Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook - Energy
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbookfor ElectricalContractors
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical Contractors2Photo from George Beard, Portland State University, NREL/PIX 18564Clean Cities Helps Deploy PEV ChargingInfrastructureInstalling plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging infrastructure requires unique knowledge andskills. If you need help, contact your local CleanCities coordinator. Clean Cities is the U.S. Department of Energy’s flagship alternative-transportationdeployment initiative. It is supported by a diverseand capable team of stakeholders from privatecompanies, utilities, government agencies, vehiclemanufacturers, national laboratories, and othertransportation-related organizations. These stakeholders, organized into nearly 100 Clean Citiescoalitions nationwide, are ready to help with specificcharging infrastructure challenges. Find your localcoordinator by visiting www.cleancities.energy.gov.Table of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PEV Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Charging Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Installing and Maintaining EVSE . . . . . . . 9EVSE Training forElectrical Contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Electrifying the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19AcknowledgementThanks to the Electric Vehicle Infrastructure TrainingProgram for assisting with the production of this handbook.See merThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government norany agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does notnecessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views andopinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical Contractors3IntroductionYou’ve heard about the new generation of plug-inelectric vehicles (PEVs) like the Chevy Volt andNissan Leaf. Perhaps some of your residentialcustomers have asked you about home charging,or some of your commercial or fleet customershave inquired about how they can accommodatePEVs. As an electrical contractor,1 you may beinterested in these new opportunities and wouldlike to know more about getting involved. Thishandbook is for you. It’s designed to answer yourbasic questions — and your customers’ basic questions — about PEVs and charging infrastructureand to point you to the additional information youneed to participate in this fast-growing industry.More than 100 years ago, all-electric vehicles (EVs)held much of the U.S. car market, but their popularitywaned as the interest in conventional cars with internal combustion engines (ICEs) rose. The ICE vehiclehad a longer driving range, petroleum fuel costs weredeclining, and the introduction of the electric starterand manufacturing assembly line improved the usability and affordability of ICE vehicles. Gasoline- anddiesel-powered ICE vehicles ended up dominatingtransportation in the 20th century.However, concerns about the environmental impactsof conventional ICE vehicles sparked a PEV renaissance at the end of the 20th century. In 1990, California passed the nation’s first zero emission vehicle(ZEV) mandate, putting it at the forefront of thatdecade’s deployment of PEVs such as the GeneralMotors EV1, Chrysler EPIC, Ford Ranger EV, andToyota RAV4 EV. Although many vehicles from thisgeneration were discontinued in the early 2000s, California’s vision helped set the stage for the next generation of PEVs.Today, PEVs are back and ready to compete with —and complement — the ubiquitous ICE technology.First, advances in electric-drive technologies enabled1. In this handbook, the term “electrical contractor” refers toprofessionals licensed to contract to perform electrical work, i.e.,those licensed to run an electrical contracting business. Muchof the information in this handbook will also be informative forelectricians, who work for electrical contractors. In addition,some of the information may be useful for electrical inspectors,who will be working with charging infrastructure more and moreas the PEV market expands.Photo from Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Training ProgramKey AcronymsEVs (all-electric vehicles) are powered only by oneor more electric motors. They receive electricity byplugging into the grid and store it in batteries. Theyconsume no petroleum-based fuel while drivingand produce no tailpipe emissions.EVSE (electric vehicle supply equipment) delivers electrical energy from an electricity source tocharge a PEV’s batteries. It