Research Article Infrared And Raman Spectra Of C 4 H 4 Se And C 4 D 4 .

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Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2013, Article ID 741472, 8 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/741472Research ArticleInfrared and Raman Spectra of C4H4Se and C4D4SeIsotopomers: A DFT-PT2 Anharmonic StudyAndrea AlparoneDepartment of Chemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, ItalyCorrespondence should be addressed to Andrea Alparone; agalparone@gmail.comReceived 7 May 2013; Accepted 1 July 2013Academic Editor: James W. GauldCopyright 2013 Andrea Alparone. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.IR and Raman spectra of selenophene and of its perdeuterated isotopomer have been obtained in gas phase through densityfunctional theory (DFT) computations. Vibrational wavenumbers have been calculated using harmonic and anharmonic secondorder perturbation theory (PT2) procedures with the B3LYP method and the 6-311G basis set. Anharmonic overtones have beendetermined by means of the PT2 method. The introduction of anharmonic terms decreases the harmonic wavenumbers, givinga significantly better agreement with the experimental data. The most significant anharmonic effects occur for the C–H and C–D stretching modes, the observed H/D isotopic wavenumber redshifts being satisfactorily reproduced by the PT2 computationswithin 6–20 cm 1 (1–3%). In the spectral region between 500 cm 1 and 1500 cm 1 , the IR spectra are dominated by the out-ofplane C–H (C–D) bending transition, whereas the Raman spectra are mainly characterized by a strong peak mainly attributed tothe C C C–C bonds stretching vibration with the contribution of the in-plane C–H (C–D) bending deformation. The currentresults confirm that the PT2 approach combined with the B3LYP/6-311G level of calculation is a satisfactory choice for predictingvibrational spectra of cyclic molecules.1. IntroductionCalculated harmonic vibrational wavenumbers of organiccompounds typically deviate from experimental fundamentaldata, especially overestimating observed wavenumbers ofhigh-energy X–H (X C, O, N) stretches [1]. Two principalprocedures can be employed in practice to correct theshortcomings of the harmonic approximation: (1) scalingmethods [2, 3] and (2) anharmonic computations [4–7].Scaling factors are usually derived for a certain level of theoryand basis set by fitting computed harmonic frequencies toexperimental data for restricted subsets of molecules. Scalingcorrections often work adequately, even if there are specificcases for which scaling factor transferability could originatequestionable results [8, 9]. A much more rigorous treatmentis furnished by anharmonic computations that are commonlyperformed through perturbative [4–6] or variational [7]methods. Anharmonic perturbative approaches are generallyproven to be less accurate than variational schemes [10],although they are particularly reliable for predicting fundamental wavenumbers of semirigid cyclic compounds [10–17].In this contribution we report some interesting results onthe performances of the anharmonic second-order perturbation theory (PT2) [6] as implemented in the GAUSSIAN 09program [18] to predict vibrational wavenumbers. We havechosen to study selenophene (C4 H4 Se) and its perdeuteratedisotopomer (C4 D4 Se), for which experimental vibrationalspectra with complete assignments of all the transitionsare available from the literature [19–23]. Theoretically, thevibrational spectra of selenophene were previously computedat ab initio and density-functional theory (DFT) methodsunder the harmonic approximation [24–27]. In the presentstudy we have used the hybrid functional B3LYP [28, 29]with the fairly flexible 6-311G basis set [1]. Anharmonic PT2B3LYP/6-311G calculations have been recently performedwith success on naphthalene, reproducing accurately theexperimental wavenumbers [16]. Overtone wavenumbers ofC4 H4 Se and C4 D4 Se have been here predicted for the firsttime. We also will discuss briefly the most intense vibrationaltransitions of the IR and Raman spectra. Selenophene whichis homologue of the furan molecule has long been the subjectof many experimental and theoretical studies as promising

