The Buildings Of Canada - HistoricPlaces.ca
environmentcanadaEnvironnementCanadaPerks ServIceServIce des paresThe Buildingsof CanadaA guide to pre-20th-century styles in houses,churches and other structures
ForewordThere is a very strong concern in this country for thepreservation of our heritage, and this concern is be coming more articulate.For more than fifty years the federal government andParks Canada have played a major role in the conser vation of our Canadian heritage. Parks Canada's mis sion has always been not only to restore the riches ofyesteryear for all Canadians, but also to ensure that thislegacy is preserved for generations to come.It was for this reason that Parks Canada, in 1970,began the identification of buildings of great historicaland architectural significance.The Canadian Inventory of Historic Building is anongoing computer-based survey to locate a valid sam ple of surviving historic buildings throughout Canada.It was primarily designed to provide data to enable theHistoric Sites and Monuments Board of Canada to judgethe significance of a building or group of buildings, andto compare it with others of similar style and value inCanada.The Inventory also serves as a source of current basicdata for architectural and social historians as well as aninformation bank for urban planners, preservationistsand other groups or individuals interested in our archi tectural heritage.The Buildings of Canada, originally published byReader's Digest in the book Explore Canada, will serveas a valuable reference for all who share a concern forour Canadian heritage.
The Buildings ofCanadaA guide to pre-20th-century styles in houses,churches and other structuresBy Barbara A. Humphreysand Meredith SykesIllustrator: Michael MiddletonReprinted fromEXPLORE CANADACopyright 1980, 1974 The Readers Digest Association (Canada) Ltd. All rightsreserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work inany form by any electronic. mechanical or other means now known or hereafter in vented, including xerography, photocopying and recording, or in any informationstorage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the pub lisher, The Readers Digest Association (Canada) Ltd., 215 Redfern Ave., Montreal,P.O. H3Z 2V9.Ce livret est aussi publie en fran ;:ais sous Ie titre" L'architecture du Canada n.
The architecture of Canadian buildings up to roughly thestart of the 20th century followed styles developed largelyin France, Britain and the United States. Local adapta tions resulted in what can be termed a Canadian architec ture. Variations were due in part to restrictions posed bythe availability of building skills, materials and techno logy; they were due also to attempts to relate buildings totheir surroundings and to the occupants' functional needs.Stone cottages in rural Ontario and Quebec, prairie grainelevators, small railway stations . all reflect indigenousarchitectural styles. Buildings in which foreign styles anddetails have been more faithfully copied have a Canadianoriginali ty of scale and proportion.The earliest buildings are of French design, character ized by steeply pitched roofs, broad chimneys and un adorned exterior walls of stone. British and Loyalistsettlers introduced the solid Georgian style: simple, rectan gular shapes, with symmetrical facades and rectangularwindow openings. A softening influence appeared about1810-30: the Neo-classic, developed in Britain under theleadership of the Adam brothers, architects who favoredthe use of the delicately curved line.Neo-classic gave way in the early 1830s to Classic Reviv al-another influence from Britain, where it had devel oped from a growing interest in the arts ofearly Greece andRome. Classic Revival, unlike N eo-classic, emphasized thestraight line. The British Regency style, distinguished bytall first-floor windows, wide chimneys and verandas, alsoappeared in the early 1830s. In the mid-1800s the formal ity of Classic Revival was gradually replaced by a succes sion of styles, with much overlapping and borrowing of de tail. Gothic Revival, the style in which Britain's Houses ofParliament were designed in 1836, became popular. In the1860s came Italianate, a style based on the villas ofItaly.Second Empire, which followed about 1870, originated inFrance.The technological developments of the late 19th centu ry led to varied architectural styles and to a period of eclec ticism rather than adaptation. Designs of the late 1880sand 1890s often grafted architectural details of variousperiods onto buildings of irregular outline. This QueenAnne style persisted, with variations such as the Stick andChateau styles, until well into the 20th century.THE EDITORSOF READER'S DIGEST2(See glossary, back cover)
