Federal Republic Of Nigeria - United Nations Framework Convention On .
Page 1 of 54Federal Republic of NigeriaNational Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) for theFederal Republic of NigeriaFederal Department of ForestryFederal Ministry of EnvironmentFederal Republic of NigeriaJanuary 2019
Page 2 of 54CONTACT INFORMATIONNational Coordinator, Nigeria REDD ProgrammeFederal Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of EnvironmentPlot 393/394, Augustus Aikhomu way, Utako District, Abuja, Nigeria.E-mail: Nigeria redd@yahoo.com. Or. Mema20ng@yahoo.comPhone: 234-8033486909
Page 3 of 54Table of ContentsList of Figures .List of Tables.List of Acronyms.1.Introduction .2.FREL development process .3.Scale of FREL: Area covered.3.1Geographical location, relief, climate, soils and Vegetation of Nigeria.3.2Ecological Zones of Nigeria .3.2.1Mangrove Forest and Coastal Ecological Zone.113.2.2Freshwater Swamp Forest Ecological Zone .123.2.3Lowland Rain Forest Ecological Zone .123.2.4Derived Savanna Ecological Zone .133.2.5Guinea Savanna Ecological Zone .133.2.6Sudan Savanna Ecological Zone.143.2.7Jos Plateau Ecological Zone.153.2.8Montane Region Ecological Zone .153.2.9Sahel Savanna Ecological Zone .163.34.Description of Land use /land cover classification scheme for Nigeria .Scope: Activities, Pools and gases included.4.1Activities included .4.1.1Omission of forest degradation .204.1.2Omission of enhancement of forest carbon stocks .204.2Pools included .4.2.1Omission of litter .214.2.2Omission of soil organic carbon .224.3Gases included .4.3.1Omission of non-CO2 gases .255.Forest Definition.6.Estimation of Historical Emissions.6.1Activity Data .6.1.1Reference period .276.1.2General description of approach taken to collect AD .286.1.3Creation of forest area change map used for stratification .28
Page 4 of 546.1.4Reference data collection .316.1.5Stratification .336.1.6Deforestation area estimates.346.27.8.6.2.1Sampling design for Nigeria Forest Carbon Inventory .376.2.2Cluster Design and Characteristics.376.2.3Sample Plot Design: Mangroves and Freshwater swamp (FWS) .386.2.4Data Collection: Above Ground Biomass .406.2.5Data Analysis .44vi.Estimation of Carbon content.47Transparent, complete, consistent and accurate information .7.1Transparent information .7.2Complete information .7.3Consistent information .7.4Accurate information.7.4.1Accuracy of the estimated activity data .497.4.2Uncertainty of the estimated emission factor .49FREL/FRL Construction .8.19.Emission factor estimation .Historical average of emissions .Areas for future improvements .10. References .
Page 5 of 54List of FiguresFigure 1 Geographical Location of Nigeria in Africa . 9Figure 2 Soil map of Nigeria. 10Figure 3 Ecological zones of Nigeria . 11Figure 4 Nigeria Land cover 1995 (Source: FORMECU) . 17Figure 5 Potential areas of peatlands in Nigeria (Source : https://www.cifor.org/global-wetlands/). 24Figure 6 Decision tree for the creation of the forest change map. 30Figure 7 Detail of the forest change map created using GFC tree cover input . 30Figure 8 Sampling design based on the forest change map. 32Figure 9 Example of a sample from the reference data, this concerns an omission of forest loss by theforest change map. Imagery corresponds to 2005 (Left image) and 2014 (Right image) . 33Figure 10 Estimated forest loss (deforestation) between 2006-2016 by ecological zones . 36Figure 11 Cluster design used for the inventory . 38Figure 12 Sketch diagram of sample Transect sampling design for Mangroves and Fresh Water SwampForest. . 39Figure 13 Spatial Distribution of Sample Clusters in different Ecological Zones. . 40Figure 14 Standing deadwood parameters assessment . 42Figure 15 Lying deadwood parameters assessment . 