communicates with thePEV to ensure that an appropriate and safe flow ofelectricity is supplied. EVSE units are commonlyreferred to as “charging stations.”HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) combine an ICE orother propulsion source with batteries, regenerativebraking, and an electric motor to provide high fueleconomy. They rely on a petroleum-based or analternative fuel for power and are not pluggedin to charge. HEV batteries are charged by theICE or other propulsion source and during regenerative braking.ICEs (internal combustion engines) generatemechanical power by burning a liquid fuel (such asgasoline, diesel, or biofuels) or a gaseous fuel (suchas compressed natural gas). They are the dominantpower source used in on-road vehicles today.PEVs (plug-in electric vehicles) derive all or part oftheir power from electricity supplied by the electricgrid. They include EVs and PHEVs.PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) use batteriesto power an electric motor, plug into the electric gridto charge, and use a petroleum-based or an alternative fuel to power an ICE or other propulsion source.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical Contractors4commercialization of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs),which integrate an ICE or other power source with batteries, regenerative braking, and an electric motor toboost fuel economy. Continued technological advanceshave spawned plug-in HEVs (PHEVs), which integratesmall ICEs (or other power sources) and large, gridchargeable batteries that enable all-electric drivingranges of 10 to 40 miles or more. Advanced technologieshave also enabled manufacturers to introduce a newgeneration of EVs that don’t use an ICE at all.Only a few models of new-generation PEVs are available today, but because of the benefits they offer,their market penetration and availability are growingquickly. PEVs are as good as or better than conventionalvehicles in some performance categories. They aresafe and convenient, and they can save drivers moneywhile providing environmental and energy securitybenefits. President Obama set a goal of having 1 millionPEVs on the road by 2015. These vehicles will charge atdrivers’ homes, workplaces, private fleet facilities, andpublic stations. All of these charging sites will requirehigh-quality equipment and installation, providingsubstantial new business opportunities for electricalcontractors. The need for widespread, reliable charginginfrastructure makes well-trained electrical contractorsvitally important to the success of PEV deployment inthe United States.PEV BasicsBecause your customers may have manyquestions about the capabilities and requirements of PEVs, it’s useful to have some basicknowledge about these vehicles. What makesPEVs unique is their ability to charge from anoff-board electric power source — PEVs can be“plugged in.” This feature distinguishes themfrom HEVs, which supplement power from anICE or other propulsion source with batterypower but cannot be plugged in. There aretwo basic types of PEVs: EVs and PHEVs.All-Electric Vehicles (EVs)Under the hood of a Nissan Leaf. An EV contains no ICE; instead, theEVs (also called battery-electric vehicles, orbattery supplies electricity to the electric motor. Photo from MargaretBEVs) use batteries to store the electricalSmith, DOE, NREL/PIX 18215energy that powers one or more motors. Thebatteries are charged by plugging the vehicleinto an electric power source. In addition, EVsas well as the type of charging equipment used. Learncan be charged in part by regenerative braking, whichmore about charging in the Charging PEVs section.generates electricity from some of the energy normallylost when braking. It’s as simple as that — EVs have noNeighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), also called lowICEs and produce no tailpipe emissions.speed vehicles, are a type of EV with range and speedlimitations. NEVs are commonly used for neighborToday’s EVs typically have a shorter range than convenhood commuting, light hauling, and delivery. They aretional vehicles have. Most light-, medium-, and heavyoften limited to use on roads with speed limits up toduty EVs are targeting a range of about 100 miles on35 miles per hour, making them ideal for college cama fully charged battery. The range depends in part onpuses and similar applications. There are also specialtydriving conditions and habits.EVs, such as airport ground support equipment andpersonal transporters, which are not intended for roadThe time required to charge depleted batteries — whichuse. Although these types of vehicles are valuable forcan range from less than 30 minutes to almost a fullthe niches they serve, this handbook focuses on EVsday — depends on the size and type of the batteries,designed for highway use.