Introduction To Soil Science - Cvut.cz
Introduction to Soil ScienceMartin Šanda - B673martin.sanda@fsv.cvut.cz importance of soil, soil formation soil substances, flow of water in soil terminology, classification economical evaluation of soils - BPEJ
Ecological functions of soil Supports growth of plants and live ofother organisms (phytoedaphon andzooedaphon) Recycles nutrients and exhausts Governs flow and purity of water Serves as building material
Minerals Up to 50% of soil volumeMade of particles of different sizesDetermine chemical reactionOriginate from bedrock material
Clay minerals silica tetrahedron SiO4one atom of Si issurrounded by 4 anions ofO2- create layer oftetrahedrons sharingO2-
Clay minerals aluminiumoctahedron6 oxygens with Al3 atom layer of octahedronsbound with sharedO2- or OH-
Clay minerals Products of weathering of rocks (secondaryminerals) Posses surface charge: attract ions, impactplasticity and adhesion of soil
Pedogenetic factors Bedrock(determines properties of soils, important is ability of rock to weather) Topography (steepness, orientation, altitude) Climate(moisture and temperature, precipitation - rainfall) Organisms(determine creation and existence of soil) Time
Weatheringphysical1.2.3.4.5.FrostIrregular heatingSwelling - dryingAbrasion (water, wind, ice)Root growth
WeatheringChemical1.2.3.4.5.6.HydratationAll cases xationOxidation-reduction
Impact of organisms on thesoil formation Vegetation– Type of rooting, leaf chemism, amount Microbes– Decomposition of the organic matter Soil animals- Building of pathways for water flow HumansTillage, compaction, changes of thelandscape – drainage, aplication ofchemicals, pollution
Human impact on soils intensiveagriculture fertilization pesticides toxic compounds landfills urbanization desertification erosion forest clearcutting agriculture
Soil texture and soil structureaggregates – spatialcompositiontexture – %clay, silt, sanddetermined, can not bechangedtexture classeschemical bonds of humus units/ clay minerals to other grainscan be changed (good/bad)soil types
Soil structure primary spatial constellation of soil into clumpscalled aggregates or pedons binding factors are plant root (their excrements),organic matter and clay minerals, sandy and rocky soils do not create aggregates most important factor of aggregation is organicmatter stability of aggregate is their endurance towardsbreakdown under external impacts
Charakteristics of soilstructure Type: Shape of aggregatescrumbs, blocky, prizmatic, platy. Size:– fine (microaggregates) 0.25 mm– coarse (macroaggregates) 0.25 mm Degree of structure:– without st., weak st., highly developed st. General strong structure, big blocks– lots of clay – lots of organics crumby structure
impact of roots on soil stabilitySulzman
Soil water Necessary for plant growthBasic medium for transport ofmatterNecessary for clean up of soilIs found in soil as–––chemically bound andhygroscopic (grain wrap),capillary (capillary forces in pores)gravitational (temporal, outflows aftercessation of the water source- rain, flood,snowmelt)Dipoleextremely good solvent
Saturated flowHenry DarcyHenry Darcy (1856) solved the filtrationproblem for fountains in Dijon.He found that flow of water through thecolumn of sand is dependent: proportionally to the difference of hydrostaticpressure at the ends of the column improportionally to the length of the column proportionally to the cross-section of thecolumn depends on the coefficient for the givenmaterialDarcy, H., 1856. Les Fountaines de la Ville de Dijon
Hydraulic conductivity- is the Darcian coefficient of the materialcalled:saturated hydraulic conductivityDarcy law is thenv Ks * i(m/s)v – velocity of flowKs – saturated hydraulic conductivity (m/s)i – hydraulic gradient (i h/L)
Classification of soils: aiming to organize knowledge in the relation of soilgenesis and soil properties World Reference Base - FAO/UNESCO Legend of the SoilMap of the World-diagnostic horizons-diagnostic properties-diagnostic materials also each country has its onwn system of soil typeshttp://www.fao.org/documents/show cdr.asp?url file /docrep/W8594E/W8594E00.htm
FAO – System defines:Reference soil groups – main pedogenetic process, identification ofdominant soil horizon: ending mostly with with –solHISTOSOLS (HS), CRYOSOLS (CR), ANTHROSOLS (AT), LEPTOSOLS(LP), VERTISOLS (VR), FLUVISOLS (FL), SOLONCHAKS (SC),GLEYSOLS (GL), ANDOSOLS (AN), PODZOLS (PZ), PLINTHOSOLS(PT), FERRALSOLS (FR), SOLONETZ (SN), PLANOSOLS (PL),CHERNOZEMS (CH), KASTANOZEMS (KS), PHAEOZEMS (PH),GYPSISOLS (GY), DURISOLS (DU), CALCISOLS (CL), ALBELUVISOLS(AB), ALISOLS (AL), NITISOLS (NT), ACRISOLS (AC), LUVISOLS (LV),LIXISOLS (LX), UMBRISOLS (UM)CAMBISOLS (CM), ARENOSOLS (AR), REGOSOLS (RG)Varietes – adjective codes: identification acc. e.g. to chemical cgyGypsichuHumicrzRendzicskSkeleticviVitric
