Introduction To Health Professions

ContentsExploring Health Careers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Health Careers: Something for Everyone . . . . . . . 84Using This Book to Select and Plan a HealthCareer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Study Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Chapter Eight Career Development . . . . 89Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Career Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Common Core Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Professionalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Legal Issues in Health Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Continuing Education Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 97Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97PART THREE HEALTH PRACTITIONERSAND TECHNICIANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Chapter Nine Physicians, Surgeons,and Podiatrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Physicians and Surgeons: The Perceptions. . . . . 102Doctors and Surgeons: The Realities. . . . . . . . . . 102Podiatrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Chapter Ten Physician Assistant. . . . . . 113A Relatively New Profession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Physician Assistant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Chapter Eleven Nursing. . . . . . . . . . . . 119The Future of Nursing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Registered Nurses (RNs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) . 126Licensed Practical and LicensedVocational Nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Chapter Twelve Dentistry. . . . . . . . . . . 137Dentists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Dental Hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Dental Assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Dental Laboratory Technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Chapter Thirteen Dietetics . . . . . . . . . . 151Dietitians and Nutritionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Dietetic Technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Dietetic Assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Chapter Fifteen Optometry . . . . . . . . . 173Optometrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Optician, Dispensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians . . . . . . . . . 180Chapter Sixteen CommunicationImpairment Professionals. . . . . . . . 183Speech, Language, and Hearing Impairments:An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Speech-Language Pathologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Audiologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Chapter Seventeen Physical Therapy,Orthotists, and Prosthetists. . . . . . . 195Physical Therapy and Our Health . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Physical Therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides. . . . . . . 200Orthotists and Prosthetists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Chapter Eighteen OccupationalTherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Occupational Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Occupational Therapy Assistants and Aides . . . 213Chapter Nineteen Athletic Trainers andExercise Physiologists. . . . . . . . . . . 217Sports Medicine—An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 218Athletic Trainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Exercise Physiologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Chapter Twenty Mental HealthProfessionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Psychologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Substance Abuse and Behavioral DisorderCounselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Chapter Twenty One Social Workers. . 239Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Social Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Social and Human Service Assistants . . . . . . . . . 245Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Chapter Twenty Two GeneticCounselors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Genetic Counselors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Chapter Fourteen Pharmacy . . . . . . . . 163Chapter Twenty Three HealthEducation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Pharmaceutical Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Pharmacists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Pharmacy Technicians and Aides . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Health Careers Specializing in Education . . . . . 258Health Educators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258School Health Educators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261v

viContentsCommunity Health Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Orientation and Mobility Specialists. . . . . . . . . . 264Vision Rehabilitation Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Behavior Analysts—An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . 269Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Chapter Twenty Four Health ServicesAdministration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274The Need for Professional Management. . . . . . . 274Health Services Managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Chapter Twenty Five EmergencyMedical Techniciansand Paramedics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281High Drama in Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282EMT-Paramedics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Chapter Twenty Six RadiationTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287X-Rays and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Radiologic Technologists and Technicians. . . . . 288Radiation Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Chapter Twenty Seven Diagnosticsand Related Technology. . . . . . . . . 297Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. . . . . . . . . . . . 298Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians . . . 302Nuclear Medicine Technologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Surgical Technologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Chapter Twenty Eight RespiratoryCare Practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Maintaining the Breath of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314Respiratory Therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314Respiratory Therapy Technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . 318PART FOUR HEALTHCARE SUPPORTPERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Chapter Twenty Nine ClinicalLaboratory Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . 323The Laboratory Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Clinical Laboratory Scientists and Technicians. . . . 324Phlebotomists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330Chapter Thirty Massage Therapistsand Recreational therapists . . . . . . 333Alternative and Other Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Massage Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Recreational Therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Chapter Thirty One HealthInformation Personnel . . . . . . . . . . 347Providing and Preserving EssentialInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348Health Information Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 348Health Information Administrators . . . . . . . . . . 349Health Information Technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354Medical Transcriptionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356Medical Librarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Chapter Thirty Two Medicaland Nursing Assistants. . . . . . . . . . 363Medical Assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Nursing Assistants and Orderlies . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Chapter Thirty Three Home,Personal, and PsychiatricAides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373Home Health Aides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374Personal Care Aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Psychiatric Technicians and Aides. . . . . . . . . . . . 379PART FIVE HEALTH-RELATEDPROFESSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Chapter Thirty Four VeterinaryMedicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Working with Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386Veterinary Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386Veterinarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Veterinary Technologists and Technicians. . . . . 390Animal Care and Service Workers. . . . . . . . . . . . 393Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396Chapter Thirty Five OccupationalHealth and EnvironmentalScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Protecting the Worker—Protecting theEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400Occupational Health and Safety Specialists . . . . 400Occupational Health and Safety Technicians. . . 402Environmental Scientists and Specialists . . . . . . 405Environmental Science and ProtectionTechnicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410Appendix A: Salaries for Health Professionals. . 413Appendix B: Sources of Career Information . . . 416Appendix C: How to Create an EffectiveRésumé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