2Journal of ChemistryTable 1: Structural parameters of C4 H4 Se and C4 D4 Sea .ParameterbSe–C1C1 C2C2 –C3C1 –HC2 –HC1 –Se–C4Se–C1 C2C1 C2 –C3Se–C1 –HC1 –C2 –HABC𝜇B3LYP/6-311G .6122.30.25234 (0.20745)0.11171 (0.10174)0.07743 1111.4115.1120.6122.30.25044 (0.20609)0.11113 (0.10123)0.07694 4.9124.4122.50.41432Figure 1: Atom numbering for selenophene.the scaling factor is 0.9669. The assignments of the vibrationaltransitions were obtained on the basis of normal modes, asdisplacements in redundant internal coordinates (in GAUSSIAN 09, option Freq IntModes) and also through thevisualization software Chemcraft [37].aAll values refer to C4 H4 Se except for the perdeuterated isotopomer (valuesin parentheses).bBond lengths in Å, bond angles in degrees, rotational constants in cm 1 , anddipole moments in D.cMicrowave measurements [35].building block of 𝜋-conjugated polymers for nonlinear optical applications [27, 30–34].3.1. Geometry, Rotational Constants, and Dipole Moment.The computed bond lengths, angles, and dipole moment(𝜇) of selenophene (Figure 1) are listed in Table 1, togetherwith the gas phase experimental data for comparison [35].The B3LYP/6-311G geometry agree reasonably well withexperiment, with a root mean square (rms) deviationexp .2. Computational DetailsAll calculations were carried out with the GAUSSIAN 09package. Geometry of selenophene was fully optimized underthe C2𝑣 point group symmetry using the B3LYP functionalwith the 6-311G basis set. The harmonic frequencies ofselenophene and its perdeuterated isotopomer were obtainedusing an analytical procedure. The anharmonic correctionsto wavenumbers were computed through the PT2 treatment.The PT2 procedure in combination with DFT methods isproven to be adequate to predict anharmonic vibrationalwavenumbers of cyclic compounds [10–17], including thehomologues furan [10, 13] and thiophene [10]. Under the PT2approximation, third and semidiagonal fourth energy derivatives with respect to normal coordinates were determinedusing a numerical differentiation scheme implemented inGAUSSIAN 09. Specifically, we used a step-size displacementof 0.025 Å along the normal coordinate as usually adoptedin the literature [12–14]. Fundamental frequencies (]𝑖 ) wereobtained from harmonic (𝜔𝑖 ), diagonal (𝜒𝑖𝑖 ), and off-diagonal(𝜒𝑖𝑗 ) anharmonic constant values as [6]:]𝑖 𝜔𝑖 2𝜒𝑖𝑖 3. Result and Discussion1 𝜒 .2 𝑗 ̸ 𝑖 𝑖𝑗(1)Besides the PT2 approach, as commonly adopted in theliterature, we corrected the computed harmonic wavenumbers by using a scaling factor previously determined byIrikura et al. [36] through a least-mean-squared fitting procedure between 3310 experimental and calculated wavenumbers. In the specific case of the B3LYP/6-311G level,1/2{rms [(1/𝑛) 𝑛𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖calc. )2 ] } where 𝑥𝑖 is a geometrical parameter value for the bond lengths of 0.008 Å andfor bond angles of 1.7 . In Table 1 the vibrationally averaged geometries (𝑟𝑧 structure) determined using vibrationrotation interaction constant computations [6] are alsoreported. As can be appreciated from the data in the table,the inclusion of vibrational averaging corrections increasesthe bond lengths by 0.001–0.007 Å, whereas the bond anglesdeviate within 0.1 . Table 1 also includes rotational constants(A, B, and C) for C4 H4 Se and C4 D4 Se. The results showthat the vibrational averaging corrections little affect therotational