, and set a clear course for future actions (projects) within the HTURBcommunities. This CMP is an extension of the people – the people of the HTURB. The diversegoals and wishes of the many communities along the corridor have been assembled and unifiedin this CMP, to give a common voice that will be heard and understood for years to come.Throughout the CMP are brown text-boxes (see National Scenic Byway CMP Point #1 below)that call-out the section of the CMP that addresses one of the 17 points or criteria required bythe National Scenic Byways Program (NSBP) for a CMP to be eligible for All-American Road(AAR) – the intent of this CMP (see Section 1.3 for more details).1.1Corridor LimitsThe HTURB corridor is approximately 98 miles in lengthtravelling through the State of Delaware. For the purposeof this CMP the corridor is divided into four (4) mainsegments and travels from Sandtown (where it meets theterminus of the Maryland Harriet Tubman UndergroundRailroad National Scenic Byway) in the southwestern partof Delaware, north to Wilmington, and beyond to theDelaware/Pennsylvania border.The corridor passesthrough the communities of Sandtown, Camden, Dover,Smyrna, Clayton, Townsend, Middletown, Odessa, PortPenn, Delaware City, New Castle, Wilmington andCenterville. The corridor limits are displayed on Figure 1.National Scenic Byway CMP Point #1A map identifying the corridor boundaries, location, intrinsic qualities and landuses in the corridor.The corridor has been divided into four (4) main segments in an effort to make the mappingand narrative sections of this CMP more manageable and detailed. The individual segment mapsare displayed in Figures 2 through 5. The maps/figures provide a detailed perspective of thecorridor as it travels through the State of Delaware.Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012Page 1

HARRIET TUBMANUNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY-CamdenDelawareByway LimitBrandywine ValleyScenic BywayAÒÓAÊ?Red Clay ValleyScenic BywayPE NNSYLVANIAWhite Clay CreekState ParkM A R Y L A N D ̀"! ̀"!(b&%WilmingtonNEW JERSEY(a&%New Castle ̀"!Lower SusquehannaScenic Byway ?NNEEWW CCAASSTT LL EECCOOUUNNTTYYCorridorLengthSegment 2 (26.8 Miles)Segment 3 (29.1 Miles)Middletown Odessa97.7 MilesSegment 4 (14.6 Miles)Port Penn)pÎ?BaySegment 1 (27.2 Miles)Delaware CityLums PondState ParkChesapeakeLEGENDHarriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayBasemap LayersOther Scenic BywaysLimited Access Highway ?Highway (U.S. and State)p)Other Major RoadSource: Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems¹?D E L A W A R EM A R Y L A N DChesapeake CountryScenic BywaySmyrnaHarriet Tubman UndergroundRailroad Byway (Maryland) ?Bombay HookNationalWildlife RefugeCheswoldKKEENNTT CCOOUUNNTTYYByway Limit ?Route 9 CoastalHeritage Scenic BywayDelawareBay¹?DoverLittle CreekWildlife AreaTed HarveyWildlife Area ?Sandtown02.5³5MilesFigure 1: Corridor Limits Map

HARRIET TUBMANUNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY-DelawareDoverBasemap LayersLimited Access HighwayHighway (U.S. and State)Other Major RoadKWALSource: Delaware DataMIL and TranSystemsIN GHarriet Tubman UndergroundRailroad Byway (Maryland)SandtownByway LimitRDNONTULENB ?HERTLAD«?h)STEBWLEDANONRDRSHE LL M ILLRDRDSO UTHO LD MILL RDYHWCBALRDM ILNO RTH OLDRDENDMCAOLDNTPODUETRESTNAISouthbound One-Way Byway Direction³ANVOD E L A W A R EM A R Y L A N DSBRDERMROSee CamdenInsetCamdenTwo-Way Byway DirectionTRAVELDIRECTIONNorthbound One-Way Byway DirectionSUN¹?³HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTIONNBRDRDMDWALNUT SHADE RDJOHN CLARK ROADORTBUWNEDRVEROGLOWILWRRISINGHSeeInset ALRDL RDM I L STA R HILLRHILLILCANSORDGMOV EW rkME STKENT COUNTYSESVOh)NGCKLO OHURGSOMIL LEL LSVOSH IL L RDHSTARCLORISISOSBRDCamdenVOM SHIL ELLRD LRDONN ST¹?TS STASTWEANLLMI«?NG AVELE BTE STSO UTH STAN-WYO MIFORREST AVEE STS STATMD EUMCAHVA RD«?IODIV IS INSET A?RGOULEWESTVILLE RD SOUTHE RN BNBRDENRDVILLRSTHUFORREST AVEE STTSTDoverDh)TOLLSeeInset B¹?OAARLATATTH SSTBBSSO UNT¹?YRBAWE¡?TTE SSTARDHART LY RDSTLLL RD³DER REAMIDoverBrecknockParkONh)CAMDEN INSETOMMI LGRAFR¹?ÇSilverLakeOther Scenic Byways ?YCNROWG ILLRDRDSegment 4 (14.6 Miles)Cheswoldh)DE97.7 MilesLSegment 3 (29.1 Miles)R K IN GSegment 2 (26.8 Miles)Route 9 Coastal HeritageScenic BywayN STAT E STCorridorLengthÇ?U P PESegment 1 (27.2 Miles)Ç)?hNUTASHWAÙAHarriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayGarrisonsLakeLE DOIP V ESI RCRDINSET BLEGENDWYDS ? ?h)01³2MilesFigure 2: Project Study Area (Segment 1)

