Fascism In Italy - Perth Amboy Public Schools
wh07 te ch28 s03 na s.fm Page 898 Monday, January 23, 2006 2:27 PMwh07 se ch28 s03 s.fmSECTION3Step-by-StepInstructionObjectivesAs you teach this section, keep studentsfocused on the following objectives to helpthem answer the Section Focus Questionand master core content. Describe how conditions in Italyfavored the rise of Mussolini. Summarize how Mussolini changedItaly. Understand the values and goals offascist ideology. Compare and contrast fascism andcommunism.Page 898 Monday, November 21, 2005 1:58 PM3WITNESS HISTORYA New Leader: MussoliniIn the early 1920s, a new leader named BenitoMussolini arose in Italy. The Italian people wereinspired by Mussolini’s promises to bring stabilityand glory to Italy.joy at finding such a leader] can explain“ [Onlythe enthusiasm [Mussolini] evoked at gathering after gathering, where his mere presencedrew the people from all sides to greet himwith frenzied acclamations. Even the men whoat first came out of mere curiosity and withindifferent or even hostile feelings graduallyfelt themselves fired by his personal magneticinfluence. . . .—Margherita G. Sarfatti, The Life of BenitoMussolini (tr. Frederic Whyte)An image from amagazine of BenitoMussolini leading hisnation to war ” Italian national flagduring Mussolini’s ruleL3Remind students about the problems thatfollowed World War I. Have studentsspeculate on how these problems couldhelp pave the way for the rise of dictators,such as Mussolini and Hitler.Set a Purpose Objectives Describe how conditions in Italy favored the riseof Mussolini. Summarize how Mussolini changed Italy. Understand the values and goals of fascistideology. Compare and contrast fascism and communism.L3WITNESS HISTORY Read the selectionTerms, People, and Placesaloud or play the audio.AUDIO Witness History Audio CD,A New Leader: MussoliniBenito MussoliniBlack ShirtsMarch on RomeAsk According to this description,how did people react to Mussolini?(joy, enthusiasm) Ask students to predict the future of such a charismaticleader.Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Find themain points of the text under the first twoheadings and record them in a flowchart like theone below.Focus Point out the Section FocusQuestion and write it on the board.Tell students to refer to this questionas they read. (Answer appears withSection 3 Assessment answers.) Preview Have students preview theSection Objectives and the list ofTerms, People, and Places. Have students read thissection using the Paragraph Shrinkingstrategy (TE, p. T20). As they read,have students fill in the flowchartidentifying the main ideas of thissection.Reading and Note TakingStudy Guide, p. 257898 The Rise of TotalitarianismFocus Question How and why did fascism risein Italy?Fascism in ItalyPrepare to ReadBuild Background KnowledgeAUDIOtotalitarian statefascismDissatisfactionand UnrestMussoliniTakes PowerMussoliniChanges Italy “I hated politics and politicians,” said Italo Balbo. Like many Italian veterans of World War I, he had come home to a land ofeconomic chaos and political corruption. Italy’s constitutional government, he felt, “had betrayed the hopes of soldiers, reducing Italyto a shameful peace.” Disgusted and angry, Balbo rallied behind afiercely nationalist leader, Benito Mussolini. Mussolini’s rise topower in the 1920s served as a model for ambitious strongmenelsewhere in Europe.Mussolini’s Rise to PowerWhen Italy agreed to join the Allies in 1915, France and Britainsecretly promised to give Italy certain Austro-Hungarian territories. When the Allies won, Italy received some of the promised territories, but others became part of the new Yugoslavia. The brokenpromises outraged Italian nationalists.Disorders within Italy multiplied. Inspired in part by the revolution in Russia, peasants seized land, and workers went on strikeor seized factories. Amid the chaos, returning veterans facedunemployment. Trade declined and taxes rose. The government,split into feuding factions, seemed powerless to end the crisis.A Leader Emerges Into this turmoil stepped Benito Mussolini.The son of a socialist blacksmith and a teacher, Mussolini had been asocialist in his youth. During the war, however, he rejected socialismVocabulary BuilderUse the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section.Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 49; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3High-Use Wordsproclaim, p. 900ideology, p. 901Definitions and Sample Sentencesvt. to announce officiallyAfter the election, the mayor proclaimed her victory to the awaitingconstituents.n. a system of ideas that guides an individual, movement, or political programAnti-war protests were driven by a pacifist ideology.