ChurchesMost early Canadian churcheswere constructed in Gothic Reviv al style. Its features, particularlypointed-arch windows, are evi dent in churches of many denomi nations and all sizes, from simplelog buildings to elaborate stonecathedrals. Exceptions to GothicRevival include the early Quebecchurches with their semicircular headed windows, and Georgianstyle churches with similar detail ing. A few large churches were de signed in Romanesque Revivalstyle. While basic church style isgenerally derivative, there aresmall, charming interpretationsof Gothic Revival (in woodenchurches in the Maritimes) andthe "turnip-domed" churches onthe prairies. The design of someearly churches is severely plainbut sometimes an ornately de tailed interior contrasts with asimple exterior. Wood carving andplasterwork are often impressive.Georgian TraditionFrench RegimeSteeply pitched roof. flaredeaves, rubble masonry.statuary niches in facade.Symmetrical design. classicproportions. central Palladianwindow.Nee-classicGenerally attenuatedproportions. pilasters,graceful areading.Gothic RevivalTrefoil lancet window,molded label sur Classic Revivalround terminatingin rosettes.Temple front, monu mental portico.PicturesqueSlender sham buttressesand delicate spire for asmall chapel.Italianate·TuscanA symmetrical main elevation is detailed with flat arcadesand coupled with a square bell tower at the side. The styleis defined also by semicircular-headed openings.Ethnic Tradition"Onion" or "turnip" domes indicatestrong ethnic tradition originatingin Central and Eastern Europe.3
DwellingsCanadian houses have varied insize from the one-room cabins ofthe settlerS to large, complicatedstructures almost like castles. Ca nadians have dwelt in buildingsof sod, of round or squared logs,some willow lathed and plastered.They have built timbered houses,houses of solid brick and of brickveneer, and swne houses of rub ble, fieldstone and ashlar. Stonehouses predominated in earlyQuebec; brick became popular inthe second half of the 19th centu ry, chiefly in Ontario. But due tothe geography and the economyof the country, most dwellingshave been of wood.Canadian houses reflect styleinfluences primarily from France,Britain and the United States.Pure examples of any style, how ever, are comparatively rare. Mosthouses are highly vernacular, dis playing interpretations that werelimited (and sometimes inspired)by local resources. Strong regionalinfluence can be seen in the pre dominance of certain designs and/or construction techniques invarious parts of the country.Of all the styles that influencedCanadian architecture, ClassicRevival (opposite page) had thegreatest impact. To that stylisticpattern we owe medium-pitchedgable roofs, front gable plans,doors with rectangular transomsand sidelights, and all manner ofdetailed ornamentation such asmoldings, columns and pedi mented trim. Classic RevivalFrench RegimeGeorgian Tradition(pre-1759)(pre-1820)(c 1810-30)Houses are 1 or 1 Y2 stories. gener ally of stone. Steeply pitched ga ble or hip roofs are finished witheither straight or flared eave lines.Chimneys may be centered. or in set from the ends of the roof, or ex tensions of end walls, Early win dows are multi paned casement. Aprofusion of dormers may be partof the original design but onsmaller buildings one or two dor mers may be additions.Sturdy and secure, usually 2Y2stories, these well-proportionedhouses follow a tradition startedunder the Georges who were Brit ain's kings in the 18th century.Most have medium-pitched gableor hip roofs, with end chimneysusually inset, Balanced facadeshave 3-5- 7 bays and center doors.Openings are rectangular, win dows small-paned. The Palladianwindow is a decorative motif.This gracefully proportioned stylewith its delicate detailing isderived from the work of the Adambrothers in mid-18th-century En gland. Buildings are rectangularwith low-pitched gable roofs orsquare with hip roofs. There are of ten four end chimneys. Houses areusually 2-2 Y2 stories, with bal anced facades. Semiellipticaltran soms and sidelights often empha size center doors.A steep hip roof. broad chimneys. and abalanced facade of five bays place thishouse in the Georgian tradition.The low gable, paired chimneys and dec orative gable window are characteristic.Triple chimneys,steep gable and bell cast curve at theeaves (top) and mul tipaned casementNeo-classicwindows are typical.Center chimneys (be low) also are com mon.Solid Georgian proportions are combinedwith a typical hip roof.An early French type has a steep gableroof with no eaves trim. Hip-roof house(below) has slightly flared eaves.The center door has a fan transom andsidelights with a classically detailedpediment andcolumns.The decorative Palladian window over themain door (closeup below)is a dominant featureof many Georgianhouses.Small windows of geometric shapes oftendecorate the ends of Neo-classic houses.4