AU425TUBMANUNDERGROUND RAILROADBYWAY ?¹ Delaware?OdessaSAIN TÎ - HARRIET?BLAALLE YMILL RDDHST5TALLEY MILL RDNTO WSRDC O EXTR N ERERRDALLEY MILL RDIN ?STLakeComoParkFASRDÇ?Route 9 Coastal HeritageScenic BywayRDI NGLEIPSICAN DSM YR N ATL³ ?¹?Ç01.53MilesRDLE RDh)AKKEENNTT CCOOUUNNTTYYCheswoldSRDMVDBLRI ESNTKOONVILERSTPOHICMEDUVE RPAERRTTELNPOLE VDUT B LVDONDUPRNSource: Delaware DataMIL and TranSystemsDRDCOOther Major RoadGRERYRDD INRNLESULL EVIh)SMY RNACLAYTON BLVDSmyrnaRDHighway (U.S. and State)SERDLSmyrna ?NLimited Access HighwaySeeInset ACOWOSTSegment 4 (14.6 Miles)Basemap LayersOther Scenic Bywaysh)YY)hSee SmyrnaInset ?RDCorridorLength97.7 MilesRWINSET A¡?KISegment 3 (29.1 Miles)ST ?ACSegment 2 (26.8 Miles)RDBLSegment 1 (27.2 Miles)CPKLEALRDLEGENDHarriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayEE K RDMAINALI³¡?RDGR VAEE N DN S YKPR EINGONCKL ANERDUCK CRTLUEEI NGIVEKMREFLDLOLMI LTNGDTONMILLINGTTwo-Way BywayDirectionTRAVELDIRECTIONNorthbound One-Way Byway DirectionHREN¹?D¹?DDEXTER E RDRDDGRICO RNERNGANRCKBREERDHUACSBKRDNNEEWW CCAASSTT LL EECOUNTYCOUNTYSouthbound One-Way Byway DirectionINGSMYRNA INSETCEYSSMAD LERDCO RNERHTURB TRAVEL DIRECTIONNBSPR119ATO NCLAY RING RDENS PGREBLDEENCLAYTON DELANEY RDELLA LANEDEXITHDON REE VANN DSP YR KEINGRRCWSTATIEPIN RDEEDelawareRiverHUTOD E L A W A R EGRDGRTRSTHOLLETTSIRCEYSSMAGRKE¡?DRDDYE RDDONINMARVANID GS BR¹?LLWE DLD R RCA RNECORDRTBLIONh)RDFORE ST RDSTALOLCHOILL SORKSTBLACKBIRDHOAKSU M M IBLACINYLTADÎ?NIDGEM A R Y L A N DRDSVILLET OWKE RX ONMAR LANORDGPRINENSGREp)TK RDSILVEDAD SAWRIC KRWIRDDUPONT PKYCKBWNLE TOMIDD SA RDSEODMiddletownBROICRWGUp)R N E R RDMIDOSCh)Dover¡?Figure 3: Project ?Study Area (Segment 2)¹

