Floating Offshore Wind - Application Of Standards, Regulations, Project .
FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND – APPLICATION OFSTANDARDS, REGULATIONS, PROJECT CERTIFICATION& CLASSIFICATION – RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIESMAPPING REPORT – DELIVERABLE D1In partnership withORE.CATAPULT.ORG.UK
Floating Offshore Wind – Application of Standards, Regulations, Project Certification & Classification – Risks and OpportunitiesAUTHOR // RambollDATE // 12-O7-2O21REFERENCE // PNOOO4O5-RPT-OO2 – Rev. 2STATUS // PublicDISCLAIMERThe information contained in this report is for general information and is provided by Ramboll. Whilstwe endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, neither ORE Catapult nor Ramboll makeany representations or warranties of any kind, express, or implied about the completeness, accuracy orreliability of the information and related graphics. Any reliance you place on this information is at yourown risk and in no event shall ORE Catapult or Ramboll be held liable for any loss, damage includingwithout limitation indirect or consequential damage or any loss or damage whatsoever arising fromreliance on same.2
ore.catapult.org.ukCONTENTS1INDUSTRY ENGAGEMENT2 INTRODUCTION2.12.22.32.42.52.62.7Project BackgroundScope, Objectives and AssumptionsStakeholder EngagementPrecedence and HierarchyPhilosophy of Application of StandardsTechnical Components of FOWTsProject Phases of Floating Offshore Wind Farms3 OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR FLOATING WIND TURBINES3.13.23.33.43.53.63.7IntroductionStandards Framework by IEC TS 614OO-3-2Standards Framework by ABS 195Standards Framework by Bureau Veritas NI572Standards Framework by DNVGL-ST-O119Guidance Notes by LRAdditional Relevant Standards and Suites4 STANDARDS REVIEW4.14.2IntroductionOverview of Gaps5 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT CERTIFICATION5.15.25.3Differentiation between Classification and Project CertificationGeneralProject Certification Schemes by Different Standards6 UK SPECIFIC ASPECTS6.16.26.3GeneralUK Specific Laws and RegulationsTechnical Aspects in Laws and Regulations7 42828283O333
Floating Offshore Wind – Application of Standards, Regulations, Project Certification & Classification – Risks and OpportunitiesLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1-1 Barge, spar, semi-submersible and TLP generic representations(from left to right) [source: Ramboll]13Figure 1-2 Schematic view of a catenary mooring system [source: Ramboll]14Figure 1-3 Illustration of the general design and layout of inter-array electrical cablesfor floating wind turbines [source: NREL]14Figure 1-4 Typical project phases of a floating wind farm assuming a contractual strategy15Figure 2-1 IEC 614OO-3-2 framework17Figure 2-2 ABS 195 framework; For abbreviations see Table A 1.17Figure 2-3 BV NI572 framework18Figure 2-4 DNVGL-ST-O119 framework19Figure 2-5 LR Guidance Notes for Offshore Wind Farm Project Certification framework2OFigure 4-1 Modules of project certification according to IECRE OD-5O2(optional modules outlined in green) [modified from source: IEC]25Figure 4-2 Overview of certification phases according to DNVGL-SE-O19O(optional modules outlined in green) [source: DNV]27Figure 4-3 DNVGL-RU-OU-O512 framework27LIST OF TABLES4Table 1-1 Selected governing standards for floating wind projects in the UK,as analysed in detail in the study1OTable 3-1Summary of identified gaps21Table A-1Abbreviation list of ABS standards34Table C-1Overview of technical packages considered in the gap analysis38
ore.catapult.org.ukNOMENCLATUREABSAmerican Bureau of ShippingACIAmerican Concrete InstituteACoPSApproved Codes of PracticeAIPApproval in PrincipleALARPAs Low As Reasonably PracticableALSAccidental Limit StateAPIAmerican Petroleum InstituteAUVAutonomous Underwater VehicleBEMBoundary Element MethodBSH Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie(German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency)BSIBritish Standards InstitutionBVBureau VeritasBWMBallast Water ManagementBWEBallast Water ExchangeCDMConstruction Design & ManagementCENEuropean Committee for StandardizationCoECentre of ExcellenceCOGCentre of GravityCPCorrosion ProtectionCPRConstruction Products RegulationCTVCrew Transfer VesselDAFDynamic Amplification FactorDEADrag Embedment AnchorDFFDesign Fatigue FactorDLCDesign Load CaseDNVDet Norske VeritasDOFDegree of FreedomDPDynamic PositioningEEZExclusive Economic ZoneEIAEnvironmental Impact AssessmentEOGExtreme Operating GustETAEuropean Technical AssessmentEUEuropean UnionFEEDFront End Engineering Design5