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical Contractors5Why Drivers Choose PEVsThe reasons drivers choose PEVs range from adesire to improve the world to a desire to savemoney. The following list of PEV benefits illustrates why the demand for PEVs — and thus forcharging stations — has been growing rapidly.High Fuel Economy, Low Operating Cost: PEVsare highly efficient, and their fuel and maintenance costs are lower compared with conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles.Flexible Fueling: Compared with conventionalvehicles, PEVs offer additional fueling options,including charging at home, work, commercialcharging stations, other public locations, privatefleet facilities, or a combination of these sites.High Performance: Today’s PEVs are stateof-the-art highway vehicles ready to match orsurpass the performance of their conventionalgasoline and diesel counterparts.Low Emissions: Compared with conventional vehicles,PEVs typically produce lower levels of smog-formingemissions, such as nitrogen oxides, other pollutantsharmful to human health, and greenhouse gases.Energy Security: Because almost all U.S. electricity isproduced from domestic coal, nuclear power, naturalPlug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)PHEVs (sometimes called extended range electricvehicles, or EREVs) use batteries to power an electricmotor and use another fuel, such as gasoline or diesel,to power an ICE or other propulsion source. Poweringthe vehicle some of the time with electricity from thegrid cuts petroleum consumption and tailpipe emissions,compared with conventional vehicles. When running ongasoline, PHEVs, like HEVs, consume less fuel and typically produce lower emissions than similar ICE vehicles.PHEVs have larger battery packs than HEVs, providingan all-electric driving range of about 10 to 40-plus milesfor current light-duty models. During typical urbandriving, most of a PHEV’s power can be drawn fromstored electricity. For some applications, a PHEV couldbe driven on all-electric power all day and then chargedat night or even during a down time like lunch. The ICEpowers the vehicle when the battery is mostly depleted,during rapid acceleration, or when intensive heating orIn all-electric mode, PEVs produce no tailpipe emissions.PEV life cycle emissions are minimized when their source ofelectricity comes from nonpolluting resources like wind andsunlight. Photo from Atlantic County Utilities Authority, NREL/PIX 18311gas, and renewable sources, using PEVs instead ofconventional vehicles reduces U.S. dependence onimported petroleum.Compliance with Fleet Requirements: PEVs can helpfleets comply with federal, state, and local transportation policies.air conditioning is required. Some heavy-duty PHEVswork the opposite way, with the ICE used for drivingto and from a job site and electricity used to power thevehicle’s equipment or control the cab’s climate whileat the job site. Because the vehicle would otherwise beidling at the job site for powering equipment or climatecontrol, this PHEV strategy can result in significant fuelsavings.Like EVs, PHEVs can be plugged into the grid andcharged, although the time required to charge depletedbatteries is typically shorter for PHEVs, because mosthave smaller battery packs. In addition, battery charge isaugmented by a PHEV’s ICE and regenerative braking.PHEV fuel consumption depends on the distance drivenbetween battery charges. For example, if the vehicle isnever plugged in to charge, fuel economy will be aboutthe same as for a similarly sized HEV. If the vehicle isdriven less than its all-electric range and plugged in tocharge, it may be possible to use only electric power.