Copper Brass Bronze Design Guide

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Copper Brass BronzeDesign GuideFIRESPRINKLERSYSTEMSCopper Development Association

IntroductionTable of ContentsCopper, with its unique combination of economy and versatility,has proven itself repeatedly in piping systems. With establishedsolid performance, these same qualities which have made it thematerial of choice in other applications prove its ability for use in firesprinkler systems. Copper has long-established advantages oversteel and plastics.Copper is lightweight and compact, which eases fabrication andinstallation and saves on the space needed to install tube in confined areas. Copper systems can be economically fabricated bysoldering or brazing using conventional equipment or electric resistance tools. Joining is done with standard fittings or mechanicaltee-pulling devices. Bending and forming of the tube is easy due tocopper’s ductility. Modification and repair is simplified. In occupiedspaces the installation is clean and copper can be easily fit intotight spaces and around fixtures. The corrosion resistance of copper, both external and internal, helps to maintain a neat appearanceand provides superior flow characteristics.In terms of installed costs and material integrity, copper providesa low maintenance project with excellent economy. The result isbeneficial to everyone from the contractor to the building owner.Introduction . 2NFPA Standardsand Model Codes . 3Copper’s Benefits . 4 Ease of Handling . 4 Hangers, Supportsand Fittings . 4 Joining Techniques . 5 Dealing withSpace Limitations . 5Performance . 6Technical Data . 7 Tube Characteristics . 7 Friction Loss Tables . 8 Friction Losses:Fittings and Valves . 10 Tube Bending Guide . 10 Hanger Spacing . 10 Hanger Sizing . 10 Soldering and Brazing . 11 Material Specifications . 11Figure 1. Copper fire sprinkler system in acommercial building being installedwith electric resistance heating.2Figure 2. Copper is very effective in residential applications, such as this multifamily unit.

NFPA Standard and Model Code AcceptanceCopper is an effective material for sprinkler systems in alarge variety of construction —especially in residential, lighthazard, and certain ordinaryhazard occupancies. It isNFPA(1) approved for all types ofLight Hazard Classification withno restrictions imposed. Copper systems have been in reliable service for decades, due tosuperior performance andeconomy.NFPA 13, Standard for theInstallation of Sprinkler Systems, Light Hazard Occupancies includes the followingtypes of occupancies: Apartments Churches Clubs/Restaurants Dormitories Dwellings(1)HospitalsHotels & MotelsInstitutionsNursing HomesOffice Buildings Public Buildings Rooming Houses Schools Townhouses1963 The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) includes hanger spacings forcopper conductors in NFPA 13(Section 3-15.1.11).1968 NFPA approves Type Lcopper tube as a conductor(Section 3-1.1.4), revises thehanger spacings, approvestorch brazing, and recognizescopper’s excellent corrosionresistance.1969 Copper DevelopmentAssociation begins a full-scale fire-test program aimed at finding the most functional andcost-effective system.1974 NFPA 13 (Sections 31.1.1 & 3-1.1.4) includes use ofTypes K and M copper as suitable conductors and the use oftype 95-5 tin-antimony solderfor joining copper tube and fittings (Section 3-1.1.1).1976 Composite coppersteel systems are acceptedwhere steel risers supply copper branch lines in high-risebuildings.1980 NFPA 13D is publishedfor one- and two-family dwellings, and approves the use ofcopper.1989 NFPA 13R for residential occupancies up to four stories, is published approving theuse of copper.National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269National Model Building and Fire Code AgenciesNational Model Codes recommend standards that are the bases for state and localcode requirements. Regulated by strict codes for safety and durability, copper isreadily accepted in the fire sprinkller industry. Building codes officials recognizecopper’s time proven qualities.BOCA - BOCA International4051 Flossmoor RoadCountry Club Hills, IL 60478(708) 799-2300 www.bocai.orgICC - International Code Council5203 Leesburg Pike (Suite 600)Falls Church, VA 22041(703) 931-4533 www.intlcode.orgIAMPO - International Association ofPlumbing and Mechanical Officials20001 Walnut Drive, SouthWalnut, CA 91789(909) 595-8449 www.iampo.orgNFPA - National Fire ProtectionAssociationOne Batterymarch ParkQuincy, MA 02269-9703(800) 344-3555 www.nfpa.orgICBO - International Conference ofBuilding Officials5360 S. Workman Mill RoadWhittier, CA 90601-2298(562) 699-0541 www.icbo.orgSBCCI - Southern Building CodeCongress International900 Montclair RoadBirmingham, AL 35213(205) 591-1853 www.sbcci.org3