TTSRINROSYLVARPRDD0H6Th)¡?SeeInset A1.5SBAVE3RNDSTPORT OFDELAWAREQUINTONRDSTHADMSTILTONSTSTSTFort DupontState RANKCLINLL ST IN STTONNGTONAMSTSTSTWASHI ?3RDHENRY2NDTHESTRAN EWHarriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywaySegment 1 (27.2 Miles)Segment 2 (26.8 Miles)3MilesHTURB TRAVEL DIRECTIONNB4THCLIN³NBST4THreawDRIVER RDES SSTNG RS CO ?OdessaINIAVIRGEreJWILLITLIBERSeeInset BSTT BRIDGE RDSUM MI³Inset CRDTwo-Way BywayDirectionTRAVELDIRECTIONNorthbound One-Way Byway DirectionSouthbound One-Way Byway DirectionSegment 3 (29.1 Miles)Segment 4 (14.6 Miles)CorridorLength97.7 MilesBasemap LayersOther Scenic BywaysLimited Access HighwayHighway (U.S. and State)Other Major RoadSource: Delaware DataMIL and TranSystemsFigure 4: Project Study Area (Segment 3)KYL EVELRDÎ?AYTY SO R N ERPort PennSee ?p)MiddletowneONTDUPRDUEDSC³MAIN STlaYHWSRU ILVN ERRDSILVE RRUN RDTATERDOLDSNTASAIYDDELAWARE CITY INSET45White Clay CreekState Park³Route 9 Coastal HeritageScenic BywayET STSBBELTSRÎ? ?OTp)BSDUST INARKSBAYEWh) ?GSDTRIV ?WMUDWRDINSET BFort MottState ParkSeeInset Delaware CityINSET CPO RPEN TN RDTNOABRTESTA³YFort DelawareState ParkWRANGLEHILL RDDOL ?NSTSTERRYAAWELASHI THOMLLNDING RDLARDOERLEDNGESHAKillcohook NationalRWildlife Refuge MCHDOL RDITRBCORACHT ? ?BR TAYID LOG RE SRDRVIEWBAYWYIHiv2NDSTNTBSLPUYALKASSB ?SeeInset³NBI ANA RDHRISTSTRANYDBYALNew CastleDSTRM ER IT DRRSTRASTTHESTD5THSTANTONC4THST8TH6THSTD3R9T HSTSTH10TST9THTNSB ETKl)ØAS DAM RO GTH D INNALFRENCHTOW N RDSUMBatteryParkW ?h)TTUSINSET D(a&%DYTNESNHO ̀"!INSET ASTCMFOTHSTDRSTSTEYRAAWELSOUADSTCH E AYTOCHAH7TST ?ST NLCCH EILWNMNewO GCastleLETOST ̀"!BADREOLPITSeeInsetDLTRANYLNNEW CASTLE INSETWhite Clay CreekState TEWilmingtonDNEW RKEDKPIFAU L KL A N D R DRMAAAVEWILM INGTON RDRTREPESONECE NGAL IMTRTHARRIET TUBMAN )hUNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY-NISBPENNMARSHPIKEDPOWNELAN CASTERCAST

HARRIET TUBMANUNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY-DelawareKRDWILMINGTON INSETEESeeInsetSouthbound One-Way Byway DirectionLEGEND12 0 0.05THSTASCH ?97.7 Miles(b&% ̀"!DUPONTHWYAVEHighway (U.S. and State)Source: Delaware DataMIL and MBASTCHSLA WEND DEIN AYMONTADSTFORDSTDELLAST³NBLE AVECASTTESh ?) SeeInsetSB1ANEWYORKAVEPEARLST ?0³0.5SBRAMP ?SBSB1Miles³SBSBh)Limited Access Highway ̀"!ERCMMCONB ̀"!Basemap LayersOther Scenic BywaysOther Major RoaderNBLengthivINSET 1AT LESegment 4 (14.6 Miles)RCASORh)N EWSegment 3 (29.1 Miles) NPEW7THSTSBSegment 2 (26.8 Miles)ST ?(b&%ESLNHarriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayEIKPTCorridorSNBMAR SH RD BTGSTSGARNorthbound One-Way Byway Direction7THLOBh)SROSTChristinaParkatinC STBUVANTAYLORSBNUWAL ?t Two-Way BywayDirectionTRAVELDIRECTIONSegment 1 (27.2 URB TRAVEL DIRECTIONNBASKirkwoodParkNAPE5THSTFROSTSTTIARISPI K EÊ?2NDTMARMADISON STKETSTFRENCSBHSTKINBLVD14THSTSTSBL ANC ASTERKIN6TH4TH10TH17T16THCHBrandywine ValleyScenic BywayNB7TH ̀"!ÓAWESTNBNGESSHTIPMA LE YSRKET FOLUSTTINLLSEBELLKIRK RD8THSTWESTMARPIKEPI KLL RDWASTONSERSJEFFSTSTGTONHINSTNAE TTPB ENNCAMSTULCO NCO RDKERed Clay ValleyScenic THST15THSTSTkeeCran dyw in eBr6TH13THEAVBrandywine CreekState ParkRDST23H FletcherBrown HSTBrownBrownBurtBurNB ST8THÒADRISTANINNEEWW CCAASSTT LL ark9THSTCRNNPELVANIANSYNEPA R EL A WD ENEWByway LimitSBBOSTONPL(Project Study Area (Segment 4)a&Figure 5:%