wh07 te ch28 s03 na s.fmPage 899 AugustMonday,October24,wh07 se ch28 s03 s.fmPage 899 Wednesday,17, 20055:51 PM2005 5:19 PMfor intense nationalism. In 1919, he organized veterans and other discontented Italians into the Fascist party. They took the name from the Latinfasces, a bundle of sticks wrapped around an ax. In ancient Rome, the fascessymbolized unity and authority.Mussolini was a fiery and charismatic speaker. He promised to endcorruption and replace turmoil with order. He also spoke of revivingRoman greatness, pledging to turn the Mediterranean into a “Romanlake” once again.TeachMussolini’s Riseto PowerInstructn Introduce: Key TermsHave studentsfind the key term Black Shirts (inblue) in the text and explain its meaning. Ask students to predict how theuse of violence will help Mussolini togain power.Mussolini Gains Control Mussolini organized his supporters into“combat squads.” The squads wore black shirts to emulate an earliernationalist revolt. These Black Shirts, or party militants, rejected thedemocratic process in favor of violent action. They broke up socialist rallies, smashed leftist presses, and attacked farmers’ cooperatives. Fascistgangs used intimidation and terror to oust elected officials in northernItaly. Many Italians accepted these actions because they, too, had lostfaith in constitutional government.In 1922, the Fascists made a bid for power. At a rally in Naples, theyannounced their intention to go to Rome to demand that the governmentmake changes. In the March on Rome, tens of thousands of Fascistsswarmed towards the capital. Fearing civil war, King Victor Emmanuel IIIasked Mussolini to form a government as prime minister. Mussolinientered the city triumphantly on October 30, 1929. He thus obtained anominally legal, constitutional appointment from the king to lead Italy.How did postwar disillusionment contribute toMussolini’s rise?Mussolini’s Rulen Teach Trace Mussolini’s rise to power.Mussolini and the PeopleAn excited crowd of women and childrengreets the Italian leader in 1940.Ask What were the postwar conditions in Italy? (People were burdenedwith unemployment, rising taxes, declining trade, and political disunity.) Howdid Mussolini come to power? (Mussolini organized the Fascist party, promising to revive Roman greatness. He usedterror and intimidation to force the kingto appoint him prime minister.) Why doyou think people found Mussoliniappealing? (Sample: He promised stability in a time of chaos.)n Quick Activity Ask students to listAt first, Fascists held only a few cabinetposts in the new government. By 1925,though, Mussolini had assumed more powerand taken the title Il Duce (eel DOO chay),“The Leader.” He suppressed rival parties,muzzled the press, rigged elections, andreplaced elected officials with Fascist supporters. In 1929, Mussolini received supportfrom Pope Pius XI in return for recognizingVatican City as an independent state,although the pope continued to disagree withsome of Mussolini’s goals. In theory, Italyremained a parliamentary monarchy. In fact,it was a dictatorship upheld by terror. Criticswere thrown into prison, forced into exile, ormurdered. Secret police and propaganda bolstered the regime.the ways in which Mussolini and thefascists drew upon ancient Rome. (Fascists took their name from the fasces,which was a symbol of authority inancient Rome; Mussolini promised torevive Roman greatness.) Have pairs ofstudents discuss why Mussolini continually referred to Rome. Would Italiansfind this appealing? Why or why not?Independent PracticeTell students to suppose they are part of ateam of specialists assigned to prepare abriefing for the U.S. President so he canstay abreast of events in Italy. Have themprepare a brief but thorough report onthe situation in Italy following WorldWar I. Ensure their reports are accurate.State Control of the Economy To spureconomic growth and end conflicts betweenowners and workers, Mussolini broughtthe economy under state control. However,he preserved capitalism. Under Mussolini’scorporate state, representatives of business, labor, government, and the FascistMonitor ProgressAs students fill in their flowcharts, circulate to make sure they understand howMussolini came to power. For a completedversion of the flowchart, seeNote Taking Transparencies, 168ASolutions for All LearnersL1 Special NeedsL3L2 Less Proficient ReadersTo help students practice previewing, ask them toskim the following before they read the section: headings, images, blue key terms. Tell them that the subjectof the section shifts from a specific topic (Mussolini’srule in Italy) to a broader concept (the nature of fascism) part way through. Based on their previewing,ask them to pinpoint when this shift occurs.Use the following resources to help students acquirebasic skills.Adapted Reading and Note TakingStudy Guiden Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 257n Adapted Section Summary, p. 258AnswerIt united Italians in their desire for a new,more effective government, howeveraggressive.Chapter 28 Section 3 899