houses are found in greatest pro fusion in the Maritimes and On tario and date from the 1830s.Traces of this style are seen in thewest but the older, large houses ofwestern Canada tend to follow thedictates of the Queen Anne Re vival style.OESCHAMBAULT. QUEMOUNT UNIACKE. N.S.Ree:encyClassic Revival(c1810-40)(c.1830·60)This style originated during theperiod 1811-20 when George,Prince of Wales (later George IV),was the British regent. Most Re gency-style houses are 1 or 1 Y,stories with low hip roofs and a vil la or cottage appearance. Centerdoor and large first-floor windowswith small panes are typical. A Re gency house may have a centralbelvedere: a one-story front gal lery is often seen.The medium-pitched gable roof iscommon, often with a roof pedi.ment or large center gable. Tem ple effect is obtained by an openportico across the facade, support·ed on columns with a heavy en tablature, or by flat attached pi lasters. Elegant, urbane masonrystructures have flat or pedimentalhoods over the windows: openporches are supported on flutedcolumns.The front gable plan was a ClassicRevival design inNorth America.Windows, gallery, bell-cast roof of thisOuebec vernacular show Regencyinfluence.A temple-like facade issuggested in the pediment(abeve) and paneledpilasters of this house.A bold door surround withheavy entablature is coupledwith a front gable plan in thishouse.Tapered or batteredtrim with earedmoldings.Gallery. large windows appear also in thislow, hip-roof cottage.A classic open porch. parapetVeranda treillage. geometricand finely scaled, belongs to theRegency period.gables and contrasting windowheads enliven an example ofQuebec Classic Revival.Eared door trim. tall pilasters and stylized en tablature decorate this Classic Revival row.5
DwellingsFrom Gothic Revival to BeauxArts and Chateau, the styles of thesecond half of the 19th centuryfollowed the sequence found inthe influencing countries. Goth ic Revival left its mark largelyin decorative details, irregularshapes, exaggerated roof pitchesand a generally fancy look. Latercame the Italianate town houses,solid and square, seeming to em phasize their owners' wealth andimportance. (A somewhat re strained Italianate is often seen inGothic Revival(c 1850-70)These decorative buildings arecustomarily distinguished by fine ly scaled gingerbread trim, point ed-arch openings and sharplypitched gables. The decorative de tail includes intricate bargeboardsand/or veranda treillage and win dow tracery with the pointed-archmotif. Chimneys are paired. pan eled or diagonal and there are fini als or drops at the gable peaks andlabels over the openings.the brick farmhouses of Ontarioand occasionally in stone in thesouthern parts of Manitoba andSaskatchewan.)The Second Empire mansardroof was a practical way to utilizethird-floor attic space and was of ten used to convert a 21/2-stOry ga ble-roof building to a three-storyedifice. The Queen Anne stylemanifested itself in many forms,most often in Ontario and thewest. Characterized by irregularoutlines, one- and two-story bayPicturesque andRenaissance Revival(c.1850-70. c.1860-75)Picturesque houses. often relative ly small and reflecting the individ ual tastes of builders or owners,have decorative elements of Goth ic Revival origin: bargeboards,pointed-arch windows, lacy trimon eaves and verandas. Renais sance Revival houses are blocky inmass, with flat, low hip or truncat ed gable roofs, shaped gables andstrong eave lines.Picturesque. an interpretation of GothicRevival, utilizes its decorative trim, steep ly pitched gablesand board andwindows and winged brackets, itwas used in thousands of brickhouses in Ontario cities. Modifiedversions are seen in frame on thewest coast.Italianate(c.1850-70)This strong style was in popularuse for town houses about the timeof Confederation. Buildings wereoften square, many with squaretowers or projecting frontispieces.The towers and main blocks ofthese houses have low-pitched hiproofs. Under wide eaves areprominent decorative brackets.Other Italianate characteristics areverandas, round-headed windowsand belvederes.Wide, bracketed eaves, round-headedwindows and a belvedere are Italianate instyle.batten siding.Round-headed windows and a projectingfrontispiece identify this Italianate.Elizabethan-Gothic Revival has angular,shaped gables, label window surrounds.Tudor arches on veranda.Two elements of Renaissance Revivalstyle are curved Dutch gablesand applied pedi mental windowor door trim.Baronial-Gothic Revival is typified by thiscrenellated tower.6The style often incorporates a squaretower, either cen tral (as here) orasymmetricallylocated.This Italianateporch hasround-headedopenings andstrongly model ed detailing.
