An Overview Of The Use And Trade Of Plants And Animals In Traditional .
AN OVERVIEWOF THE USE AND TRADEOF PLANTS AND ANIMALS INTRADITIONAL MEDICINESYSTEMS IN CAMBODIADavid AshwellNaomi WalstonA TRAFFIC SOUTHEAST ASIA REPORTAn overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia2
Published by TRAFFIC Southeast Asia,Greater Mekong Programme,Ha Noi, Viet Nam 2008 TRAFFIC Southeast Asia,Greater Mekong Programme,Ha Noi, Viet NamAll rights reserved.All material appearing in this publication iscopyrighted and may be reproduced withpermission. Any reproduction in full or in partof this publication must credit TRAFFICSoutheast Asia, Greater Mekong Programme asthe copyright owner.The views of the authors expressed in thispublication do not necessarily reflect those of theTRAFFIC network, WWF or IUCN.The designations of geographical entities in thispublication, and the presentation of the material,do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or itssupporting organizations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, or area, or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries.The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and RegisteredTrademark ownership is held by WWF.TRAFFIC is a joint programme of WWF andIUCN.Suggested citation: Ashwell, D. and Walston,N. (2008). An overview of the use and trade ofplants and animals in traditional medicinesystems in Cambodia. TRAFFIC SoutheastAsia, Greater Mekong Programme, Ha Noi,Viet Nam.Written by: David Ashwell and Naomi WalstonEdited by: Geoff MorrisCover photo: Mark Bezuijen
AN OVERVIEWOF THE USE AND TRADEOF PLANTS AND ANIMALS INTRADITIONAL MEDICINESYSTEMS IN CAMBODIABy Naomi Walston and David AshwellA TRAFFIC SOUTHEAST ASIA REPORT Mark BezuijenForest products on sale at a Cambodian market
TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 5ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . 5EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 6A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE AND TRADE OF WILD PLANTS ANDANIMALS IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE SYSTEMS IN CAMBODIA. 13INTRODUCTION . 13What is Traditional Khmer Medicine?. 13Traditional Khmer Medicine in Cambodian Society . 14Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Vietnamese Medicine in Cambodia . 15Traditional Medicine and the Formal Healthcare Sector . 15Traditional Medicine and the Law . 16METHODS. 17Researchers . 17Interviews. 17Observation . 17Sources of Information. 18RESULTS. 19Popularity of Traditional Medicine in Cambodia. 19Plants and Animals in Medicine. 19Previous Research into the Use of Wildlife in Traditional Medicine in Cambodia . 20The Current Use of Wildlife in Traditional Medicine in Cambodia . 21DISCUSSION. 28Plants in Traditional Medicine . 28Animals in Traditional Medicine . 29Captive-Breeding and Cultivation. 31The Export of Cambodia's Plants and Animals for Traditional Medicine . 31CONCLUSION . 33RECOMMENDATIONS . 34An overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia2
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE AND TRADE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS INCAMBODIA . 36INTRODUCTION . 36METHOD. 37Database Development. 37Assessment of Vulnerability of Species. 37Market Chains of Select Species – Case Studies . 38Interviews upon Collection, Use, Trade and Legislation . 39RESULTS. 40Diversity and conservation significance of medicinal plants . 40Case Studies in Trade and Use – Key Points . 44Interviews upon Collection, Use, Trade and Legislation . 55Transport . 55Legislation and Regulatory Arrangements. 56CONCLUSIONS. 57Overall Diversity and Origins . 57Principal Habitats of Medicinal Plants. 58Vulnerabilities of Species. 58Key Medicinal Plant Collection Areas. 58General Trade Scenario. 59Regulatory Framework. 60DISCUSSION. 62RECOMMENDATIONS . 64REFERENCES . 68APPENDICES. 72Appendix 1 Animal Product Prices. 72Appendix 2 Survey of Pharmacies in Phnom Penh . 73Appendix 3 List of Animal Species Used in TM in Cambodia . 75Appendix 4 Wildlife Species Confiscated by WILD-AID. 77Appendix 5 Medicinal Plants of Cambodia Database Development . 82Appendix 6 Principle habitats and distribution patterns of Cambodia's medicinal plant species . 85Appendix 7 Assessment on the Vulnerability of Medicinal Plant Species in Cambodia . 87Appendix 8 Letter of Request for Stopping Mreah Prov Production. 104Appendix 9 Notice for Reduction of Import Tax. 105An overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia3