Copper’s Benefitseconomy and less overallweight for shipping, storing,handling and installing.Due to copper’s installationflexibility, the choice of field orshop fabrication allows for freedom in engineering design.Copper is ductile; it can be bentwithout producing kinks in thetube or causing it to collapse.Bending in the field can be donecold using hand tools, and shopbending may utilize either handor power bending machines.Fabrication of copper is possible in a very small work area.Heavy pipe threading machinesare replaced with portable,easy-to-use hand tools, makingthe job much easier andcleaner.Ease of HandlingCopper’s combination of rigidity with light weight makesboth shipping and storing easierfor the contractor. Copper tubeis easier to handle. It does nothave the fragility of plastic northe weight of steel. In on-sitestorage, copper tube, unlikeplastic alternatives, is unaffected by exposure to sunlight.Copper will not support combustion or produce toxic gases.Comparisons to steel in wallthickness and weight showanother advantage of copper.Smaller pipe sizes can beused, which means greaterType M CopperType M CopperFPOSch. 10 SteelSch. 40 SteelSch. 40 Steellbs*2468*Weight is based on pounds per linear foot for 2"diameter tube and/or pipe, including water.Figure 3. Comparative wall thicknesses and weights ofcopper tube vs. steel pipe.Hangers, Supportsand FittingsCopper systems requirefewer hangers and supportsthan do plastic piping systemsbecause of the rigidity of copper. In general, at least onehanger is required for each horizontal tube length installed. Forhanger spacing detail, seeTable 5, page 10.Tube straps, U-hooks, orperforated straps are all acceptable hangers where structuralconditions permit. Flat iron(steel band) hangers, ring hangers, and clevis hangers mayalso be employed and aremade to copper tube sizes.Standard pipe size (SPS) steelband and ring hangers can alsobe used. Special plating orpainting of ferrous hangers isnot required when used withcopper tube since the potentialfor galvanic corrosion of thehangers is slight, except in wetor corrosive atmospheres, forexample, where special coatedsprinklers are required.Pressure fittings are availablein all standard tube sizes and ina wide variety of patterns. Typically, with copper systems thefittings are smaller than withsteel or plastics.Figure 4. Typical fittings used in copper fire sprinkler installations.4

Joining TechniquesCopper tube and fittings canbe joined by soldering or brazing and are leak-free due to thepositive metallic-bonded joints.Soldering and brazing are fastand efficient methods of joiningwith standard torches and avariety of gases, facilitating highproductivity on the job site.There are also electric resistance soldering hand toolswhich employ heating electrodes for joining tube and fittings (Figure 5). The tools arelightweight and should be considered when an open flame is aconcern.Another advancement injoining technology is a hand tooldesigned to enable the quickformation of outlets, thusreducing the number of teefittings and soldered/brazedjoints. (Figure 6) The mechanical branch forming tool enablesyou to produce copper tubeoutlets from 1/2 inch to 4 inches.Records show this state-of-theart forming tool can save 10%to 25% on site costs.Mechanical grooved joiningoffers a practical alternative tosoldering and brazing copperwater tube. Grooved-end pipingsystems have a proven andreliable performance record.This method of joining pipe hasbeen used on steel and ironpipe in plumbing, HVAC, fireprotection, process piping andrelated applications since 1925.This method of mechanical joining is available in a system forcopper tube in sizes from 2through 8 inches (Figure 7).Included are copper couplings,45 and 90 degree elbows,Figure 5. Electric resistance hand tools are suitable for joining copper tube.Figure 6. Hand-held tool for pulling outlets toquickly form tee connections.straight tees and grooved flangeadapters.Finally, a copper systemcan be tested without delayimmediately after it has beencompleted. If a leak does occur,the system can be eitherdrained or quick-frozen in thearea of the joint and promptlyrepaired.Dealing with SpaceLimitationsBuildings with Light HazardOccupancies are often designed with severe mechanicalspace limitations. Copper’sexcellent properties not onlyallow smaller pipes to be used(see Figure 8), but also allowthe tube to be bent to bypassobstructions if necessary.Connections are clean andeasy and can be made in verytight spaces. This becomes asignificant advantage in retrofitinstallations. Frequently, detailsof the actual construction sitemay not exactly match thedrawings. Last minute designchanges may be needed. Ifcopper is used, job changesare rarely a problem becausethe system can be adjusted inthe field to accommodate variations from the plans. Onlychanges that are within the limitations of your hydraulic calculations should be made.Figure 7. Mechanical groovedend joining systemfor copper piping.5