Floating Offshore Wind – Application of Standards, Regulations, Project Certification & Classification – Risks and Opportunities6FLSFatigue Limit StateFOWFloating Offshore WindFOWTFloating Offshore Wind TurbineFPSOFloating Production Storage and Offloading UnitHELCOMConvention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea AreaHMPEHigh-modulus polyethyleneHSEHealth, Safety and EnvironmentHSExHealth and Safety ExecutiveHVHigh VoltageHVACHigh-Voltage Alternating CurrentHVDCHigh-Voltage Direct CurrentIALAInternational Association of Lighthouse AuthoritiesIDIdentificationIECInternational Electrotechnical CommissionILAIntegrated Loads AnalysisIMCAInternational Marine Contractors AssociationIMOInternational Maritime OrganizationISOInternational Organization for StandardizationJIPJoint Industry ProjectLCoELevelized Cost of EnergyLOLERLifting Operations and Lifting Equipment RegulationsLRLloyd’s RegisterLRFDLoad and Resistance Factor DesignMAIBMarine Accident Investigation BranchMCAMaritime and Coastguard AgencyMHWSMean High Water SpringMICMicrobiologically Influenced Corrosion (corrosion by bacteria present in some soil)NavAidsNavigational aids (e.g. lighting)NCRNon-conformity reportO&GOil and GasO&MOperation and MaintenanceOEMOriginal Equipment ManufacturerOSDROffshore Safety Directive RegulatorOSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East AtlanticOSSOffshore SubstationOWFOffshore Wind Farm
ore.catapult.org.ukPLFPartial Load FactorPSFPartial Safety FactorRCSRecognised Classification SocietyR&DResearch and DevelopmentRNARotor Nacelle AssemblyROVRemotely Operated VehicleRPRecommended PracticeSHMStructural Health MonitoringSLSServiceability Limit StateSOVService Operation VesselT&ITransport and InstallationTLPTension Leg PlatformTRLTechnology Readiness LevelUKUnited KingdomUKCAUK Conformity AssessedULSUltimate Limit StateUSUnited Stated of AmericaVAWTVertical Axis Wind TurbineVIVVortex Induced VibrationWSDWorking Stress DesignWTGWind Turbine Generator7
Floating Offshore Wind – Application of Standards, Regulations, Project Certification & Classification – Risks and Opportunities1 INDUSTRY ENGAGEMENTA crucial element of this work has been industry engagement. Members of theFloating Offshore Wind Centre of Excellence have provided critical input andreview. This report has also received detailed input from classification societies,substructure designers, project developers and insurance companies to supportthe identification and review of existing relevant technical standards, specifications,practice, law, regulation and guidance; and to identify risks and opportunitiesassociated with the application of existing relevant technical standards.We would like to thank the following companies for their input into this study, as well as anyadditional stakeholders who contributed but chose to stay anonymous (in alphabetical order):// ABS// Glosten PelaStar// Aqua Ventus (University of Maine)// Hexicon// Bureau Veritas// Lloyd’s Register// DNV// Ocean Winds// Dr. techn. Olav Olsen// Saitec Offshore Technologies// Eolfi, a member of Shell group// Stiesdal Offshore Technologies// Equinor// Swiss Re// GICONThe following organisations are the industrial partners in the Floating Offshore Wind Centre of Excellence:8
ore.catapult.org.uk2 INTRODUCTION2.1PROJECT BACKGROUNDThere are ongoing FOW industry activities aimed at standardising design requirements for floatingoffshore wind structures (e.g. development of IEC TS 61400-3-2). However, these are based on limitedoperational experience available from the FOW industry and as it grows rapidly, they will evolve in linewith experience gained. Outwith the core scope of the guidance referenced, there are a range of floatingoffshore wind technology functions and activities which are not addressed, or only to a limited extent.Furthermore, in contrast to bottom-fixed offshore wind foundations, the floating nature of floatingoffshore wind turbines opens up the potential for the application of a range of technical regulation aimedat the maritime and navigation sector, specifically, vessel classification and certification.As such, the project “Application of Standards, Regulations, Project Certification & Classification”, aimsto review the relevant floating offshore wind standards, provide a general overview to stakeholdersless familiar with the standardisation framework in floating wind, map existing relevant standardsonto a FOW farm project, and to identify risks and opportunities for a project developer and otherstakeholders, with a focus on the UK market.This project is being delivered by Ramboll as the Lead Consultant with support and guidance from ORECatapult and