LIST OF TABLESTable 1: Total number of Cambodia’s medicinal plant species by region of origin . 40Table 2: Cultivated and naturalized species along with those with unknown habitat preferences. . 41Table 3: Principle habitats of Cambodia's medicinal plants .42LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Map of Cambodia showing featured locations . 12Figure 2: Description of Market Chain for Moem Thnam Chin . 46Figure 3: Description of Market Chain for Romdeng Prey . 47Figure 4: Description of Market Chain for Romeit Prey . 48Figure 5: Description of Market Chain for Mreah Prov . 50Figure 6: Description of Market Chain for Vohr Romiet . 52Figure 7: Description of Market Chain for Tepiru . 53Figure 8: Description of Market Chain for Dey Khla . 55Figure 9: Key collection areas and case study areas . 59Figure 10: General Trade Scenario . 61An overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to thank the following people, without whom it would not have been possible to writethis report. Firstly, the people who generously shared their knowledge of traditional medicine in Cambodia: DrHang Sokhom, from the National Center of Traditional Medicine, the committee members of the Association ofTraditional Cambodian Healers, particularly Mr Moun Vanna, Mr Outey Mea from the Institute of KhmerHabitat, Michael Linddal and Mr Houn Chhum, kru khmer. Secondly, all those who had knowledge of wildlifetrade and the law in Cambodia: Colin Poole, Isabel Beasley, Kong Kim Sreng, Tony Lynam and HannekeNooren from WCS, Gordon Claridge, Heng Bunny and Mark Bezuijen of WWF, Heng Kimchhay of theWildlife Protection Office in the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries (MAFF), Todd Sigaty of VillageFocus and especially, WildAid Cambodia and Suon Phalla of the CITES Management Authority in Cambodia.For their comments on the first draft of this report thanks go to Gordon Claridge, Hanneke Nooren, MarkBezuijen and Nick Cox. Lastly, special thanks must go to the individuals who helped collect the data for thisresearch: Leng Chivin, Sorn Paeakdey, Loeuk Vanna and Khoy Prorkrortey Neoung.We would like to thank the WWF-US for funding this project, and also the Swedish International DevelopmentCooperation Agency (Sida) for its ongoing support for TRAFFIC's work in relation to the medicinal plant tradein Southeast Asia.The Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation is also gratefully acknowledged for its support to TRAFFIC in theproduction of this report.ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsATCHAssociation of Traditional Cambodian HealersCITESConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraFAForestry AdministrationIKHInstitute of Khmer HabitatIUCNInternational Union for Conservation of NatureMAFFMinistry of Agriculture, Food and FisheriesTMTraditional MedicineNCTMNational Center of Traditional MedicineTKMTraditional Khmer MedicineTVMTraditional Vietnamese MedicineTCMTraditional Chinese MedicineWCSWildlife Conservation SocietyAn overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis published document consists of two separate reports produced between 2005 and 2007. These reports havebeen maintained as separate reports in order to maintain their respective integrities as source documents.The first report ‘A Preliminary Investigation into the Use and Trade of Wild Plants and Animals inTraditional Medicine Systems in Cambodia’ by Naomi Walston represents a preliminary examination of theuse of Cambodia’s wildlife in Traditional Medicine (TM) systems. It examines the use of wildlife and plants inTraditional Khmer Medicine (TKM) and briefly discusses the use of Cambodian wildlife and plants to supplyother TM systems, such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Traditional Vietnamese Medicine (TVM).Plants and animals are central features of TKM and since a significant proportion of Cambodia's population stilluses TM, this has ensured that there is a continuing demand for plants and animals for medicinal purposes.However, some changes in the supply of and markets for plants and animals for TM have taken place:xThe rarity and consequent expense of some animal species has reduced the ability of the majority ofCambodians to afford to keep or purchase animal products for medicinal use. However, the belief in anddemand for these animal parts remains strong, as verified by the sale of fake animal products and themarketing strategies of some traditional healers.xMany traditional healers in Cambodia cannot afford to purchase these animal parts to include in theirremedies. Where possible, they are substituting plant for animal ingredients or recommending to theirclients that they source or purchase the animal-based ingredients themselves rather than relying on thehealer to include them in pre-prepared remedies.xSome animal products are still openly sold at TM outlets (i.e. the species considered to be of a lower financialvalue, since the Forestry Law dictates a system of fines according to the perceived financial value of the species).Other species are still available for sale but remain either in the traders' private premises or are provided on a "toorder basis". The reasons for this appear to be that enforcement activities have encouraged trading activities tocontinue 'out of sight' and that many wildlife products are now so expensive to buy from middlemen, that tradersprefer to buy them only when they have a confirmed customer.xSome traditional healers (who also collect the ingredients for remedies) have noticed a decline in the wildof some of the medicinal plant species they use in their remedies.Current social and political concerns in Cambodia are also influencing the use of TM and its impact on thecountry’s wildlife:xTM has become popular amongst the wealthy and urban population as Cambodian society looks for curesfor diseases that western medicine has so far failed to treat.xTM is encouraged by the government but little is done to monitor its production. The processes by whichremedies are produced are little known and it is difficult to ensure accountability among TM practitioners.xCambodia has a new Forestry Law, which contains powerful rhetoric on how the illegal exploitation ofCambodia’s natural resources is to be addressed. However, those responsible for enforcing the law “on theground” lack the capacity and knowledge to do so.An overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia6