Second EmpireQueen Anne Revival(c. 1860-80)(c 1885-1 gOO)The style is distinguished by themansard roof. Individual housestend to be square, sometimes with.projecting center towers or end pa vilions. The upper roof level issometimes visible but usually verylow-pitched. The top of the lowerroof slope may be marked by deco rative cresting. The frequent useof one- and two-story bay wi ndowstends to make building outlines ir regular.Large, commodious houses of twoor more stories, Queen Anne Re vivals have steep hip roofs and tallchimneys. There is often a tower(generally offset) and a broad ve randa. The facade may have morethan one sheathing or several pat terns. Double-hung windows ofeten have one large bottom sash,small panes in the upper sash. TheQueen Anne in western Canada ismore angular, less voluptuous.The mansard roof. the distinguishing fea ture of Second Empire style,here has a concaveslope.Tower, shaped veranda and irregularmassing typify the Queen Anne in easternRomanesque Revival,Beaux Arts, Chateau(c.t880-1 g 10)Romanesque Revival style in cludes round towers, tall chim neys, steeply pitched roofs, andwide, arched windows and dooropenings. Undercut decorativestone or terra-cotta trim uses medi eval foliate patterns. Beaux Artsuses cold, classic decorative trim(columns, pilasters and capitals).Chateau has steeply pitched hiproofs and multiple tall chimneys.Undercut trim (stone or terra-cana) in Ro manesque Revival uses medieval foliatepatterns for decorative eHecl.Canada.In western Canada the Queen Anne styleis apt to be more contained in plan.Bay windows and twin dormers (above)and ornately bracketedWide round·arch openings, circular towerand heavy masonry mark a notable exam ple of Romanesque Revival.Irregularity of the roof line, steeplyeaves (right)pitched gables andmultiple lallmake this anchimneys denoteeclectic Sec Chateau style.ond Empirehouse.Imitation halt timbering is adistinguishingfeature of TudorRevival. anothervariation ofQueen Anne.7
Commercial BuildingsClassic Revival detailing, largelyin the form of temple fronts, isused also on commercial build ings, particularly banks. Somemajor commercial buildings dis play Renaissance Revival detail ing, recalling the style that origi nated with the great Italian pal aces. Commercial buildings of amore modest scale have the seg mentally arched windows ofpost-1870 design, surmounted bya wide and decorative cornice ofItalian influence. Most are brickand many once had livingquarters on the second and thirdfloors. Signs and advertisementshave altered the first-Aoor levelsof so many older commercialbuildings that the original finescale and rhythm of design-andconsequently the unity of thestreetscape-have been lost.Modern factories, office build ings, hotels, railway stations,shops (and shopping centers) area far cry from the examples onthese pages. Since the mid-'30s,An example of Regency areadingand restraint of detail.influenced heavily by new materi als and radically new methods ofconstruction, styles in commercialbuildings have been markedlychanged. Today's styles are gener ally plainer, seeking to meet therequirements of function, struc ture and appearance in each unit.Flat pilasters accent thedoorway of a Classic Revivalbuilding.A vernacular interpretation ofClassic Revival is seen in thissmall-town shop.An ornately decorative gable places thisbuilding in the Renaissance Revival.This ltalianate shop is enlivenedby its flat roof and dominantcornice and its tripartite round·headed windows.Arched openings, areadingand a rusticated stone base are notablefeatures of the Romanesque Revival.A Renaissance Revivalwindow with fussy, almostoverworked detailing.A heavy-bracketed flat roofand paired round-headed windows in an exampleof ltalianate style.8The label surroundof round-headed windows is repeatedto give this Italianate facadea distinctive rhythm.