PerformanceThe assured performanceoffered by copper fire sprinklersystems is important to everyone involved — the architect,engineer, building owner, contractor, insurer, and fire servicepersonnel.Copper tubing exhibits excellent resistance to damage frominternal and external corrosion.It does not develop internal surface roughness or experience agradual narrowing of the passage caused by internal corrosion. The potential for pluggingof sprinkler head orifices andsmall diameter branch lines issignificantly reduced with copper tube since the normal thin,protective corrosion film in thetube bore does not flake off.This also reduces the need forCopper, Type Kperiodic maintenance flushingoperations. Copper is alsohighly resistant to externalsources of corrosion, includingexposure to moisture, mostchemical fumes, process vapors, and similar atmospheres.The superior flow capacityof copper permits reducedcross- and feed main-sizing inmany hydraulically calculatedsystems. In pipe schedule systems this advantage is reflectedin the increased number ofsprinklers permitted by applicable standards for copperlines of two-inch and larger.Furthermore, NFPA recognizesthe use of 3/4-inch copper tubein sprinkler applications whilethe minium size requirement forsteel pipe is one inch.PEX1PB1Copper is an inherently safematerial. It will not burn or support combustion, nor does itdecompose to toxic gases.Also, it will not carry fire throughfloors, walls and ceilings. Acopper system maintains itsintegrity and ability to carry water where planned when exposed in a fire situation. Coppertube will not deteriorate with ageor become embrittled and fail,but remains effective for the lifeof the installation. Should anypart of the system be damaged,it can be repaired quickly andeasily, often by soldering orbrazing in a new piece. Tees fornew sprinkler drops can also bemechanically formed in placeusing hand tools.Steel, Sch. 40CPVC5Flow Rate (GPM)101525507510000.51.01.52.02.53.0Pipe/Tube, Actual OD of Required Size (inches) (Shorter bars indicate less space required)1not available in sizes over 2-inch, nominal size.Figure 8. Minimum Pipe/Tube OD Required for Various Flow Rates at 5 psi/100 ft. pressure drop6

Technical DataContents1. Physical Characteristicsof Copper Tube1. Physical Characteristics ofCopper Tube2. Friction Loss Tables3. Friction Losses: Fittingsand Valves4. Tube Bending Guide5. Hanger Spacing6. Hanger Sizing7. Soldering and Brazing8. Material SpecificationsFor use in fire protection systems, three types of seamlessdrawn copper tube (Type K, Land M) are currently acceptedby NFPA 13, 13D and 13R. Forall three types, the outside diameter is equal to the nominaldiameter plus 1/8 inch. However,wall thicknesses (and thus inside diameters) vary. Type Mcopper tubing has the thinnestwall and is also the least costly.Type L is the second thinnest.Type K tube has the thickestwall, the smallest inside diameter, the greatest cost, and isnot widely used. Types L and Kare used where bending is required. All copper tube is available in drawn (hard) temper instraight lengths (ordinarily 20feet long). Types K and L arealso available in annealed (soft)temper, supplied in either 20foot straight lengths or in 100foot coils for sizes up to 1 inchand 45-foot coils for sizes up to2 inches.Wrought and cast copperand copper alloy solder jointpressure fittings are acceptedby NFPA 13, 13D and 13R.These are available in a widechoice of configurations for usewith each type of copper tube.Table 1. Dimensions and Physical Characteristics of Tube, Types L and (inches)CROSS SECTIONOF BORE(inches2)WEIGHT (lbs/ft)TUBEONLYTUBE 51.2651.2910.0550.0421.2571.3090.880.681.431.2511 .751.463.092.8312 78 12.1635.384.6610.569.8337