This report, in addition to the gaps in the knowledge concerning the use of Cambodia’s wildlife in TM, makesthe following recommendations:xTo conduct further research, led by the following priorities: A need for better understanding of the dynamics of domestic and international trade in plants andanimals from Cambodia A need for additional investigation into the restaurant tradexxTo work closely with the Royal Government of Cambodia, particularly: the Customs Department, Ministry of Finance the Forestry Authority, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries the Department of Drugs, Food and Cosmetics, in the Ministry of HealthTo work closely with the National Center of Traditional Medicine and with kru khmersThe second report ‘A Preliminary Investigation into the Use and Trade of Medicinal Plants in Cambodia’by David Ashwell focuses entirely on the medicinal plant trade in Cambodia, an often overlooked aspect ofspecies trade but one that has enormous consequences for the biodiversity of the country and, potentially, thewider region.The diversity and taxonomy of medicinal plants in Cambodia is poorly understood and underrepresented inpublished literature. The first part of this report attempts to clarify taxonomic issues in order to provide a basisfor further trade-related research, including a conservation assessment that prioritises species based onperceived vulnerability in the wild. A brief market chain analysis was also conducted for several of these plantspecies. Key results include:xOver 800 species of medicinal plants (native and introduced) were identified. This figure represents over35% of Cambodia’s native flora.xEighty species are considered of high priority for conservation due to limited abundance, habitat threat,narrow ecological range and high demand.xThe case studies describe a well organized and active network of traders, outlets and point to some keycollection areas in Cambodia.xAnecdotal evidence and recent changes in the market chain, with a strong centralized system in PhnomPenh suggest many species are becoming hard to obtain locally, and traditional medicine practitioners findit easier to go through centralized wholesalers to obtain the selected plant products.The findings of this report, leads the researchers to make a number of detailed recommendations. The keyrecommendations relate to:xSeveral species of plants should be proposed by the Cambodia Convention on International Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Management Authority to the CITES Committee forinclusion to CITES Appendices I, II or III: Dysoxylum lourieri (Mreah Prov Phnom); Gardenia ankorensis(Dey Khla); Cinnamomum cambodianum (Tepiru); and Coscinium usitatum (Vohr Romiet).xFormation of a National Working Group comprised of Government Agencies in forest protection,environment and health, traditional medicine organisations, and NGO’s active in health and conservation.An overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia7
xDevelopment by the Royal Government of a National Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable use ofMedicinal Plants.xFurther research by national organisations and NGOs on use and trade of plants and animals, distributionand abundance of plants, and market analysis for select species, particular animals and an examination ofthe restaurant trade.xHolding a National Workshop by the Royal Government to inform stakeholders of the research and draftNational Strategy.xImproved regulatory environment and law enforcement by the Royal Government. In particular thisincludes passage publication of a list of threatened species as described in the Law of Forestry.xA public awareness campaign by the Royal Government, in association with relevant national organisationsand NGOs, on the sustainable use and trade of medicinal plants in Cambodia.An overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia8
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Figure 1Map of Cambodia showing featured locationsSource: Naomi WalstonAn overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia12
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE AND TRADE OF WILDPLANTS AND ANIMALS IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE SYSTEMS IN CAMBODIANaomi WalstonINTRODUCTIONThis paper examines the use of Cambodia’s flora and fauna in traditional medicine, focusing on the Cambodiamarkets and discusses the implications that this use has on the conservation of Cambodia's wild plants and animals.Although the beginnings of Traditional Khmer Medicine (TKM) are unclear, it is known that plants andanim
Plants and animals are central features of TKM and since a significant proportion of Cambodia's population still uses TM, this has ensured that there is a continuing demand for plants and animals for medicinal purposes. However, some changes in the supply of and markets for plants and animals for TM have taken place:
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