Bargeboards and cemer gables decoratea Picturesque row converted to commercial use.Renaissance dormers, turrets and asharply pitched roof line distinguishthis example of the Chateau style.A roof line with a multiplicity ofgables tops this Chateau-style railway station.The boomtown fronton this storeis lypical of smallrural commercialbuildings.Miniature kegs in upper-story roundels de :oratethis 18th-century brewery.9
Administrative BuildingsAdministrative or "public" build ings in Canada almost invariablydisplay the rather formal ap proach of the Classic Revivalstyle. This approach is manifestedin the recurring use of columnsand pediment detailing-a re minder of the temples of Greeceand Rome and of the 19th-centu ry movement that dictated the useof a particular style for a particu lar type of building. A few of Can ada's legislative and governmentbuildings did, however, escapethis architectural principle. Theoutstanding example is the Par liament Buildings, which have allthe flourish and pointed detail ofthe Gothic Revival style.LETHBRIDGE. ALTA.GREAT VILLAGE, N,S.A bold dome and temple-likeportico are Classic Revivalhallmarks.Niches, pilasters. pediments and a classicalportico-all quietly subdued-identify thisbuilding in Nec-c1assic style.Pointed-arch windows, acentral10wer and decora tive bargeboard on twingables are Picturesqueelements.This Renaissance Revival post off i ce has segmental dormers, pilasters,balustrade and rusticated first story.as well as a prominent clock lower.A domed lantern on a flat roof andpaired semicircular windows distinguish anItalianate cQunhouse.Romanesque Revival fea 1Ures include bold lOW ers. rough-faced mason ry, terra-cotta panels withmedieval designs, andlarge round arches.Round arched windows with bold surroundslight an Italianate drill hall.10
BarnsThe earliest Canadian barns, rudeshelters for livestock, were built oflogs on newly cleared land. Astechniques were improved andimaginations went to work, awide range of barn designs beganto dot the land: square barns, rec tangular and polygonal barns,barns that looked like houses (be low, bottom left), barns with twinopenings, barns with decorativearcades, barns with heavy second story overhang, massive fortress like stone barns.ASHCROfT, B C.Concern for shapes and patterns is seen in the handsomecurved doors and windows of a Quebec barn.A hipped gable roof. sidewindows. dormers and cupolaare features of this barn.Cupolas on barns, some round,some square, others polygonal,provide light and ventilation.A basically circular plan and aseries of angular gables: a barn thatresembles the Festival Theaterin Stratford, OntoSecond-story overhang continues a traditioncommon in Europe.A squared-log storage shedis roofed with thatch.A parade of arches forms a shaded arcadealong one side of a big frame barn.The double pitch of theThis slatted woodenbarn door resemblesmedieval prototypes.Vertical siding, a hipped gableroof and round-headed windows areall part of this busy facade.traditional gambrel roof is seenin this prairie barn.A central cupola tops apolygonal frame barn seton a stone foundation.Another prairie barn: long and low, built of stonewith brick arches over doors and windows.11
VernacularThe vernacular in architecturalexpression makes use of localforms and materials, clings to fa miliar forms from old lands andresponds to climatic conditions inthe new. Canadian vernacularranges from west coast pagodaroofs to the steep roofs of old Que bec, from mud-walled prairie cot tages of relatively recent date togreat stone houses built in thedays of New France, from prairiegrain elevators to Montreal's dis tinctive outside stairways.CALIENTO, MAN.Prairie VernacularA grain elevator and adjoining buildings cluster inapparent disorder. A domed wooden church anda thatchect·roof, mud-surfaced house continuecentral European traditions.West Coast VernacularPagoda-like roof detailing reflects an Oriental flair.The small frame bungalow is typical of British Columbia.,.Ontario VernacularThe beaver in a gablea brickfarmhouse with gables and a commodious porchthree--bay cottage with hip roof and center gable.a small,11111111111111111IIII11111IIIIQuebec VernacularStone with two large parapeted gable chimneys:the urbane Quebec tOWfl house. Exterior metal stairs.ohen curved: a Montreal trademark. A steeply pitchedhip roof and casement windows: French traditioncharacteristics.12Maritime VernacularThistles carved in wood asbalustrade decoration speakof Scottish heritage. Centralupper-story windows thatbreak the eaves line and simple gable Toofs with windowstight to the eaves are Maritime types.