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical Contractors6Figure 1. A Chevy Volt charges up with public Level 2 EVSE at Los Angeles International Airport. Photo from Coulomb TechnologiesCharging BasicsUnderstanding the characteristics of various PEV charging options will help you discuss the choices with yourcustomers. Charging a PEV requires plugging in to electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE, Figure 1). Thereare various types of EVSE — which differ based oncommunication capabilities and how quickly they cancharge a vehicle — and EVSE can be installed at homes,workplaces, private fleet facilities, and public stations.This section describes the typical EVSE options.Types of Charging Equipment (EVSE)EVSE is the equipment used to deliver electrical energyfrom an electricity source (such as electrical outlets)to a PEV. EVSE communicates with the vehicle toensure that an appropriate and safe flow of electricityis supplied.EVSE for PEVs is classified into several categories by therate at which the batteries are charged. Two types —Level1 and Level 2 — provide alternating-current (AC) electricity to the vehicle, with the vehicle’s onboard equipment (charger) converting AC to the direct current (DC)needed to charge the batteries. The other type — DC fastcharging — provides DC electricity directly to the vehicle.Charging times range from less than 30 minutes to 20hours or more, based on the type or level of EVSE; thetype of battery, its energy capacity, and how depleted itis; and the size of the vehicle’s internal charger.Typical Charging RatesThe rate at which charging adds range to a PEVdepends on the vehicle, the battery type, and thetype of EVSE. The following are typical rates forlight-duty vehicles:Level 1: 2 to 5 miles of range per hour of chargingLevel 2: 10 to 20 miles of range per hour ofchargingDC fast charging: 60 to 80 miles of range in 20minutes of chargingEVs generally have more battery capacity than PHEVs,so charging a fully depleted EV takes longer thancharging a fully depleted PHEV. Many medium- andheavy-duty PEV manufacturers are adopting light-dutycharging standards or commercially available standardsdeveloped for other uses. However, some manufacturersare introducing alternative charging configurations intheir medium- and heavy-duty PEVs, so EVSE optionsand performance may be different for these vehicles.Level 1Level 1 EVSE provides charging through a 120-volt(V) AC plug and requires electrical installation per theNational Electrical Code. Most, if not all, PEVs willcome with a Level 1 EVSE cordset so that no additional
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical Contractorscharging equipment is required. On one end of the cordis a standard, three-prong household plug (NEMA 5-15connector). On the other end is a J1772 standard connector (see the Connectors and Plugs section on page 8),which plugs into the vehicle.7Level 1 typically is used for charging when there is onlya 120-V outlet available. Based on the battery type andvehicle, Level 1 charging adds about 2 to 5 miles ofrange to a PEV per hour of charging time.charging equipment and a dedicated electrical circuit of20 to 80 amp (A) depending on the EVSE requirements(Figure 2). Because Level 2 EVSE can easily charge atypical EV battery overnight, this will be a commoninstallation for home, workplace, fleet, and publicfacilities. Level 2 equipment uses the same connector onthe vehicle as Level 1 equipment. Based on the batterytype, charger configuration, and circuit capacity, Level2 charging adds about 10 to 20 miles of range to a PEVper hour of charging time.Level 2DC Fast ChargingLevel 2 EVSE offers charging through a 240-V (residential applications) or 208-V (commercial applications)electrical service. These installations are generally hardwired for safe operation (though a wall plug connection is possible). Level 2 EVSE requires installation ofDC fast-charging EVSE (480-V AC input to the EVSE)enables rapid charging at sites such as heavy trafficcorridors and public fueling stations (Figure 3). A DCfast charger can add 60 to 80 miles of range to a PEV in20 minutes.Utility240-V ACUtility480-V3-PhaseControl rCordDC FastCharging ConnectorDC FastCharging InletEVSEEVCouplerBatteryBatteryFigure 2. Level 2 charging schematic.Source for both figures: eTec (2010), Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Deployment Guidelines for the Oregon I-5 Metro Areas of Portland,Salem, Corvallis and Eugene. EV Project publication (www.theevproject.com/documents.php). Illustrations by Dean Armstrong, NRELFigure 3. DC fast charging schematic.