43List of TablesTable 1 Ecological zones used for stratification AD and EF . 34Table 2 Error matrix for the interpreted samples . 35Table 3 Results of Accuracy Assessment and Stratified Area Estimation for Forest Classes for oneinterpreter . 35Table 4 Number of Clusters enumerated in different ecological zones in Nigeria . 39Table 5 Total live and Dead Biomass and Carbon Stocks for different ecological zones in Nigeria . 47Table 6 Uncertainty estimates (95% confidence intervals) for total live and deadwood carbon stocks byecological zones . 49Table 7 Summary computations for Emissions. 50
Page 6 of 54List of RINActivity DataAboveground BiomassBelowground BiomassCarbon dioxideConference of the PartiesDepartment of Climate ChangeEmission FactorFood and Agriculture Organisation of the United NationsFederal Ministry of EnvironmentForestry Management and Evaluation Coordinating UnitGlobal Forest Resources AssessmentForest Reference Emission LevelForest Reference LevelForestry Research Institute of NigeriaGFOIGlobal Forest Observations InitiativeGHG-IIPCCLULUCFMCCFMRVNAGISGreenhouse gas InventoryIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeLanduse, Landuse Change and ForestryMinistry of Climate Change and ForestryMeasurement, Reporting and VerificationNasarawa State Geographic Information ServicesNAMANationally Appropriate Mitigation erian Air Space Research and Development AgencyNationally Determined ContributionNational Environmental Standards & Regulations Enforcement AgencyNational Forest InventoryNational Forest Monitoring SystemStratified Area EstimateSystem for Earth Observation Data Access, Processing and Analysis for Land MonitoringSatellite Land Monitoring SystemUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Page 7 of 541. IntroductionThe Federal Republic of Nigeria welcomes the invitation to submit a Forest Reference EmissionLevels (FREL) on a voluntary basis as expressed in Decision 12/CP.17, paragraph 13. This FRELsubmission is in the context of results-based payments for the implementation of reducingemissions from deforestation and forest degradation, andtheroleofconservation,sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD ) underthe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).The government has followed the guidance provided by the UNFCCC through the decisions takenat the Conference of the Parties (CP), notably the modalities for forest reference emission levelsand forest reference levels in Decision 12/CP.17 and the guidelines for submission of informationon reference levels in the Annex of Decision 12/CP.17. This submission does not prejudge ormodify any of Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) or Nationally AppropriateMitigation Actions (NAMAs) pursuant to the Bali Action Plan.The Government intends to take a step-wise approach to its national FREL development asstated in Decision 12/CP.17, paragraph 10. As such, the current FRL reflects the best availableinformation at the time of submission at national level. The scope and methodologies appliedcan be modified whenever improved data becomes available; and taking into account thepreviously submitted sub-national FREL. The historical period considered, and/or theconstruction approach could also be revised.2. FREL development processThe construction of the FREL in Nigeria began with the development of a sub -national FREL forCross River State which was submitted to the UNFCCC for the technical assessment in 2018. Thepresent national FREL is a follow up to the sub-national FREL, which up-scales it to national level.The entire FREL process was also subjected to a wider stakeholder consultation and review toensure that it reflects the expectations of all stakeholders, and to also consider technical inputsfrom this broader group.