Miscellaneous Building TypesDesigns of miscellaneous buildingtypes often reflect sensitivity thatmay seem surprising in utilitarianstructures. Canadians have builtflour mills whose windows wouldlook well in fine town houses, reg istry offices with attractive ar cades, armories like castles. Light houses and firehall and watertowers have been designed withflair and imagination. The majorearly styles found in dwellingsand churches are seen also in thesemiscellaneous building types.ELORA,ONTArcade-like openings for windows anda center door were frequently used insmall registry officesin the 19th century.Sawmills such as this.with wooden waterwheels. wereonce common in many parts of Canada.An unusually elaboratemunicipal water tower hasround-arched Italianatedecoration.A frame tower for drying hose topsa small town firehall.Stylized Saronial Gothicdetailing is seen onthis turn-of-the-centuryIlilliil IIII M a:rt;e 1I0building.ish copies of a round fort atCape Martella in Corsica.The thicktowerswalls aretaperedwereBrit-slightly.Crenellated towers in Baronial Gothicstyle are typical ofarmories in many cities.An interesting carpentrypattern embellishesa fish warehouse.13
GlossaryArcade series of archesAshlar squared, hewn stoneBalustrade low parapetBargeboard decorated boardon a gable edge or eaves lineBatten strip covering a jointbetween vertical boardsBatter receding upward slopeBay structural opening for a dooror windowBell-cast with flared, overhangingeavesBelvedere raised turret or lanternBoomtown false front masking aroof lineBrackets angular supports ateaves, doorways, sillsButtress mass of masonry orbrickwork adding stability to astructureCapital crowning feature of acolumn or pilasterCasement with side-hinged sashesCornice projection crowning abuildingCrenellated (wall) with indentedor notched breaks in the topCresting ornamental finish on theridge of a building or edge of abalconyCupola small circular Or polygonaldome on a roofDiagonal (chimney) diagonalvis-a-vis roof ridge or eavesDormer window projecting fromthe slope of a roofDouble hung (window) withvertically sliding double sectionsDrop decoration hanging from aroof edge or gable endEaves horizontal edges of a roofEntablature wide, horizontal bandon a buildingFacade face of a buildingFinial pointed ornament at theapex of a gable or pediment orroof edgeFrontispiece projecting section(more than one story) of aprincipa I facadeGable triangular upper part of awall at the end of a ridged roof;triangular hood over a window ordoor; triangular break in aneaves linesGallery long porch across a facadeGambrel roof gable roof withdouble pitch or two slopes oneach of two sidesGingerbread decorative woodentrimHalf-timbering surface treatment:wooden members wilh plaster orstucco infillHead uppermost part of a slructuralopeningHip roof roof sloped on all foursidesInset (chimney) parallel to butset in from the side wallsLabel door or window moldingextending part way down thesidesLancet (window) narrow, pointedLantern small glazed structuresimilar to a cupolaMansard roof variation of hiproof, with a steep lower slope(which may be curved) and aflatter upper sectionCover photo: Woodside Nstlonal Historic Park,Kltchener, Onterlo, boyhood home of Prime MinisterMackenzie King.Photographs from Canedlan Inventory of Hi810rlc Building,excePt cover (Gibbons, Parke Caneda). pege 5 (PierreGeud8rd and Freemen Petterson), pege 7 center and page 10right (Freemen Petterson).Catelog No. RR 0162·llOO-EE·A2Palladian arch-headed windowflanked by narrower, Shorter,square-headed windowsPaneled (chimney) with a type ofdecorative trim providing a raisedor inset surfaceParapet low wall along the edgeof a roofPavilion plan with slightly pro jecting wingsPediment triangular shape orna menting a door or window or thefront or the gable end of abuildingPilaster vertical, rectangularmember projecting slightlyfrom a wallPortico porch with pillars orcolumnsReturn continuation of a moldingat a right angle on an adjacentsurfaceRose window round windowRusticated tooled (as the surfaceof stone)Sheathing exlerior cladding of a!;IuildingSidelight glazed panels adjacentto a doorSurround trim outside a door orwindow structural openingTerra-cotta fired clayTransom horizontal bar betweenthe top of a window or door andtile structural opening; the sectionabove is a transom light or panelTrefoil (arch or window) havinga three-lobed openingTreillage decorative trim, primarilyof woodTruncated abrupt; having the topor end cut all'
Canadian houses have varied in size from the one-room cabins of the settlerS to large, complicated structures almost like castles. Ca nadians have dwelt in buildings of sod, of round or squared logs, some willow lathed and plastered. They have built timbered houses, houses of solid brick and of brick veneer, and swne houses of rub
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