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayDelaware1.2StakeholdersThe HTURB has an extensive and diverse group of vested, interested and concernedstakeholders. These include citizens, business owners, government and other public agencies,religious entities, private entities and others. In an effort to include and coordinate with asmany entities as possible the following groups (discussed below) were coordinated withthroughout the development of the CMP.1.2.1 Steering CommitteeThe Steering Committee, which formed in the early stages of the CMP development (2010),acted as an advisory committee to assist in research, implementation, review and approval of alldocuments and deliverables. The Steering Committee was comprised of a variety of individualsincluding Underground Railroad (UR) Coalition members, concerned citizens, business owners,government agency staff, college/university professors, tourism leaders and entities,neighborhood organizations, DelDOT staff, and other vested interests.1.2.2 Focus GroupsThe Focus Groups were composed of individuals from communities along the corridor that hada vested interest in the Scenic Byway and offered insight related to the community's wishes anddirection for the development of the CMP. The purpose of the Focus Group was to providethe CMP development project team (DelDOT, Steering Committee and Consultants) withdirection and insight. The Focus Groups contained individuals that were experts about theHTURB, its communities, the corridor story and the intrinsic resources that are within thecorridor.During the development of this CMPthere were two (2) series of FocusGroup meetings held along the corridorin March 2011 and November 2011.Each series of Focus Group meetingsincluded seven (7) individual FocusGroup meetings located in the followingcommunities along the Byway corridor: Camden Dover Smyrna Delaware City Odessa New Castle WilmingtonThe Focus Group meetings allowedattendees to review the CMP andassociated sections. Maps, data, andother important sections of the CMPwere reviewed and discussed to allowfor comments and revisions. InteractiveCorridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012Page 7

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayDelawareexercises were utilized to elicit comments and discussion by the attendees, including a feedbacksession that was focused on the Action Plan and future implementation goals for the corridor.Detailed notes were taken by the consultant team to ensure efficient documentation offeedback.1.2.3 General PublicThe general public was afforded the opportunity to review all CMP related materials to ensurethat the CMP was a by-product of the communities and those with a vested interest in thecorridor. The general public was provided multiple opportunities to provide input pertaining totheir vision, goals, actions, and wishes for the future of the HTURB. Two (2) series of PublicWorkshops were held in communities along the Byway to ensure adequate public input. ThePublic Workshops were held in June 2011 and March 2012 in multiple locations along theByway.1.3The Delaware Byways Program andthe National Scenic Byways Program(NSBP)The Delaware Byways Program was developedduring the 2000 legislative session after the State ofDelaware General Assembly passed Senate Bill 320authorizing the Delaware Department ofTransportation (DelDOT) to develop and managethe program. Its purpose is to provide recognitionto Delaware roadways possessing certain intrinsicqualities that create special visual experience topeople traveling the roadways.To date (August 2012), Delaware has six (6) statedesignated Scenic Byways: Brandywine Valley (National Scenic Byway)* Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Lewes Byway Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway Route 9 Coastal Heritage Scenic Byway Western Sussex Byway*Note: The Brandywine Valley Scenic Highway is also designated as a National Scenic Byway.A Scenic Byway in the State of Delaware is a transportation route,which is adjacent to, or travels through an area that has particularintrinsic scenic, historic, natural, cultural, recreational or archeologicalqualities. It is a road corridor that offers an alternative travel route toour major highways, while telling a story about Delaware’s heritage,recreational activities or beauty. It is a route that is managed in orderto protect its special intrinsic qualities and to encourage appreciationand/or development of tourism and recreational resources.Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012Page 8