constants which are much more dependent onthe H/D isotopic effects, with the values of C4 D4 Se beingdecreased by ca. 20% with respect to those of C4 H4 Se.The dipole moment is directed along the C2 symmetryaxis and is here calculated at 0.378 D, in good agreement withthe experimental datum of 0.4 D [35] and previous theoreticalestimates [25, 30].3.2. Vibrational Spectra of C4 H4 Se and C4 D4 Se. Experimentally IR and Raman spectra of selenophene were previouslyinvestigated by Cataliotti and coworkers [19–23]. Some oftheoretical studies restricted to C4 H4 Se were previously carried out under the harmonic approximation [24–27]. To thebest of our knowledge anharmonic vibrational wavenumbersof fundamentals and overtones of selenophene and of itsperdeuterated isotopomer are lacking to date. Tables 2 and3 collect the B3LYP/6-311G harmonic and anharmonicwavenumbers (𝜔 and ]), IR intensities (𝐼IR ), and Ramanactivities (𝐴 Raman ) of C4 H4 Se and C4 D4 Se. These tables

Journal of Chemistry3Table 2: Vibrational harmonic, 𝜔, and anharmonic, ], wavenumbers (cm 1 ), infrared intensities, 𝐼IR (km/mol), and Raman activities 𝐴 Raman(Å4 /amu) of C4 H4 192021]C–H]C–H]C C ]C–C 𝛿C–H]ring 𝛿C–H𝛿C–HRing breathing ���ring]C–H]C–H]C C H𝛾C–H𝜏ringrms deviationdrms deviationerms 01.14.60.222.11.21.20.80.0131.52.4𝐴 6.90.00.85.70.25.30.10.51.8B3LYP6-311G 4151512431080820623870700394a]: stretching; 𝛿: in-plane bending, 𝛾: out-of-plane bending, 𝜏: torsion.Reference [21].cScaled harmonic wavenumbers. The scaling factor of 0.9669 was taken from Irikura et al. [36].dAll the vibrational modes.eAll the vibrational modes excluding the ]C–H modes.f]C–H modes.balso include the available experimental data [21–23] forcomparison. Selenophene belongs to the C2V symmetry pointgroup with 21 normal modes classified as 8A1 3A2 7B1 3B2 ,with all except for the A2 modes being IR active. The presentassignments of the vibrational modes are in good agreementwith both experimental [21–23] and previous theoreticalinvestigations [24–27].In Figures 2 and 3 we plot the percentage deviationsexp .exp .)) 100) of the B3LYP/6-311G har(((𝜔𝑖calc. 𝜔𝑖 )/(𝜔𝑖monic and anharmonic vibrational wavenumber values fromthe experimental data of C4 H4 Se and C4 D4 Se, respectively.Not surprisingly, the harmonic wavenumbers of C4 H4 Se andC4 D4 Se systematically overestimate the experimental values:in fact the percentage deviations from the observed data arewithin 4.6% and 6.5%, respectively, whereas the rms deviations for all the modes are calculated to be 63 and 38 cm 1 ,respectively. When excluding the C–H stretches (]C–H),these rms deviations are reduced to 23 cm 1 and 22 cm 1 ,respectively. For C4 H4 Se, when the harmonic wavenumbersare corrected by the scaling factor of 0.9669, the rms deviationfor all the modes decreases to 18 cm 1 , whereas the percentagedeviations from the experimental data are within 3.7%. As canbe appreciated from Figures 2 and 3, in comparison to boththe harmonic and scaled harmonic values, the anharmonicwavenumbers are in better agreement with experiment (withthe exceptions of mode no. 10 for C4 H4 Se and modes no.is 11 and 18 for C4 D4 Se, which are better reproduced bythe harmonic computations), with a percentage error within2.2% for C4 H4 Se and 5.3% for C4 D4 Se. In line with previousresults found for other cyclic compounds [10–17], the mostsignificant anharmonic corrections occur for the ]C–H vibrations, which reduce the harmonic wavenumber values by122–126 cm 1 (ca. 4%), improving noticeably the agreementwith the experimental data (within 4–19 cm 1 , 0.1–0.6%). It isworth noting that, for a certain 𝑖th C–H (or C–D) stretchingmode, the largest vibrational anharmonic constants (𝜒𝑖,𝑗 )involve the remaining C–H (or C–D) stretches as well as thediagonal term. In Figure 4 we report the calculated 𝜒𝑖,𝑗 (𝑖 1,𝑗 1–21) values for mode no. 1, taken as an example. Theresults show that the most significant contribution originates