2. Friction Loss TablesTable 2. Friction Loss (psi per linear foot) for Types L and M Copper Tube with “C Factor” 150*Velocity:3/4"GPM8L11/4"1"MLML11/2"ML0-10 feet per second2"ML11/4"1"MGPMLML11-20 feet per second11/2"ML21/2"2"MLML3"ML4"M1.001 .00131.217 .188.078 .070.033 .031.009 .008.003 .003.001 .0011.5.003 .003.001 .00132.230 .200.083 .075.035 .033.009 .009.003 .003.001 .0012.005 .004.001 .00133.243 .212.087 .079.037 .035.010 .009.003 .003.001 .0012.5.008 .006.002 .002.001 .00134.257 .224.092 .084.040 .037.010 .010.004 .003.002 .0013.011 .009.003 .003.001 .00135.271 .236.097 .088.042 .039.011 .010.004 .004.002 .0013.5.014 .012.004 .003.001 .001.001. .00136.286 .248.103 .083.044 .041.011 .011.004 .004.002 .0024.018 .015.005 .004.002 .002.001 .00137.301 .261.108 .098.046 .043.012 .011.004 .004.002 .0024.5.022 .019.006 .005.002 .002.001 .00138.316 .275.113 .103.049 .045.013 .012.004 .004.002. 002LM5.027 .023.007 .006.003 .002.001 .00139.332 .288.119 .108.051 .048.013 .014.005 .004.002. .0025.5.032 .028.009 .008.003 .003.001 .00140.348 .302.125 .113.054 .050.014 .013.005 .005.002 .002.0016.038 .033.010 .009.004 .003.002 .00141.364 .316.131 .118.056 .052.015 .014.005 .005.002 .002.001 .0016.5.044 .038.012 .010.004 .004.002 .00242.380 .330.137 .124.059 .055.015 .014.005 .005.002 .002.001 .0017.051 .043.014 .012.005 .004.002 .002.001 .00143.397 .345.143 .129.061 .057.016 .015.006 .005.002 .002.001 .0017.5.058 .049.016 .014.006 .005.002 .002.001 .00144.415 .360.149 .135.064. 059.017 .016.006 .005.002 .002.001 .0018.065 .055.018 .015.006 .006.003 .003.001 .00145.432 .375.155 .140.067 .062.017 .016.006 .006.003. 002.001 .0018.5.073 .062.020 .017.007 .006.003 .003.001 .00146.450 .391.162 .146.069 .065.018 .017.006 .006.003 .002.001 .0019.081 .069.022 .019.008 .007.003 .003.001 .00147.468 .407.168 .152.072 .067.019 .018.007 .006.003 .003.001 .0019.5.089 .076.024 .021.009 .008.004 .003.001 .00148.487 .423.175 .158.075 .070.019 .018.007 .006.003 .003.001 .00110.098 .084.027 .023.010 .009.004 .004.001 .00149.506 .440.182 .164.078 .073.020 .019.007 .007.003 .003.001 .00110.5.107 .092.029 .025.011 .010.005 .004.001 .00150.525 .456.188 .171.081 .075.021 .020.007 .007.003 .003.001. 00111.117 .100.032 .028.011 .010.005 .005.001 .00151.545 .473.196 .177.084 .078.022 .021.008 .007.003 .003.001 .00111.5.127 .108.035 .030.012 .011.005 .005.001 .00152.565 .491.203 .184.087 .081.023 .021.008 .007.003 .003.001 .00112.137 .117.037 .033.013 .012.006 .005.001 .00153.585 .508.210 .190.090 .084.023 .022.008 .008.003 .003.001 .00112.5.148 .126.040 .035.015 .013.006 .006.002 .00254.605 .526.217 .197.093 .087.024 .023.008 .008.004 .003.001 .00113.159 .136.043 .038.016 .014.007 .006.002 .00255.626 .544.225 .204.096 .090.025 .024.009 .008.004 .003.001. 00113.5.171 .146.047 .040.017 .015.007 .007.002 .00256.648 .563.232 .211.100 .093.026 .024.009 .009.004 .004.001 .00114.183 .156.050 .043.018 .016.008 .007.002 .00257.669 .581.240 .218.103 .096.027 .025.009 .009.004 .004.001 .00114.5.195 .166.053 .046.019 .017.008 .008.002 .00258.691 .600.248 .225.106 .099.028 .026.010 .009.004 .004.001 .00115.208 .177.057 .049.020 .018.009 .008.002 .00259.713 .620.256 .232.110 .102.029 .027.010 .009.004 .004.001 .00116.234 .200.064 .055.023 .021.010 .009.003 .00260.736 .639.264 .239.113 .106.029 .028.010 .010.004 .004.001 .00117.262 .223.071 .062.026 .023.011 .010.003 .00361.759 .659.272 .247.117 .109.030 .029.011 .010.004 .004.001 .00118.291 .248.079 .069.028 .026.012 .011.003 .00362.782 .679.281 .254.120 .112.031 .029.011 .010.005 .004.001 .00119.321 .274.088 .076.031 .029.014 .013.004 .00363.805 .700.289 .262.124 .116.032 .030.011 .011.005 .004.001 .00120.353 .302.096 .084.035 .031.015 .014.004 .00464.829 .720.298 .270.128 .119.033 .031.012 .011.005 .005.001 .00121.387 .330.105 .092.038 .034.016 .015.004 .00465.853 .741.306 .277.131 .122.034 .032.012 .011.005 .005.001 .00122.422 .360.115 .100.041 .037.018 .017.005 .00466.878 .763.315 .285.135 .126.035 .033.012 .012.005 .005.001 .00123.458 .391.125 .108.045 .041.019 .018.005 .00567.902 .784.324 .293.139 .130.036 .034.013 .012.005 .005.001 .00124.495 .423.135 .117.048 .044.021 .019.005 .00568.927 .806.333 .302.143 .133.037 .035.013 .012.005 .005.001 .00125.534 .456.146 .127.052 .047.022 .021.006 .00569.953 .828.342 .310.147 .137.038 .036.013 .013.006 .005.001 .00126.574 .490.157 .136.056 .051.024 .022.006 .00670.979 .850.351 .318.151 .140.039 .037.014 .013.006 .005.001 .00127.616 .525.168 .146.060 .055.026 .024.007 .00671.873.361 .327.155 .144.040 .038.014 .013.006 .006.001 .00128.659 .562.180 .156.064 .058.028 .026.007 .000772.896.370 .335.159 .148.041 .039.014 .014.006 .006.002 .00129.703 .600.192 .167.069 .062.030 .028.008 .00773.919.380 .344.163 .152.042 .040.015 .014.006 .006.002 .00230.748 .638.204 .177.073 .066.031 .029.008 .00874.942.389 .353.167 .156.043 .041.015 .014.006 .006.002 .00275.966.399 .361.171 .160.044 .042.015 .015.007 .006.002 .002