Page 8 of 543. Scale of FREL: Area coveredNigeria’s REDD Programme envisioned a two-track approach to achieve REDD readiness,based on: (i) the development of institutional and technical capacities at Federal level, and (ii)consolidating four key UNFCCC requirements for REDD Readiness (Warsaw Framework forREDD elements) on a pilot basis in Cross River State. The present FREL is national and drawsfrom the sub-national FREL that Nigeria submitted to UNFCCC in 2018.3.1 Geographical location, relief, climate, soils and Vegetationof NigeriaThe Federal Republic of Nigeria (henceforth referred to as Nigeria), is located on the West coastof Africa between latitudes 3 15’ to 13 30’ N and longitudes 2 59’ to 15 00’ E (Figure 1). It isbordered by Benin in the West, Niger in the North, Chad and Cameroon in the East, and the Gulfof Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the South. Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa with aland area of 923,768km2 of which 910768 km2 island and 13,000 km2 is water (FGoN, 20171); andthe most populated country in Africa, with an estimated population of over 182 million by late2016 (cf. Vanguard, 2016 and Nigeria, NPC, 2017 in FGoN, 2018).Nigeria is located mainly within the lowland humid tropics, characterized by high temperaturesof up to 32oC in the coastal south and up to 41oC in the North. The climate varies from very wettypical in coastal areas with annual rainfall greater than 3500mm to dry in the Sahel regi on in theNorth West and North-Eastern parts, with annual rainfall below 600mm.Nigeria has two main relief regions: the high plateaux ranging between 300 and more than 900mabove sea level, and the lowlands, which are generally less than 300 m.The high plateaux include the North Central Plateau, the Eastern and North Eastern Highlandsand the Western Uplands. The lowlands comprise the Sokoto Plains, the Niger-Benue Trough,the Chad Basin, the interior coastal lowlands of Western Nigeria, the lowlands and scarplands ofSouth Eastern Nigeria and coastlands. Most of the country’s rivers take their sources from fourmain hydrological basins: the North Central Plateau (Sokoto-Rima, Hadejia, Gongola, and Kadunarivers etc.), the Western Uplands (Moshi, Awun, Ogun, Osun, Osse rivers etc.), the Eastern1FGoN (2017). Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/
Page 9 of 54Highlands (Katsina-Ala, Donga rivers, etc.) and the Uri Plateau (Anambra, Imo and Cross riversetc.).Figure 1 Geographical Location of Nigeria in Africa
Page 10 of 54The soils in Nigeria (see Figure 2) can broadly be categorized into four groups: sandy soils in theNorthern zone; lateritic soils in the interior zone; forest soils in the Southern belt; and alluvialsoils. The Northern zone of sandy soils lies in the very Northern parts of the country, particularlyin the Sudan and Sahel zones. In some parts, (e.g. Kano, Kaduna and Sokoto States), they aremainly fine sandy loam soils, friable, and relatively easy to cultivate and good for agriculturalcrops, particularly groundnuts. In some parts of the extreme Northern Guinea savanna andSouthern Sudan savanna, (e.g. in Southern Kaduna State), there is a mixture of soils disintegratedfrom the local granite, and loess soils brought down by winds from the North. The fertile loamsoils found in the Zaria region are particularly good for agricultural crops like cotton.Figure 2 Soil map of Nigeria (Source: Nigeria Environmental Report)The interior zones of lateritic soils are generally found in the guinea savanna, deeply corrodedand grey or reddish in colour. The Guinea savanna also has rich lava soils (e. g. in Biu plateau)that are productive and offer good prospects for agricultural expansion. The Southern belt offorest soils coincides roughly with the high forest belt where the wet season is long; and wherevegetation plays the double role of supplying humus to the soil and protecting it from erosion.The soils here are used to produce cash crops such as cocoa, palm produce and rubber. The zoneof alluvial soils contains soils, which are formed by recent water deposits, and therefore arefound on the flooded plains of rivers, or on deltas, or along the coastal flats. The zone exten ds
Page 11 of 54from the coast inland, and runs along the valleys of the Niger and the Benue, thus cutting acrossthe vegetation belts. Along the courses of rivers, the soils are sandy, and often sterile.3.2 Ecological Zones of NigeriaThe ecological zones in Nigeria are based on Keay (1949), and are defined from South to Northas follows: Mangrove Swamp and Coastal Vegetation, Freshwater Swamp Forest, Lowland RainForest, Derived Savanna, Guinea Savanna, Sudan Savanna, and Sahel Savanna. A fewmountainous areas are found in the Jos Plateau, Adamawa, Taraba and Northern part of CrossRiver State (Figure 3).Figure 3 Ecological zones of Nigeria3.2.1 Mangrove Forest and Coastal Ecological ZoneMangrove forest is found along the coastal and delta areas of Nigeria where the water isbrackish. The most prominent feature of the mangrove forest are the stilt roots of Rhizophoraspp. which do not penetrate the ground but divide beneath the water surface to form a peculiar