NOTE FROM THE AUTHORSCareers in the healthcare field are growing more rapidlythan other careers because of longevity and advanced technology that has increased the number of elderly needinghealth care. Within health care there is a career for nearlyeveryone—from entry-level positions as a home health aidethat require no prior training to being employed as a physician that requires 7 to 8 years of college plus an internship toenter a career.This text is designed so that the instructor can select individual chapters for a course. Most college texts are organizedto be followed from the beginning of the book through thelast chapter. By contrast, instructors using this text can selectonly certain chapters based on the course objectives since eachchapter is written to be understandable and comprehensive asa standalone. Key terms unique to health care are defined in theglossary at the end of the text and are listed at the beginning ofeach chapter so students can refer to the glossary as needed.and physical therapy, and an associate’s degree for supportpersonnel in the same field. Physical therapy and occupational therapy assistants trained at the associate’s level arebeing used to support the work of professionals because ofthe lower cost for their services.Information technology is changing the way health careis delivered as well as the way consumers manage their health.Electronic health records that are accessible by professionalsregardless of physical location are cost effective and improvethe quality and safety of health care. Many patients now haveaccess to lab values and other text results through a patientportal within the electronic health record. Technology alsomakes it possible for patients to do more self-monitoringand to communicate results back to their physician, nurse, orcaseworker. For example, blood glucose and blood pressurecan be monitored by the patient and the results transmittedto the health care provider.WHAT ARE THE LATEST TRENDSIN THIS MARKET?Nanna Cross, PhD, RDN, LDNDana C. McWay, JD, RHIA, FAHIMAThe trend is to require a master’s degree or above forentry-level professional degrees such as occupational therapyvii

PREFACENow in full-color, the seventh edition of an Introduction toHealth Professions provides comprehensive coverage of allthe major health professions. This product is designed forstudents who are interested in pursuing a health-relatedcareer but are still exploring and have not yet decided on aspecific career. The Seventh Edition outlines more than 75careers and touches on every major facet of the field, including a description of the profession and typical work settings; educational, licensure, and certification requirements;salary and growth projections; and Internet resources oneducational programs and state requirements for licensureand/or certification. In addition, this resource provides athorough review of the U.S. healthcare delivery system,managed care, healthcare financing, reimbursement, insurance coverage, Medicare, Medicaid, and the impact of newtechnology on healthcare services. Information on careerpreparation and development are also included. All chaptersare updated to reflect current demographics and new policies.HOW IS THIS BOOKORGANIZED?The new edition of this text has been reorganized into fivesectionsviii Part I—The Healthcare System in the UnitedStates. This section provides an overview of thehealthcare system in the United States, with separate chapters on categories of health services,financing health care, the impact of aging on demands for healthcare providers, health care reform,and medical and information technology. NEW! Part II—Jobs and Careers. This section focuses on career planning and career development. NEW! Parts III through V contain chapters on individual careers that are organized so that studentswill be able to quickly identify a particular careerof interest. Each chapter is organized to follow thesame general format, making it easy for students toexplore many different health careers. Each chapterfollows the same format with a description of theprofession and typical work setting; educational,licensure and certification requirements; salary andgrowth projections; and Internet resources on educational programs and requirements for licensureand/or certification. For example, in the chapteron dentistry, the career is described based on theeducation and training requirements from mosteducation—dentist—to least education—dentalassistant. For each career within the dentistry profession, the student has access to the usual responsibilities, work setting, salary, and expected demandfor that career. Each chapter lists Internet resourcesto explore educational programs as well as staterequirements for licensure and certification optionsfor advancing in the profession. Part III—Healthcare Practitioners and Technicians. This section is the core of the product and contains 20 chapters directed at healthcareers that involve direct patient contact andcare, ranging from diagnosis to treatmentto education and counseling and medical orsurgical interventions. Part IV—Healthcare Support Personnel. Thissection contains five chapters directed at healthcareers that support or supplement otherhealth professionals in providing ongoing carefor patients—medical and nursing assistants,personal, home, and psychiatric aides; medical information technology; and massage andrecreation therapy. Part V—Health-Related Professions. Thissection focuses on health-related professionals who usually do not have direct contactwith human patients but often have an impact on human health—veterinary medicineand occupational health and environmentalsciences.