21-30 feet per second11/4"GPML11/2"ML 30 feet per GPML4"MLM76.409 .370.175 .164.046 .043.016 .015.007 .006.002 .002260.444 .418.154 .146.065 .061.016 .016710.417 .393.105 .10277.419 .379.180 .168.047 .044.016 .015.007 .006.002 .002270.476 .449.166 .156.070 .066.018 .017720.428 .403.108 .10478.429 .389.184 .172.048 .045.017 .016.007 .007.002 .002280.509 .480.177 .167.075 .070.019 .018730.439 .413.111 .10779.439 .398.189 .176.049 .046.017 .016.007 .007.002 .002290.543 .512.189 .178.079 .075.020 .019740.450 .424.114 .11080.450 .407.193 .180.050 .047.017 .016.007 .007.002 .002300.578 .545.201 .190.085 .080.021 .021750.461 .435.117 .11281.460 .417.197 .184.051 .048.018 .017.008 .007.002 .002310.614 .579.214 .202.090 .085.023 .022760.473 .445.120 .11582.471 .426.202 .188.052 .049.018 .017.008 .0

1963 The National Fire Pro-tection Association (NFPA) in-cludes hanger spacings for copper conductors in NFPA 13 (Section 3-15.1.11). 1968 NFPA approves Type L copper tube as a conductor (Section 3-1.1.4), revises the hanger spacings, approves torch brazing, and recognizes copper’

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