Chernozem
Cambisolhttp://edafologia.ugr.es/
Cambisolhttp://edafologia.ugr.es/
Gley
Lithosolrendzic Lithosol
Histosol (peat)
European soil regions
Soil bonity classification of soilsbased of theproduction ability in CR - BPEJ –bonitated soilecological units
BPEJ5 digit code1. digit – characteristics of the climate region2. a 3. digit – main soil unit reference soil texture,.4. digit – combination of decline and expozition5. digit –combination of the depth and amount of stones
BPEJaccording to the production ability1) typical arable soils2) conditionally arable soils and grass fields3) permanent grass fields4) soils not suitable for agriculture production
ReferencesKutílek, M., Kuráž, V., Císlerová, M. Hydropedologie, skriptum ČVUT 1994Soil Science and Soil Physics, ČVUT, equest password at martin.sanda@fsv.cvut.czFitzpatrick, Soils: Their formation, classification and distributionSulzman E.W. : CSS 305 Principles of Soil /css305/lecture sched.htmlDepartamento de Edafología y Química, Agrícola Universidad de Granada, EspañaUnidad docente e investigadora de la Facultad de Ciencias http://edafologia.ugr.es/Tomášek, M. Atlas půd České republiky, ČGÚ 1995.http://eusoils.jrc.it/Data.html Soil & Waste Unit, European Communities – soil mapsFAO World reference base for soil resources assification/world-reference-base/en/
Introduction to Soil Science Martin Šanda -B673 martin.sanda@fsv.cvut.cz importance of soil, soil formation soil substances, flow of water in soil terminology, classification economical evaluation of soils -BPEJ. Ecological functions of soil Supports growthof plants and live of
Introduction, Description Logics Petr K remen petr.kremen@fel.cvut.cz October 5, 2015 Petr K remen petr.kremen@fel.cvut.cz Introduction, Description Logics October 5, 2015 1 / 118. Our plan 1 Course Information 2 Towards Description Logics 3 Logics 4 Semantic Networks and Frames 5 Towards Description Logics 6 ALCLanguage Petr K remen petr.kremen@fel.cvut.cz Introduction, Description Logics .
3 Objectives of Soil Mechanics To perform the Engineering soil surveys. To develop rational soil sampling devices and soil sampling methods. To develop suitable soil testing devices and soil testing methods. To collect and classify soils and their physical properties on the basis of fundamental knowledge of soil mechanics. To investigate the physical properties of soil and
1. Definition of earth, geology and soil science; Disciplines of soil science. 2. Soil forming rocks and minerals: Types and their formation. 3. Weathering of rocks and minerals: Parent materials 4. Soil formation: Processes and factors affecting 5. Soil profile and its description 6. Physical, chemical and biological properties of soil 7.
Soil Map Units A soil map unit is a collection of areas defined and named the same in terms of their soil components (e.g., series) or miscellaneous areas or both –Fallsington sandy loam, 0 to 2% slopes –Marr-Dodon complex, 2 to 5% slopes Soil map units are the basic unit of a soil map Each soil map unit differs in some
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contributions by New Zealand soil scientists advancing soil research. This issue of Soil Horizons shows how our traditional approaches to soil science, collecting data, research - and even the way we view soil - have changed. Rapid advances in technology are opening many new soil research opportunities, and these advances are combining with the
Connecticut State Soils Staff for the concept and design of this useful tool! Page 2 of 13. Soil Data Explorer Tab -- Web Soil Survey. Topic Map or Table Name Tab of Soil Data Explorer. User Options. Menu Sub Menu Map or Table Notes Minor Soils Depth Range. AASHTO Group. AASHTO. Classification, Surface. Soil Properties and Qualities Soil .
The bribery of a foreign public official shall be punishable by effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal penalties. The range of penalties shall be comparable to that applicable to the bribery of the Party’s own public officials and shall, in the case of natural persons, include deprivation of liberty sufficient to enable effective mutual legal assistance and extradition. 2. In the .