Page 12 of 54thick felt raft. Mangroves are dominated by the following species: Rhizophora racemosa, R.mangle, R. harrisonii, Avicennia africana and Laguncularia racemosa. R. racemosa is the biggestof the Rhizophora spp., and can attain heights of up to 40 meters and accounts for up to 95% ofthe species content of the mangrove forest. In Cross River State, the mangroves are threatenedby the exotic Nypa Palm, Nypa fruticans, that was introduced into Calabar and Oron between1906 and 1912, and has spread to other Niger states such as Rivers, Delta and Bayelsa. The palmtends to form pure stands and isolate endemic mangrove trees. Mangrove wood providesexcellent fuel, which burns even when the wood is fresh (Udo, 1978), and because the wood isnot readily attacked by termites, it is used for building, mining props and railway sleepers.3.2.2 Freshwater Swamp Forest Ecological ZoneThe Freshwater swamp forest forms a wide belt inland after the mangrove and coastalvegetation. The zone has more open canopy, which may reach 45 m in height, densely tangled,and almost impenetrable undergrowth. It is usually flooded during the wet season and dries outduring the dry season leaving portions of dry forest floor interspersed with permanent pools ofwater. Much of this vegetation type has been converted to agricultural and urban lands, and theoriginal swamp forest remains mostly on alluvial sites along the major rivers. Climbing palmswith hooked spines are particularly characteristic as are clumps of large aroids such asCyrtospernia senegalense. Large trees such as Mitragyna ciliata, Spondianthus preussii, Lophiraalata, Anthostema aubryanum and Alstonia congensis occur with smaller trees such as Naucleagilletii, Berlinia spp., Grewia coriacea, and Uapaca spp. A number of tree species in thisecological zone have stilted roots. The Raphia palm (Raphia hookerii) and Lonchocarpusgriffonianus are usually abundant in the outer fringe vegetation which seldomly exceeds 14 m inheight. Behind the fringe, the trees of the freshwater swamp may reach 30 m in height.3.2.3 Lowland Rain Forest Ecological ZoneThis Lowland Rain Forest is located north of the freshwater swamp forest and south of theDerived Savanna Ecological Zone to the North. It is an area of dense evergreen forest of talltrees with thick undergrowth consisting of three layers of trees: the emergent layer with treesmore than 36 m high; the middle layer between 15-30 m; while the lowest layer is generally
Page 13 of 54below 15 m. The understorey is a shrub stratum composed of single-stemmed shrubs. The forestin the Northern parts of the zone is characterised by a number of species belonging to th eSterculiaceae family, but the Ulmaceae and Moraceae families are also common. Characteristicspecies of the lowland rain forest are Terminalia superba, Ricinodendron heudelotii , Aubrevilleakerstingii and Khaya ivorensis. The families Meliaceae and Fabaceae make up a large proportionof the tree species in the wetter Southern areas of this zone. In still wetter areas the Sapotaceaeare prominent and the timber trees Lophira alata and Nauclea diderrichii are often abundant.While a few areas of the rainforest remain untouched (undisturbed) with top canopy closelyinterlocked, most rainforest has been disturbed/degraded through conversion to agriculturalfarmlands, indiscriminate felling and wood removal, except for parts of the Cross River State. Insome areas, tropical rain forests have become limited to forest reserves, national parks andgame reserves, which are also encroached. The legend classes "disturbed forest" and"undisturbed forest" were also used in the delineation of this zone.3.2.4 Derived Savanna Ecological ZoneThe Derived Savanna constitute an east-west band between the Lowland Rain Forest and GuineaSavanna ecological zones, and is characterized by dense populations. The appearance andcomposition of Derived savanna, apart from the vestiges of Lowland rainforest, are much thesame as in the Southern areas of Guinea Savanna. However, in some areas especially whereman’s impact on the forests has been high, there is a considerable reduction of vegetation/plantspecies. The impact of man has been so intense in this area that areas left to regrow tend togrow savanna type grasses, thus creating a "derived savanna". Remnants of the high forest maybe present in upland or rocky areas that are not suitable for agriculture.3.2.5 Guinea Savanna Ecological ZoneThe Guinea savanna (or savanna woodland/wooded savanna) is the most extensive vegetation inthe middle belt of Nigeria, and consist of a mixture of trees and grass. It receives annual rainfallsbetween 1000 – 1500 mm with about 6-8 months of rainfall. It contains parkland savanna,gallery forests and derived savanna. The typical vegetation is an open woodland with tall grasses