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical Contractors8Inductive ChargingInductive-charging EVSE, which uses an electromagneticfield to transfer electricity to a PEV without a cord, is stillbeing used in some areas where it was installed for EVs inthe 1990s. Currently available PEVs cannot use inductivecharging, although SAE International is working on astandard that may apply to PEVs in the future.Connectors and PlugsMost modern EVSE and PEVs have a standard connectorand receptacle (Figure 4). This connector is based on theSAE J1772 standard. Any vehicle with this plug receptacle can use any Level 1 or Level 2 EVSE. All majorvehicle and charging system manufacturers supportthis standard, which should eliminate drivers’ concernsabout whether their vehicles are compatible with available infrastructure. Most currently available PEVs thatare equipped to accept DC fast charging are using theCHAdeMO connector, developed in coordination withTokyo Electric Power Co., which is not standard in theUnited States. Manufacturers may offer the CHAdeMODC fast-charge receptacle (Figure 5) as an option on fastcharge capable vehicles until a standard is in place. SAEInternational is also working on a “hybrid connector”standard for fast charging that adds high-voltage DCpower contact pins to the J1772 connector, enabling useof the same receptacle for all levels of charging.EVSE Product ChoicesNumerous companies manufacture and sell EVSE.Some have partnered with a PEV manufacturer tobecome a “preferred EVSE provider,” so one way peoplechoose EVSE is to use the company recommendedby the manufacturer or dealer of the PEV that will beserved. It can also be useful to discuss EVSE optionswith the relevant electrical utility. A viable EVSEproduct should be listed by a nationally recognizedtesting laboratory, such as Underwriters Laboratoriesor CSA International. Find links to EVSE providerwebsites on the AFDC’s Related Links page (www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/related links.html). In addition, Plug InAmerica lists EVSE products on its Accessory Trackerpage (www.pluginamerica.org/accessories).Figure 4. The standard SAE J1772 EVSE connector fits intothe standard SAE J1772 receptacle. Photo by Andrew Hudgins,Why Your Customers May Want EVSENREL/PIX 17634People install EVSE for a variety of reasons basedon their characteristics, goals, and values.Convenience: Many drivers who choose a PEV forpersonal use want EVSE for the convenience ofcharging at home. Similarly, fleets may find installing their own EVSE convenient and cost effective.Revenue Generation and Business Differentiation:By installing publicly available EVSE, businessescan generate revenue; attract, retain, and advertiseto new customers; and project a “green” imagethat differentiates them from their competitors andappeals to environmentally conscious customersand employees.Figure 5. The standard J1772 receptacle (right) can receivecharge from Level 1 or Level 2 equipment. The CHAdeMODC fast charge receptacle (left) uses a different type ofconnector. Photo by Andrew Hudgins, NREL/PIX 19558Public Health and Energy Security: Governmentagencies have an interest in protecting publichealth and enhancing energy security, and hostingfleet and public EVSE contributes to these aims.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical Contractors9Many fleets with PEVs will need electrical contractors to help install and maintain EVSE at fleet facilities. Photo from SouthernCalifornia Edison, NREL/PIX 19664Installing and Maintaining EVSEEVSE installations range from simple to complex. Thissection provides a brief overview of the issues you willneed to consider when installing EVSE, but it is notintended to be a comprehensive instructional guide.Before becoming involved with EVSE installations, youshould receive training from a reliable organization (seeEVSE Training for Electrical Contractors on page 18).Complying with RegulationsEVSE installations must comply with local, state, andnational codes and regulations. Appropriate permits maybe required from the local building, fire, environmental,and electrical inspecting and permitting authorities.You can learn about codes and standards typically usedfor U.S. PEV and infrastructure projects on the AFDC’sCodes and Standards Resources page (www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/codes standards.html) and from EVSE training(see EVSE Training for Electrical Contractors). EVSE isconsidered a continuous load by the National ElectricalCode (NEC). Knowledge and application of the currentNEC is required for a safe and code-compliant installation. NEC Article 625 contains most of the informationapplicable to EVSE.If possible, consult PEV manufacturer guidance forinformation about the required EVSE and learn thespecifications before the customer purchases equipmentand electric services.In many areas, a site installation plan must be submitted to the permitting authority for approval beforeEVSE installation can proceed. A plan may require theproposed use and locations of elements, such as electrical system components, hazardous materials, EVSE,lighting, vehicle and pedestrian traffic flow, ventilation,signage and striping, safety and accessibility measures,and landscaping. Your customer may ask you todevelop this plan.