wh07 te ch28 s03 na s.fm Page 900 Monday, October 24, 2005 5:19 PMwh07 se ch28 s03 s.fmMussolini’s RulePage 900 Wednesday, August 17, 2005 5:51 PML3party controlled industry, agriculture, and trade. Mussolini’s systemfavored the upper classes and industrial leaders. Although productionincreased, success came at the expense of workers. They were forbidden tostrike, and their wages were kept low.the headings and visuals in this section. Then ask students to recall howMussolini rose to power. Based on theirprevious reading and visuals in thissection, have students predict whatkind of leader Mussolini will be.The Individual and the State In Mussolini’s new system, loyalty tothe state replaced conflicting individual goals. To Fascists, the gloriousstate was all-important, and the individual was unimportant except as amember of the state. Men, women, and children were bombarded withslogans glorifying the state and Mussolini. “Believe! Obey! Fight!” loudspeakers blared and posters proclaimed. Men were urged to be ruthless,selfless warriors fighting for the glory of Italy. Women were pushed out ofpaying jobs. Instead, Mussolini called on women to “win the battle ofmotherhood.” Those who bore more than 14 children were given a medalby Il Duce himself.Shaping the young was a major Fascist goal. Fascist youth groupstoughened children and taught them to obey strict military discipline.Boys and girls learned about the glories of ancient Rome. Young Fascistsmarched in torchlight parades, singing patriotic hymns and chanting,“Mussolini is always right.” By the 1930s, a generation of young soldiersstood ready to back Il Duce’s drive to expand Italian power.Instructn Introduce Ask students to previewn Teach Discuss the ways in which Mus-Vocabulary Builderproclaimed—(proh KLAYMD) vt.announced officiallysolini imposed a totalitarian regime inItaly. Then ask Why is control of themedia important in a totalitarianstate? (It enables the state to censorinformation and spread propaganda.)What was Fascist policy regardingchildren? (Fascist youth groups taughtstrict discipline and children learnedabout the glories of ancient Rome.)How did the Fascist party transform Italy’s governmentn Quick Activity Display Color Trans-and economy?parency 170: The Triumph of Mussolini. Use the lesson suggested in thetransparency book to guide a discussion on the political cartoon satirizingMussolini.Color Transparencies, 170INFOGRAPHICAs part of a propagandadrive, German mothersreceived medals forbearing several children. 䉴Independent PracticeLink to Literature To help studentsIn totalitarian Italy, Mussolinis government tried to dominate every part ofunderstand how fascism was integratedinto the school day, have them read theselection from “The Sound of the Cicadas”, by Arturo Vivante and complete theworksheet.the lives of Italians. Mussolini’s totalitarian state became a model for others,although his rule in Italy was not as absolute as that of Stalin in the SovietUnion or Adolf Hitler in Germany. Still, all three governments shared thefollowing basic features: (1) a single-party dictatorship with blind obedienceto a single leader, (2) state control of the economy, (3) use of police spies andterror to enforce the will of the state, (4) government control of the mediato indoctrinate and mobilize citizens through propaganda, (5) use of schoolsand youth organizations to spread ideology to children, and (6) strictcensorship of artists and intellectuals with dissenting opinions.Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 53Monitor ProgressTo review this section, ask students tosummarize how Mussolini ruled Italy.䉳 The dictators built cults of personalityaround themselves. At left, a statue ofStalin in a heroic pose, and (inset)Mussolini depicted working alongsideItalian builders.A photo from the Soviet secret policefile on Osip Mandelstam, who wassent to the Gulag for writing poemsunsympathetic to Stalin. 䉴History BackgroundAnswerFascist rule changed Italy’s government to adictatorship upheld by terror, brought theeconomy under state control, and altereddomestic life.900 The Rise of TotalitarianismAll in the Family One of Mussolini’s most prominent supporters and assistants was his son-in-law,Galeazzo Ciano. Ciano married Mussolini’s favoritedaughter, Edda, in 1930. He then served as a diplomatin China before leading a bomber squadron in theEthiopian War. When Ciano returned to Italy, heclimbed high in the Fascist hierarchy, eventuallybecoming foreign minister in 1936. Many thoughtthat Ciano was Mussolini’s natural successor. How-ever, as Italy’s position in World War II worsened,Ciano joined with others on the Fascist Grand Councilto call on Mussolini to resign. Caught by Mussolini’sgovernment in northern Italy, he was tried for treasonand executed by a shot in the back in January 1944—despite his close relationship with Mussolini. Ciano’ssecret diaries, published in 1946, provide a windowinto behind-the-scenes maneuvering in Fascist Italy.