4Journal of ChemistryTable 3: Vibrational harmonic, 𝜔, and anharmonic, ], wavenumbers (cm 1 ), infrared intensities, 𝐼IR (km/mol), and Raman activities 𝐴 Raman(Å4 /amu) of C4 D4 192021]C–D]C–D]C C ]C–C 𝛿C–D]ring 𝛿C–DRing breathing ���C–D𝜏ring]C–D]C–D]C C 𝛿C–D𝛿C–D ]C–Se𝛿ring grms deviationcrms deviationdrms deviationeB3LYP6-311G 8.93.30.11.40.274.90.5𝐴 90520362a]: stretching; 𝛿: in-plane bending, 𝛾: out-of-plane bending, 𝜏: torsion.References [22, 23].cAll the vibrational modes.dAll the vibrational modes excluding the ]C–H modes.e]C–H modes.bfrom the coupling with the mode no. 15, with the 𝜒1,15value being calculated to be 108 cm 1 for C4 H4 Se and 47 cm 1 for C4 D4 Se. Through (1), these anharmonic termsdetermine ca. 90% (C4 H4 Se) and 60% (C4 D4 Se) of the totalanharmonic corrections. Thus, on going from the harmonicto the anharmonic data of C4 H4 Se, the rms deviation fromthe observed values for all the modes is decreased by ca.one order of magnitude (from 63 to 9 cm 1 ). Note that forthe perdeuterated isotopomer the rms deviations are muchmore closer to each other, being 38 cm 1 for the harmonicand 11 cm 1 for the anharmonic values.The high-energy IR and Raman spectral regions forC4 H4 Se (C4 D4 Se) are exclusively characterized by the ]C–H (]C–D) peaks, predicted in the 3058–3119 cm 1 (2264–2335 cm 1 ) wavenumber range by the anharmonic computations, in good agreement with experiment [21–23]. Figures5 and 6 display the anharmonic B3LYP/6-311G vibrationalspectra in the 1500–500 cm 1 wavenumber range for C4 H4 Seand C4 D4 Se, respectively. The spectral profiles were constructed with pure Lorentzian band shapes with a full widthat half maximum of 10 cm 1 . In these figures we also showgraphical representations of the atomic displacement vectorsof the most interesting vibrations. As can be appreciatedfrom Figure 5, the IR spectrum of C4 H4 Se is dominatedby an absorption (𝐼IR 131.5 km/mol) located at 703 cm 1(707 and 684 cm 1 under the harmonic and scaled harmonicapproximation, resp.). This mode is attributed to a pure outof-plane C–H bending deformation. It is worth noting thatthe anharmonic calculations are in satisfactory agreementwith experiment, which gives a very strong peak at 700 cm 1(0.4%). The corresponding absorption in the calculated spectrum of the perdeuterated isotopomer (Figure 6) is placedat 522 cm 1 (𝐼IR 74.9 km/mol), which well reproduces theobserved datum of 520 cm 1 .In the Raman spectra of selenophene and its perdeuterated isotopomer the A1 symmetry ]C–H and ]C–D vibrations (modes no. 1 and 2) are characterized by the highest𝐴 Raman values (Tables 2 and 3). As can be seen from Figures5 and 6, for wavenumbers 1500 cm 1 , the strongest Raman4peak is placed at 1424 cm 1 (𝐴 Raman 38.0 Å /amu) for

Journal of Chemistry5Table 4: B3LYP/6-311G first overtone wavenumbers (cm 1 ) of selenophene 02123456789101112131415161718192021A1A2B1B2aC4 H4 SeMode numberaSymm.C4 D4 616971454115013741045726See Tables 2 and 3 for the mode description.7543HH65H42Deviation (%)Deviation (%)SeH10 13210 2 1 3 2 4 3510Mode number2015HarmonicScaled harmonicAnharmonicSeDDDD510Mode number1520HarmonicAnharmonicFigure 2: Percentage deviation relative to experiment [21] of theB3LYP/6-311G wavenumbers of C4 H4 Se.4C4 H4 Se and at 1403 cm 1 (𝐴 Raman 40.4 Å /amu) forC4 D4 Se. This vibrational transition (mode no. 3) is mainlyassigned to the C C C–C bonds stretching with theFigure 3: Percentage deviation relative to experiment [22, 23] of theB3LYP/6-311G wavenumbers of C4 D4 Se.nonnegligible contribution from the in-plane C–H (C–D)bending motions. The abovecalculated wavenumbers can becompared with the experimental values of 1419 cm 1 ( 0.4%)and 1398 cm 1 ( 0.4%), respectively.