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayDelawareThe National Scenic Byways Program (NSBP) is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration. The program is a grassroots collaborative effort established tohelp recognize, preserve and enhance selected roads throughout the United States. Since 1992,the National Scenic Byways Program has funded more than 3174 projects for state andnationally designated Byway routes in 50 states, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. TheU.S. Secretary of Transportation recognizes certain roads as All-American Roads or NationalScenic Byways based on one or more archeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational andscenic qualities. (Source: http://www.Byways.org)Scenic Byways may be designated as either a National ScenicByway (those that represent one resource category significantly ata national level) or an All-American Road (those that significantlyrepresent two or more resource categories). All-American Roadsare the top tier of Scenic Byways in the United States, withNational Scenic Byways falling under them, and State ScenicByways falling next in line, in order of significance.The National Scenic Byways Program (NSBP) requires that a Corridor Management Plan (CMP)meet the following fourteen (14) criteria, plus an additional three (3) criteria for those ScenicByways that are seeking All-American Road designations, which require a total of seventeen(17) criteria.17 Criteria of the NSBP CMP Requirements for All-American Road Designation1. A map identifying the corridor boundaries, location, intrinsic qualities, and land uses inthe corridor.2. An assessment of the intrinsic qualities and their "context" (the areas surroundingthem).3. A strategy for maintaining and enhancing each of those intrinsic qualities.4. The agencies, groups, and individuals who are part of the team that will carry out theplan, including a list of their specific, individual responsibilities. Also, a schedule of whenand how you'll review the degree to which those responsibilities are being met.5. A strategy of how existing development might be enhanced and new developmentaccommodated to preserve the intrinsic qualities of your Byway.6. A plan for on-going public participation.7. A general review of the road's safety record to locate hazards and poor design, andidentify possible corrections.8. A plan to accommodate commercial traffic while ensuring the safety of sightseers insmaller vehicles, as well as bicyclists, joggers and pedestrians.9. A listing and discussion of efforts to minimize anomalous intrusions on the visitor'sexperience of the Byway.10. Documentation of compliance with all existing local, state, and federal laws about thecontrol of outdoor advertising.11. A plan to make sure that the number and placement of highway signs will not get in theway of the scenery, but still be sufficient to help tourists find their way. This includes,where appropriate, signs for international tourists who may not speak or read Englishfluently.12. Plans of how the Byway will be marketed and publicized.Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012Page 9

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayDelaware13. Any proposals for modifying the roadway, including an evaluation about design standardsand how proposed changes may affect the Byway's intrinsic qualities.14. A description of what you plan to do to explain and interpret your Byway's significantresources to visitors.All-American Road Criteria15. A narrative on how the All-American Road would bepromoted, interpreted, and marketed in order toattract travelers, especially those from other countries.The agencies responsible for these activities should beidentified.16. A plan to encourage the accommodation of increasedtourism, if this is projected. Some demonstration thatthe roadway, lodging and dining facilities, roadside restareas, and other tourist necessities will be adequate forthe number of visitors induced by the Byway'sdesignation as an All-American Road.17. A plan for addressing multi-lingual information needs.(Source: Federal Register: May 18, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 96, Pages 26759-26762)The following list provides the location within this CMP of each National Scenic Byway Programcriteria:Table 1-1: NSBP Criteria Location in the HTURB CMPNSBP Criteria #1234567891011121314151617Section of 08.37.08.9Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012Page 10