Page 14 of 54(1 to 3m high) in open areas and trees (up to 15m high) usually with short boles and broadleaves. This vegetation is burnt almost annually by fierce fires in the dry season, therefore fireresistant species predominate.The parkland savanna is a by-product of centuries of tree devastation by man and fire, and acontinuous attempt by plants to adapt themselves to the climatic environment , by developinglong tap roots and thick barks, which enable them to survive the long dry season and resist bushfires.Species in the Southern areas of the Guinea Savanna zone include Lophira lanceolate, Terminaliaglaucescens, Daniellia oliveri, Hymenocardia acida, Vitex doniana, Detarium microcarpum andAfzelia africana. All these species have thick bark capable of resisting grass fires. Species of theNorthern Guinea Savanna show close affinities with the East African "miombo" woodlands, andinclude, Isoberlinia doka, ldalzielli, Monotes kerstingii and Uapaca togoensis. Open canopy isdominated by grass, shrubs (e.g., Gardenia spp. and Protes elliottii) and woody climbers (e.g.Opilia celtidifolia and Uvaria chamae).3.2.6 Sudan Savanna Ecological ZoneThe Sudan savanna belt is found to the Northern parts of Nigeria, and stretches from theSokoto Plains through the Northern section of the High Plains of Nigeria to the Chad Basin. Itincludes areas around Sokoto, Kaduna, Kano and Borno States of Nigeria, comprising an areaover a quarter of the country. Rainfall ranges from about 600-1000 mm and the relativehumidity is generally below 40%, except for the few rainy months when this can rise to 60% andabove. The zone experiences a dry season of about 4-6 months. The zone has the largestpopulation density in Northern Nigeria, produces important economic crops such as groundnuts,cotton, millet, and maize and has the highest concentration of cattle in the country. Sudansavanna has consequently suffered great impact from man and livestock. The landscape has lessvegetation than the Guinea savanna. Existing vegetation consist mainly of short grasses, about 1 2 m high, and some stunted tree species, such as Acacia species, the silk cotton Ceiba pentandra(silk cotton) and the Adansonia digitata (baobab).
Page 15 of 543.2.7 Jos Plateau Ecological ZoneJos Plateau Ecological Zone is based on the distinctness of the vegetation of the plateau (altitudeabout 1200 m) for two reasons. First, the high plateau has suffered widespread degradation byman so that only relics of Guinea woodland remain. Presently, the plateau is almost devoid oftrees. Second, the flora on the Plateau is peculiar with many species of woody and herbaceousplants not found elsewhere in West Africa, alongside many typical Guinea Savanna species. Theendemic species peculiar to the Jos Plateau include Terminalia brozenii, Morea zambesiaca andthe orchids Disperis johnstoni and Disa hircicornis.3.2.8 Montane Region Ecological ZoneThese highlands and plateaus are characterized by grassland vegetation at the base, forestvegetation on the windward slope and grassland vegetation on the Plateaux. The lower slopesof highlands located in the forest belt such as Bamenda Highlands (in Cameroon) and the ObuduHills are covered with forest vegetation, while the upper slopes and the plateau surfaces havegrassland vegetation, which normally supports cattle population.This region is found along the south Eastern border of Nigeria in the Cameroon mountains.Forest vegetation extends as high as 1600 to 2400 m and ecotone with mountain grassland.There are two main types of montane forest. From about 1000 to 1800 m altitude the forest isenveloped in mist for long periods and is referred to as Mist Forest. The tree canopy is irregularand is composed of species such as Polyscias ferruginea, Entandrophragma angolense,Turreanthus africanus and at higher altitudes Schefflera hookeriana and species of Ficus andConopharyugia. The high humidity results in a profusion of mosses and various kinds ofepiphytes. Above the mist zone the forest is drier, more stunted, and more susceptible to fire.Typical tree species include Syzygium standtii, Schefflera abyssinica, Schefflera mannii,Lachnopylis mannii and Pittosporum mannii. Masses of lichens beard the branches of the trees.At the upper limit of the forest there is a scrubby zone of Rapanca neurophylla, Agauriasaheifolia and Laisiosiphon glaucus. In the lower grasslands most of the grasses are tussocky,have flat leaves, and reach 0.6 m in height, or slightly more. The family Compositae is wellrepresented in this grassland. At about 3000 m there is a marked change, the flat -leavedtussocky grasses, such as Andropogon distachvus are replaced by grasses with more compactshorter tussocks of narrow rolled leaves, such as Festuca abyssinica. Trees are absent from thisupper grassland, with only a few bushy plants such as Blaeria mannii, Senecio clarenceanus andHelichrysum mannii.