wh07 te ch28 s03 na s.fmPage 901 AugustMonday,October24,wh07 se ch28 s03 s.fmPage 901 Wednesday,17, 20055:51 PM2005 5:19 PMThe Nature of FascismMussolini built the first totalitarian state. In this form of government,a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives ofits citizens. Other dictators, notably Stalin and Hitler, followed Mussolini’s lead. Mussolini’s rule was fascist in nature, as was Hitler’s, buttotalitarian governments rise under other kinds of ideology as well, suchas communism in Stalin’s Soviet Union.What is Fascism? Historians still debate the real nature of Mussolini’sfascist ideology. Mussolini coined the term, but fascists had no unifyingtheory as Marxists did. Today, we generally use the term fascism todescribe any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights. In the 1920s and 1930s, though, fascismmeant different things in different countries.All forms of fascism, however, shared some basic features. They wererooted in extreme nationalism. Fascists glorified action, violence, discipline, and, above all, blind loyalty to the state. Fascists also pursuedaggressive foreign expansion. Echoing the idea of “survival of the fittest,”Fascist leaders glorified warfare as a noble struggle for survival.Fascists were also antidemocratic. They rejected faith in reason andthe concepts of equality and liberty. To them, democracy led to corruptionand weakness and put individual or class interests above national goals.Instead, fascists emphasized emotion and the supremacy of the state.䉲 Huge numbers ofpeople turned out forNazi Party rallies.Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Usea table like the one below to recordinformation about fascism.What is Fascism?ValuesCharacteristicsDifferences FromCommunismSimilarities toCommunismVocabulary Builderideology—(ih dee AHL uh jee) n. a systemof ideas that guides an individual,movement, or political programThe Nature of Fascism/Looking AheadL3Instructn Introduce: Vocabulary BuilderHave students read the VocabularyBuilder term and definition. Using theIdea Wave strategy (TE, p. T22), askstudents to list examples of modernpolitical ideologies.n Teach Ask students to identify themain characteristics of fascist governments, and write their responses on theboard. Ask How did fascist valuesdiffer from democratic principlesand goals? (Unlike democracy, fascismrejected the concepts of equality and liberty, placed national goals above individual interests, and emphasized therole of emotion over reason.)n Analyzing the Visuals Refer stu-䉲 Mussolini spread his ideal ofItalian military supremacy toItalian children throughthe Young Fascists.dents to the Infographic on this page.Ask students to describe how eachimage illustrates some of the featuresof totalitarian states. (Sample: Thephoto from the the Soviet secret policefile shows the use of terror to enforce thewill of the state; the Young Fascistsshow the indoctrination of children.)Independent PracticeHave students fill in the tablerecording information about fascism.Reading and Note TakingStudy Guide, p. 257Monitor Progressn As students fill in their tables, circulateThinking Critically1. Draw Inferences Why did totalitariangovernments try to win the loyalty oftheir nations’ young people?2. Recognize Ideologies Why did leadershonor women for having many children?to make sure they understand the values and characteristics of fascism. Fora completed version of the table, seeNote Taking Transparencies, 168Bn Check Reading and Note Taking StudyGuide entries for student understanding.Link to EconomicsFascist Enterprises Mussolini started a largescale public works program that included agriculturaland architectural restoration projects. Roads, schools,and train stations were built, trees planted, andarchaeological sites financed. One of Mussolini’s mostsuccessful projects was the drainage of several hundred thousand acres of marshland to help Italy win“the battle for wheat” and end its dependence onimported grain. The increase in farmland boostedwheat production by about 30 percent. Mussolini alsodirected the construction of a network of highways.With the help of private businesses, the first one wascompleted in 1924.However, not all end results matched Mussolini’sgrand initial claims. Many projects were left unfinished, and huge sums of money lined the pockets ofcorrupt officials in charge of overseeing the programs.Still, few people blamed Mussolini.AnswersThinking Critically1. to create a constant flow of people willing toserve the government2. to reinforce traditional roles and to create asmany new soldiers and loyal citizens as possibleChapter 28 Section 3 901
wh07 te ch28 s03 na s.fm Page 902 Monday, January 23, 2006 2:27 PMwh07 se ch28 s03 s.fmPage 902 Thursday, December 15, 2005 11:17 AMThe Appeal of Fascism Given its restrictions on individual freedom,why did fascism appeal to many Italians? First, it promised a strong, stable government and an end to the political feuding that had paralyzeddemocracy in Italy. Mussolini projected a sense of power and confidenceat a time of disorder and despair. Mussolini’s intense nationalism alsorevived
Fascism in Italy Objectives Describe how conditions in Italy favored the rise of Mussolini. Summarize how Mussolini changed Italy. Understand the values and goals of fascist ideology. Compare and contrast fascism and communism. Terms, People, and Places Benito Mussol
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Map of Modern Italy xiii Introduction: Locating Fascism 1 Part I The Conquest of Power, 1915–29 11 1 The War, the Post-war Crisis and the Rise of Fascism, 1915–22 13 Politics and society in post-unification Italy 13 The war in Italy 20 ‘1919-ism’ and early Fascism 28 The 1919 el
Fascism Rises in Europe Section 3 - VocabtoKnow u Fascism . leader who guided and brought order to the state. uFascists wore uniforms of a certain color, used special salutes and held mass rallies. Fascism vs. Communism uIn some ways Fascism was similar to Communism:
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Fascism’s Rise in Italy Fascism (FASH IHZ uhm) was a new, militant political movement that empha-sized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. Unlike communism, fascism had no clearly defined theory or program. Nevertheless, most Fascists shared several ideas. They preached an extreme form of nationalism, or loyalty to one’s .
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