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayDelaware1.4Benefits of National Scenic Byway / All-American Road DesignationScenic Byways are roads that highlight and capture the significant cultural, historic,archeological, recreational, natural, and scenic features of an area. These significant roadwaysprovide an enjoyable experience for travelers, while providing local communities with economicdevelopment opportunities, sustainability, and tourist revenue. Designating and protecting ourcountry’s Scenic Byways is a way to preserve and enhance America’s beauty and heritage forfuture generations to experience and enjoy. Fordesignation as a National Scenic Byway (NSB) orAll-American Road (AAR) a road must possessintrinsic qualities that are nationally or regionallysignificant. Once designated the Scenic Bywaybecomes part of the collection called Americas’Byways. In addition, a Corridor ManagementPlan (CMP) must be prepared that identifiessignificant intrinsic resources, potential impactsto those resources, preservation, eting plans. Benefits of National ScenicByway designation include the following:America's Byways Locations (August 2012)National RecognitionNational Scenic Byway designation recognition carries with it not only a heightened awarenessof the corridor as one of the premier corridors in the country, but also recognition of theentities, Stakeholders, agencies, organizations, businesses, and communities that worked sohard to achieve designation. Identification of the route on local, state, and federal maps can leadto more tourism opportunities for the area. National Scenic Byway designation also providesrecognition through international and national marketing and promotional opportunities via theNational Scenic Byways Program website and marketing literature, as well as local, state andnational tourism entities and their collective marketing/promotion information. It is alsoanticipated that the HTURB corridor group will develop marketing and promotional materialsin the future to continue the recognition and promotion of the corridor.Increased PrideNational Scenic Byways are a source of local community pride and provide a chance for citizensto showcase the beauty and unique qualities of their region. This CMP provides a way forStakeholders to determine what they prefer to highlight and enhance in their communities. Italso identifies methods of preservation for intrinsic resources while encouraging thoughtful andsustainable growth and development. National Scenic Byway designation is a means to acommunal goal. It provides a network opportunity for like-minded individuals in all of thecommunities along the corridor to come together and share a voice for the good of thecorridor and its resources.Increased Funding OpportunitiesState and National Scenic Byway designation will help the Harriet Tubman UndergroundRailroad Byway become eligible for federal funds, as well as other funding sources and potentialpartnership opportunities that may not have been available otherwise.Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012Page 11

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayDelawareFor further information on funding please refer to Chapter 9.0 of this CMP.1.5Corridor StoryBefore the American Civil War,enslaved African Americans struggledto liberate themselves from bondageby fleeing their enslavers and thecommunities that denied them theirliberty. Though enslaved people hadbeen escaping from slavery for a longtime before the Civil War, thenetwork of people, places, and modesof transportation aiding in their flightbecame known as the “UndergroundRailroad” (UGRR), after the then newlybuilt railroad system of the late 1820s.As a slave state bordering the freestates of Pennsylvania and New Jersey,Delaware was a critical but dangerousgauntlet to freedom. Harriet Tubman, one of the most prolific and famous UndergroundRailroad “conductors” in American history, traversed these landscapes throughout the 1850sduring her daring rescue missions into Maryland.Slavery was the reason the Underground Railroad existed. Despite having the smallest numberof slaves of any state in the South prior to the Civil War, Delaware’s legal, social, and economicfoundations stood firmly in support of the institution of slavery and aligned it with itsneighboring slaveholding states. Its close proximity, however, to Free states also made it animportant corridor for Virginia and Maryland freedom seekers striking for liberty further north.The Underground Railroad was an evolving system and network of real people, places, andmethods – including modes of transportation, means of disguise and deception, and otherschemes of thwarting barriers to the pursuit of freedom - which facilitated and oftenencouraged attempts by enslaved people to escape bondage. The Underground Railroad wasnot a building, place or a person, although buildings, places and people were part of it. TheUnderground Railroad was also movement rooted in the evolving political, religious, moral, andpersonal ideologies of freedom and equality nourished by Enlightenment thought, the AmericanRevolution and the desire of people to be free and in control of their own lives. This movementexpanded politically and geographically over time, from isolated independent action, toorganized and well-orchestrated collective efforts across great distances throughout the UnitedStates, its territories, and beyond to the Caribbean, Mexico, Canada and the larger AtlanticWorld. The Underground Railroad was a part of a larger Anti-Slavery and Abolition movementthat had been slowly expanding throughout the late 18th century to the mid-19th century and,ultimately, it played a role in facilitating the end of American Slavery.Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012Page 12