Page 16 of 543.2.9 Sahel Savanna Ecological ZoneThe Sahel savanna, is found to the extreme Northwest and Northeast of the country, wherethe annual rainfall is less than 600 mm and with dry seasons exceeding 8 months. Typically thevegetation consists of grasses, open thorn shrub savanna with scattered trees, 4 to 9 m in heightmost of them are tho
from the sub-national FREL that Nigeria submitted to UNFCCC in 2018. 3.1 Geographical location, relief, climate, soils and Vegetation of Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria (henceforth referred to as Nigeria), is located on the West coast of Africa between latitudes 3 15' to 13 30' N and longitudes 2 59' to 15 00' E (Figure 1 .
In 2017, Nigeria introduced its first Building Energy Efficiency Code, which sets minimum standards for energy efficiency for new buildings in Nigeria. 2030 NDC TARGET The country's 2030 NDC target is 442.5 MtCO 2 e by 2030. There is no Climate Action Tracker analysis for Nigeria. All figures exclude land use emissions. NIGERIA Nigeria's GHG
Dec 01, 2006 · (a) Applications by the Republic of Cameroon, the Republic of Ghana, the Republic of Belarus and the Togolese Republic for membership of the Organization 11. The Council adopted by acclamation Resolutions Nos. 1121, 1122, 1123 and 1124 (XC) admitting the Republic of Cameroon, the Republic of Ghana, the Republic of Belarus and the
Growth in Nigeria Kenneth Ogbeide ENORUWA1, 3Moyotole Daniel EZUEM2, Onyemaechi Christopher NWANI 1Department of Banking & Finance, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria 2,3Department of Banking and Finance, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria Abstract:-This work examines the impact of the capital market
through this the companies to be involved in this audit. The methodology adopted include both desk study of the various literature obtained from various government offices in Nigeria and some web based information/site visit undertaken to some selected mining operations cut across minerals types and their location in Nigeria. Further
Nigeria ranks 5th in Africa in services' output10. Nigeria is Africa's largest ICT market, accounting for 29% of internet usage in Africa.11 In 2019, Nigeria had 180.58 million active mobile telecommunication subscriptions.12 Nigeria is a very young country, with nearly 43% of its population between the age of 0-14 years old.13
for Western companies to operate in the Nigeria market. Also while planning to do business in Nigeria; it is pertinent that a company views Nigeria from its diverse cultural perspective. Despite the fact that Nigeria is a country that shares same National Anthem, currency etc, it is a multicultural economy where different cultures do not have .
some cases of police brutality in Nigeria; to investigate the causes of police brutality and violation of human rights in Nigeria; to ascertain the implications of police brutality in Nigeria and to recommend ways to prevent police violence in Nigeria. To be able to achieve these objectives, four research questions were raised, such as, are .
Kindergarten Writing Curriculum Pacing Guide Content Area: Writing-Language Arts Grade Level: Kindergarten Building a Talking Community: Oral Language September Unit 1: Launch Writing October-November Unit 2: Writers are Readers December-January Unit 3: How-To Books February-March Unit 4: Persuasive Writing April-June