ABOUT THE AUTHORSNanna Cross, PhD, RDN, LDN has worked as a facultymember in dietetic and physician education programsteaching clinical nutrition courses and supervising dieteticinterns in clinical practicums. Dr. Cross worked as a clinicaldietitian at the University of Missouri Hospitals and Clinicsand as a consulting dietitian for Home Care, Hospice, HeadStart and Long-Term Care facilities.Dana C. McWay, JD, RHIA, FAHIMA is both a lawyer anda health information management professional. She works asan adjunct faculty member at Saint Louis University in theHealth Informatics and Pre Law Studies programs. She servesas the Clerk of Court for the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for theEastern District of Missouri, an executive position responsiblefor all operational, administrative, financial, and technologicalmatters of the court. She has worked as both a director and assistant director of medical records in a large teaching hospitaland a for-profit psychiatric and substance abuse facility. She isa past Director on the Board of Directors of the AmericanHealth Information Management Association and serves as avoting member of the Institutional Review Board at Washington University School of Medicine, from 1992 to present.Special Thank you to our Ancillary Authors:Gaynelle Schmieder RN, NCMA, BSN, M.ED.Assistant Professor and Lead Faculty/Health Care ProfessionsProgram Director/Medical Assisting Technology ACE Faculty LiaisonPennsylvania Highlands Community CollegeJohnstown, PATammy Calpin MSN, RN, CSN, NCMAInstructor, Medical Assisting/Practicum CoordinatorPennsylvania Highlands Community CollegeJohnstown, PAix

NEW FEATURES91ProfessionalProfilesName: Amanda, RN, ADNJob Title: Charge NurseEducation: Associates in Nursing; enrolled for BSNQ: Tell us about your career progression .A: After graduating from nursing school, I hiredon at a local hospital with 113 beds and soon afterfound myself a charge nurse on a 31-bed high acuity telemetry unit. Diagnoses of our patients variedfrom congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction,cardiomyopathy, and many chest pain rule outs thatresulted in other various outcomes.I recently took a position on a 40-bed medical flooras a free charge nurse. My job now allows me to focus on the hospital’s quality indicators and outcomes.I get to round on patients in the morning to determine the needs of my colleagues and the floor. I lovethe role I am currently in because I can advocate forpatients by discussing the care they are receiving andlearning ways to improve our delivery.Q: What challenges you about yourprofession?A: Nursing has been a very challenging yet fulfillingcareer for me. It has allowed me to develop a professional skill set, build relationships with patients, andlearn on a daily basis from my peers. I have recentlybecome engaged in community events while sittingon the Young Professional Advisory Board in mycounty. I have had many great opportunities whileworking as a registered nurse and look forward tomany to come.Q: How have you demonstratedprofessionalism in your career?A: Over the years, my career has presented me withmany opportunities to grow as a professional. Thehospital has a clinical development program that allows nurses to put together a portfolio representingtheir work over time. There are many requirementsincluding service in the community, continuing education, awards or recognition from patients, an

Stanfield, Peggy. Introduction to the health professions. Title: Stanfield's introduction to health professions / Nanna Cross, Dana C. McWay. Other titles: Introduction to health professions Description: Seventh edition. Burlington, Massachusetts : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2017] Preceded by Introduction to the health professions / Peggy S.