the FOW CoE partners.2.2 SCOPE, OBJECTIVES AND ASSUMPTIONSThe objectives of the underlying project are to: O utline the governing technical standards relevant to the development, design, manufacture,assembly, installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and decommissioning of FOW in theUK, considering FOW turbines, substructures, mooring and anchoring systems and all electricalinfrastructure including floating substations. I dentify and outline differences between standards and regulations of different certification andclassification organisations (e.g. American Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Det Norske Veritas,Lloyd’s Register). O utline the certification process for FOW (technology, project etc), in commercial projects in the UK. I dentify and outline differences between certification of different foundation and mooring typologies(with consideration of material type) including for designs that are not based directly on O&Gsubstructure designs. O utline other technical regulation (for example vessel classification and certification schemes)required for commercial projects in the UK.The results of this project are summarised in this public mapping report to provide an overview ofcurrently existing standards relevant to FOW, to show what areas each of the standards cover and tohighlight subjects that are not covered. A full report is available only to FOW CoE partners and containsfull details of the main similarities and differences between key technical standards and regulations, andidentified gaps, risks, opportunities and innovations.9
Floating Offshore Wind – Application of Standards, Regulations, Project Certification & Classification – Risks and OpportunitiesThe document review focuses on hull and mooring system and floating-specific aspects of WTG,electrical infrastructure and floating offshore substations (OSSs). Relevant operational phases ofan offshore wind project are addressed in Section 1.7. Environmental, permitting and consenting,contractual and other non-technical aspects are not considered. In this study, the below governingstandards with relevance in the UK have been reviewed:Class SocietyNameTitleRevision DateInternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionIEC TS 61400-3-2Wind energy generationsystems – Part 3-2: Designrequirements for floatingoffshore wind turbinesApril 2019American Bureau ofShipping195Guide for Building and ClassingFloating Offshore Wind TurbinesJuly 2020Bureau VeritasNI 572 DT R02 EClassification and Certification ofFloating Offshore Wind TurbinesJanuary 2019Det Norske VeritasDNVGL-ST-0119Floating wind turbine structuresJuly 2018Det Norske VeritasDNVGL-RUOU-051211Floating wind turbineinstallationsOctober 2020Lloyd’s RegisterLR GN22Guidance Notes for OffshoreWind Farm Project CertificationJuly 2019Table 1-1: Selected governing standards for floating wind projects in the UK, as analysed in detail in the studyThe first level of referenced standards based on the governing standard (level 0) has been included in the study.2.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTFeedback from FOW CoE partners and external stakeholders was gathered during this project tosupport the identification and review of existing relevant technical standards, specifications, practice,law, regulation and guidance; and to address risks and opportunities associated with the application ofexisting relevant technical standards. Types of stakeholders engaged with in this study include wind farmproject developers, floating substructure developers, classification societies and insurance companies.The primary concepts offered by the interviewed substructure developers cover different main materials– i.e. steel and/or concrete – and concept types – i.e. spar, semi-submersible, TLP and novel technologieslike suspended counterweight, weathervaning (single point mooring) systems, multi-rotor conceptsand inclined tower concepts. See Section 1.6 on technical explanations and Section 6 on acknowledgedstakeholders.A proven approach was followed to contact the stakeholders via email, providing them the key questionsand sufficient background information. Then, interviews were performed to obtain as much input aspossible to a variety of these key questions. Main statements and key takeaways from the stakeholderfeedback were identified, categorised with respect to technical topics and, finally, fed into this report inan anonymised way.121ODNVGL-RU-OU-0512 is not a technical standard but a rule (RU) and was included on OREC request.LR GN is not the official name of this document. LR GN is used in this document to ease readability.