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical Contractors10Site Assessment and Planning Post permit in visible location at siteThorough site assessment and planning by the electrical contractor and customer is essential to a successfulEVSE installation. Following is a brief summary of theguidelines provided in Advanced Energy’s ChargingStation Installation Handbook for Electrical Contractorsand Inspectors. Excavate material to allow installation ofAs the contractor, you should first assess the site characteristics and customer’s charging needs. You can thenassist the customer by making suggestions that willfacilitate the installation process and by helping implement the suggestions. This includes contacting the utility,determining the current electrical service and upgraderequirements, and identifying all local regulations thatapply to the installation (e.g., the permitting process andload calculation requirements). After helping with selection of appropriate EVSE and design of the charging site,you can prepare for installation via the following steps: Submit price quote for all work to customerand obtain customer approval Order necessary equipment (EVSE, wiring,breakers, panels, etc.) If necessary, have engineering calculationsperformed and stampedwiring, conduit, and EVSE (remove drywall,insulation, pavers, concrete, etc., and performhand digging, trenching, drilling, etc.) Run conduit from power source to stationlocation (residential garages may notrequire conduit) Obtain rough inspection and correct deficiencies as needed Pull wires, including a neutral and a ground Prepare mounting surface per EVSE manufacturer instructions Mount EVSE Install impact-protection devices (e.g., bollardsand/or wheel stops) as necessary Install electrical panels and sub-panels asnecessary Have utility work performed as necessary,including new or upgraded service and/or meter Make electrical connection Complete site modification plan as necessary Obtain final inspection Apply and obtain approval for permit Verify EVSE performance Complete service upgrade and/or new Perform finish workservice assessment as necessary Coordinate work by all parties involved,including construction contractors andutility personnel Have utility infrastructure marked beforeinstallation begins (use “call before youdig” services)General Installation and Inspection ProcessAlthough installations will vary widely based on thetype of site and user and the number and type of EVSEunits, much of the installation and inspection processwill be similar for all installations. These common steps,from Advanced Energy’s Charging Station InstallationHandbook for Electrical Contractors and Inspectors, aresummarized below. See that document for additionaldetails, requirements, and lessons learned.Residential InstallationsMany PEV drivers will charge their vehicles overnight athome using Level 1 or Level 2 EVSE. Home-based EVSEfrequently will be installed in garages, but outdoorinstallation and use are also safe, even if the PEV isbeing charged outdoors in the rain. Note that you caninstall indoor-rated EVSE in a garage, but outdoorinstallations require outdoor-rated EVSE. Charging ata multi-family residential complex requires additionalconsiderations and may be more similar to public charging than to charging at a single-family home.The NEC requires that all EVSE protect against shock,therefore Level 1 charging requires no special equipment installation if using a listed Level 1 charging cordand a properly installed 120-V outlet. This should beconfirmed by a site assessment.
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Electrical ContractorsLevel 2 charging requires the purchase and installationof Level 2 EVSE. It is best to install the Level 2 EVSErecommended by the manufacturer of the PEV thatwill use it.Typically, home installation is relatively simple forhomes that already have electrical service that canaccommodate Level 2 EVSE. However, if an electricalservice upgrade is required, the installation can be morecomplex. A site assessment and load calculation arerequired to make a proper and safe determination. Thisis important because many homes have 100-A service,Figure 6. General process for installing EVSE in a residential garage orcarport. Source: eTec (2010), Electric11and Level 2 EVSE can draw 30 to 80 A as a continuousload. Even a home with 200-A service may not haveadequate power if the home has many other loads.An open slot in an electrical panel is not indicative ofadequate