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayDelawareThe Underground Railroad was a real set of paths to freedom. Individuals and groups of peopletended these paths from a variety of ethnic, cultural, religious, and social backgrounds, and theywere devoted to helping enslaved people find their way to freedom. They believed that slaverywas wrong and that all people deserved to be free.The name “Underground Railroad” first appeared inthe early 1820s during the development of therailroad industry and the invention of rail cars.These secret routes to freedom had been workingto help slaves run away for many years before thenand arguably since the first enslaved Africans landedon the shores of America. People who participatedin this illegal and secret business called themselvesagents, conductors, engineers, and stationmasters,names of positions on actual railroads. Enslavedpeople who were fleeing slavery are sometimesreferred to as runaway slaves, freedom seekers andself-liberators. During the height of UndergroundRailroad operations in the mid 1800’s, runawayslaves were sometimes referred to as passengers,cargo, goods, and freight.Its operations were illegal so secrecy andconfidentiality were critical. The risks were enormous, particularly for self-liberators andAfrican American Underground Railroad supporters in the slave states. Some enslaved peoplealso acted as agents, conductors, engineers, and stationmasters, too, often at remarkable risk tothemselves. Total trust and secrecy was necessary for smooth operations of the network. Thethreat of arrest, physical punishment, sale into slavery, or death was ever present.North American slavery expanded slowly at first during the early years of the colonialdevelopment, but as tobacco, then rice, production exploded and demands for more laborsources increased, slave labor expanded dramatically in the Mid-Atlantic, Chesapeake Bay, andDeep South regions. By the mid-18th century, regular shipments of captured Africans andcreoles from the West Indies were brought to markets along the Chesapeake, in Philadelphia,New York, and New England. Delawareans could purchase enslaved Africans from variousports along the Chesapeake, in New Castle, or in Philadelphia.By the middle of the 1700s, many Americans relied on slave labor, particularly in the southwhere large farms and longer growing seasons required many workers to plant, tend, andharvest crops. After the American Revolution, however, some Americans were deeply andprofoundly influenced by the ideology that, “all men are created equal.” In the decades thatimmediately followed the Revolution, all the northern states abolished slavery. However, insouthern states, the system of slavery thrived and expanded.Since it was illegal for slaves to flee their masters, those who did were called fugitives from thelaw, or fugitives from labor. Slave owners complained loudly to the government about the helpthat their runaway slaves were receiving from anti-slavery sympathizers. In 1793, the federalgovernment passed the first Fugitive Slave Act to help enslavers in the south legally retrieveCorridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012Page 13

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad BywayDelawaretheir enslaved “property,” though it did little to stop people from fleeing. In 1850, as part of acongressional compromise to bring California into the union as a free state, the Fugitive SlaveAct of 1850 was passed. This law was far more punitive than the Act of 1793, forcing northernauthorities and ordinary citizens to assist in the capture and return of runaway slaves tosouthern masters or face steep fines and jail time if they refused. Nevertheless, these laws didnot stem the tide of enslaved people running away, nor did it discourage their supporters. Itjust made it more dangerous.Source: Harper’s Weekly, June 2, 1860Professional slave catchers and bounty hunters traveled the countryside, cities, and towns,chasing self-liberators for cash rewards. The payments offered by slave owners weresometimes very high, making it even more difficult for freedom seekers to escape successfully,and making it risky to trust anyone, black or white. Newspaper advertisements and wantedposters featuring information describing runaways helped identify them and enabled slavecatchers to capture them.By the 1820s, the Underground Railroad system, or network of people and places, becamelarger and more organized. More people began protesting the existence of slavery in the south.Though some people held strong religious beliefs that slavery was wrong, like the Quakers,people of many ideological backgrounds began working together to end slavery, and some ofthem participated in the Underground Railroad, too. Early

The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway (HTURB) Corridor Management Plan (CMP) is intended to provide a collection of information that will assist in the preservation, promotion, interpretation, enhancement, and management of the intrinsic resources found

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Harriet Tubman was born into slavery but escaped to freedom. She became one of the leading forces behind the Underground Railroad, a network of people who helped African American slaves escape from the South in the mid-1800s. Tubman made nineteen trips on this "railroad," bringing 300 people north to freedom. fanlike It to the Net

her life to return to guide others to freedom through a secret network called the Underground Railroad. The best way to experience Tubman's story is to take . the self-guided driving tour along the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway. A mobile-friendly audio guide brings the stories to life as you explore.

Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman escaped slavery to become a leading abolitionist. She led hundreds of enslaved people to freedom along the route of the underground railroad. After the civil war ended, Tubman dedicated her life to helping impoverished former slaves and the elderly. In

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