6Journal of Chemistry𝜒1,j (cm 1 )0 50 1005101520j-th mode numberC4 H4 SeC4 D4 Se500Figure 4: Anharmonic vibrational constants for the C–H stretchingmode no. 1 with the vibrational modes (𝜒1,𝑗 , 𝑗 1–21) of C4 H4 Seand C4 D4 Se. B3LYP/6-311G results. For the mode numbering seeTables 2 and 3.1000Wavenumbers (cm 1 )1500Figure 6: B3LYP/6-311G anharmonic IR (bottom) and Raman(top) spectra of C4 D4 Se in the 500–1500 cm 1 wavenumber range.Lorentz line shapes with half-width of 10 cm 1 were used.shifts are calculated to be in the 834–840 cm 1 wavenumberrange, overestimating the observed shifts by 50–75 cm 1 (6–10%). The introduction of the anharmonic corrections noticeably improves the accordance with experiment within 6–20 cm 1 (1–3%). For the remaining vibrations the magnitudesof the anharmonic corrections for the H/D isotopic shifts arelittle relevant.Table 4 lists the wavenumber values for the overtonetransitions of C4 H4 Se and C4 D4 Se here calculated under theharmonic and anharmonic treatments. Similarly to the resultsof the fundamental wavenumbers, the largest anharmoniceffects are found for the ]C–H (]C–D) vibrations, with theharmonic data being decreased by 5% (3-4%).4. Conclusions50010001500 1Wavenumbers (cm )Figure 5: B3LYP/6-311G anharmonic IR (bottom) and Raman(top) spectra of C4 H4 Se in the 500–1500 cm 1 wavenumber range.Lorentz line shapes with half-width of 10 cm 1 were used.In Figure 7 we compare the computed (harmonic andanharmonic) and experimental H/D isotopic wavenumbershifts for all the ]C–H vibrations (modes 1, 2, 12, and 13). Following the experimental results, upon deuteration the ]C–Hwavenumbers are downward shifted by 765–787 cm 1 . Underthe harmonic approximation the ]C–H-]C–D wavenumberThe gas-phase equilibrium structure and harmonic andanharmonic IR and Raman spectra of selenophene and ofits perdeuterated isotopomer have been determined andanalyzed at the B3LYP/6-311G level of theory. The overtonetransitions have been here computed under the harmonicand anharmonic procedures. On the whole the harmonicwavenumbers overestimate the experimental data of thefundamental transitions with an rms deviation of 63 cm 1for C4 H4 Se and 38 cm 1 for C4 D4 Se. The corresponding rmsdeviations for the anharmonic calculations are reduced to 9and 11 cm 1 , respectively. In particular, the C–H and C–Dstretches are strongly affected by the anharmonic corrections,which reproduce the experimental H/D isotopic frequencyshifts within 6–20 cm 1 (1–3%). The present results suggestthat the anharmonic PT2 scheme in combination withthe B3LYP functional and the 6-311G basis set can be

Journal of Chemistry7 C-H C-D (cm 1 )8508007507001212Mode number13HarmonicAnharmonicExperimentalFigure 7: H/D isotopic wavenumber shifts for the C–H stretchingmodes between C4 H4 Se and C4 D4 Se. Comparison between experimental [21–23], harmonic, and anharmonic B3LYP/6-311G data.considered a promising method to calculate the vibrationalspectra of cyclic compounds for which observed data areincomplete or not yet available in the literature.References[1] W. J. Hehre, L. Random, P. v. R. Schleyer, and J. A. Pople, AbInitio Molecular Orbital Theory, Wiley, New York, NY, USA,1986.[2] P. Pulay, G. Fogarasi, G. Pongor, J. E. Boggs, and A. Vargha,“Combination of theoretical ab initio and experimental information to obtain reliable harmonic force constants. ScaledQuantum Mechanical (SQM) force fields for glyoxal, acrolein,butadiene, formaldehyde, and ethylene,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 105, no. 24, pp. 7037–7047, 1983.[3] G. Rauhut and P. 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In the Raman spectra of selenophene and its perdeuter-ated isotopomer the A 1 symmetry ]C H and ]C D vibra-tions (modes no. and ) are characterized by the highest Raman values (Tables and ).AscanbeseenfromFigures and ,forwavenumbers cm 1, the strongest Raman peak is placed at cm 1 ( Raman 38.0 A 4 /amu) for

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