service.You and the customer should check with the electrical utility before installing EVSE or modifying theelectrical system. Figure 6 summarizes the process forinstalling EVSE in a residential garage or carport. Alsosee page 12 for a home EVSE installation example inRaleigh, North Carolina.PEV OwnerObtainsPEVOEM ConsiderationsVehicle Charging Infrastructure DeploymentGuidelines for the Oregon I-5 Metro Areasof Portland, Salem, Corvallis and Eugene.PEV OwnerDecides Level 1 or Level 2EVSEEV Project publication, www.theevproject.com/documents.php.Utility Considerations1. PEV Rate Structure2. Dual Meter Required?3. Adequate Present Service?UtilityServiceUpgradeOrderedNoPEV OwnerContactsUtilityLoadSharing OptionsAcceptable?PEV Owner Consultswith ElectricalContractorNoCurrent Serviceis Adequate?YesYesSite Plan DevelopedObtain PermitsUtility ServiceUpgrade Completed,if Required. SecondMeter Installed, ifRequiredConduct InstallationInstallation Completed,Final Inspectionand Approval1. Level 1 or Level 22. Location of PEV Inlet3. Guidance on Utility RatesContractor/Owner Considerations1. Site Assessment/Load Calculation2. Proximity to Utility Panel3. Minimize Distance from EVSE toVehicle Inlet4. Safety and Accessibility Considerations5. Avoidance of Tripping Hazard6. Installation Meets Building CodeRequirements7. Installation Meets Local ZoningRequirements8. Review Load Sharing OptionsContractor Considerations1. Drawing of EVSE Location2. Electrical Plan Including Additionof New Circuit3. Additional Meter Requirementsif Necessary4. Concrete Cutting, Trenching,Landscape Considerations5. Contractor Estimate6. Ventilation Requirements7. Home Already “PEV Ready”Approving Authority Considerations1. Certified Professional PermitApproval Stream2. Qualified and Certified Contractor3. Utility Input if Changes Required pa
power source used in on-road vehicles today . PEVs (plug-in electric vehicles) derive all or part of their power from electricity supplied by the electric grid . They include EVs and PHEVs . PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) use batteries to power an electric motor, plug into the electric grid to charge, and use a petroleum-based or an .
1 To avoid ambiguity, we use the term plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs, synonymous with "plug-in vehicles" or "plug-ins"). Technically speaking, the term electric vehicle (EV) may properly refer to either electric-drive vehicles (including all-gasoline hybrids and fuel-cell electric vehicles without grid charging capability) or electric-fuel
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Consumers 3 Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), like the Nissan Leaf, Tesla Model S, Chevy Volt, and Toyota Plug-in Prius, are everywhere these days. Perhaps you're considering buying one, but wonder how they measure up to con-ventional vehicles. This handbook is designed to answer
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have immense poten-tial for increasing the country's energy, economic, and environmental security, and they will play a key role in the future of U.S. transportation. A full transition to electric-drive vehicles (including all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hybrid electric
Nissan Leaf is an example of a plug-in electric vehicle. A plug-in hybrid vehicle includes vehicles that plug into the electrical grid to charge a battery pack, and also have a gasoline motor that serves as a back-up or works together with the electric motor. A Chevy Volt is an example of a plug-in hybrid vehicle.
Single Set Screw Termination U R Double Set Screw Termination U R Male Plug Female Plug Male Plug Female Plug 18D21-U* 18D29-U* 18D22-U* 18D31-U* Cable Size: 2/0 - 4/0 Max Ampacity: 400A Single Set Screw Termination U R Double Set Screw Termination U R Male Plug Female Plug Male Plug Female Plug 18D23-U* 18D32-U* 18D24-U* 18D33-U*
Kia Niro 2018, 2019, 2020 Plug-In Hybrid 4409 Kia Niro EV 2019, 2020 Electric Drive Plug-In 4916 Jaguar I-Pace 2018, 2019, 2020 Electric Drive Plug-In 5886 Land Rover Range Rover 2020 Plug-In Hybrid 6125 Land Rover Range Rover Sport 2020 Plug-In Hybrid 7050 Lincoln Aviator PHEV 2020, 2021 Plug-in Hybrid 7150 .
2-wheeler, 3-wheeler and 4-wheeler Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Plug in Electric Vehicles (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). 2.3.2. Electric Vehicle Battery refers to all energy storage systems used in the defined EVs above. This includes Lithium ion batteries, nickel metal
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