ore.catapult.org.ukThe key questions to obtain third party input for this study addressed the following topics: M aturity of standards and guidelines for FOW G aps and risks related to technical aspects in standards, and to the classification and certificationprocess N eed for additional guidance/research A pproach to handle novel technologies not fully covered by existing standards A ppropriateness of current safety levels and implied conservatism D ecision process behind selecting a specific standard framework U K specific regulations driving the technical design for FOW projects L egal/regulatory status of a FOWT K ey takeaways from floating wind projects2.4 PRECEDENCE AND HIERARCHYA given order of precedence must be followed in case of conflicting requirements. An exemplaryhierarchy for an offshore wind project is shown below. Requirements from a lower level of the hierarchyshall only apply when not in conflict with the requirements from a higher level of the hierarchy.1. Authority laws, rules and regulations (national and regional)2. Project specific requirements and specifications, e.g. design basis3. Owner’s technical and professional requirements, e.g. for design, construction, T&I etc.4. Codes and standardsa. Overruling status, e.g. by IECb. Governing status, e.g. by DNVc. Mandatory status (“shall” regulations), e.g. by ISO or API5. Other codes and standards, see also Section 2.7 and Appendix B6. Industry best/recommended practicesThe documents of items 2 & 3 typically refer to codes and standards in item 4. Depending on thedeveloper, stricter requirements can be defined in item 2 & 3 than are required in item 4, such as forHSE. Item 4 represents a set of standards agreed between the developer and the classification society/certification body. Item 5 refers to codes and standards referenced in item 4 as well as additionalstandards that cover specific design aspects.11
Floating Offshore Wind – Application of Standards, Regulations, Project Certification & Classification – Risks and Opportunities2.5 PHILOSOPHY OF APPLICATION OF STANDARDSIn the most general terms, a technical standard is an established norm or requirement for a repeatabletechnical task. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria,methods, processes, and practices. In summary, technical standards in Offshore Wind provide an explicitset of requirements for the material, component, system, service, performance and other items. Thegeneral intention is to: E stablish a defined target level of safety for the system to ensure human health and safety is notcompromised, as well as ensure performance (such as energy production) and the structural integrityof the installations fulfil the target safety and reliability levels. C reate uniformity across manufacturers, designers, utilities, government agencies, and other relevantparties regarding terminology, product specifications, protocols, processes and more. F ormalize the technical aspects of a procurement agreement or project contract, e.g. exact materialand performance requirements.In offshore wind, technical standards are developed by classification bodies or by national or internationalconsensus-based groups such as IEC, ISO or API. Furthermore, companies may also develop company-specificstandards as is common practice for O&G companies for example.Standards may be mandatorily enforced through government legislation. In offshore wind this is often thecase related to fulfilment of electrical grid code compliance if offshore wind farms feed into the nationalgrid. For the floating substructure and mooring specifically addressed in this document, in the UK there areno specific complete standards or standard suites enforced by law and only few laws/regulations that areimpacting the design (see Section 5).The intention of standards is not to limit innovation by implying that only items specifically covered in standardsshould be used in designing new systems. Typically, standards use language which already provides flexibilityand room for interpretation in terms of the specific technical solutions covered under it. If a specific designaspect or new innovation is not explicitly covered by a specific standard within the existing (floating) offshorewind standard framework, it is common practise that the designer together with the responsible classificationbody identify other standards which could be applicable (in floating wind, often this relates to O&G standards). Ifthis is not possible, individual solutions to ensure the safety level of novel design solutions not explicitly coveredby standards may also be developed by the designer and agreed upon with the responsible classification body,which may also include testing. In some cases, such individual solutions also become part of standards.Further there exists the option to not certify certain elements according to a standard and, if not mandatorilyenforced by local regulations or law, be accepted by the project in terms of risk. Depending on the type ofproject, the developer may also choose to not certify the overall wind farm and only comply with the mandatorycountry specific laws and regulations. Such approaches may be followed for one-off technology demonstratorsor if the floating wind farm does not feed into the public electrical grid but only powers proprietary assets(e.g. an oil and gas production platform). However, in such cases the design typically still follows commonstandards in the design, but their application is not embedded in a formalized certification process (seealso Section 4). Furthermore, for technical innovations and products there exist frameworks for technicalqualification. A typical example in the floating wind context is a project specific qualification for a novel materialfor mooring lines or a specific cable. Section 3 provides some additional information on this topic.In summary, standards should not be considered to be a rigid framework which limits innovation or outlinesexplicit design methodologies or approaches, but rather a tool to establish common design criteria and ensurea defined target safety level.12
ore.catapult.org.uk2.6 TECHNICAL COMPONENTS OF FOWTSThis section briefly outlines the technical components of a FOWT addressed in standards.FOWT System: A floating wind turbine comprises the following main components: R NA with rotor blades, hub and nacelle, housing drivetrain, generator, yaw mechanism,blade pitch mechanism, control and power electronics, brake, lubrication, and cooling systems T ower and transition piece3Not considered in detail in this report. F loating substructure with secondary structures such as boat landing, guard rails, deck fittings S tationkeeping system (mooring or tendon system, connecting interface structure, anchor) E lectrical system power cable (dynamic and static part)Substructure: In most standards, FOWTs are categorised into general substructure types based on theirmeans of establishing stability, as displayed in Figure 1-1. Specific rules may apply for each type: S emi-submersibles (column stabilised systems) S par foundations (ballast stabilised systems, incl. suspended counterweight designs) B arge-type foundations (waterplane area stabilised systems) T ension-leg platforms (tendon stabilised systems)Some concepts are hybrid versions combining the stability principles of the four main categories.Figure 1-1: Barge, spar, semi-submersible and TLP generic representations (from left to right) [source: Ramboll]Stationkeeping System: The stationkeeping system keeps the FOWT at its intended location and forsome systems (TLP) also provides the primary means of stability. There are two main types of mooringsystems: Compliant catenary, semi-taut and taut systems; and tendon systems. Figure 1-2 presents aschematic view of a catenary mooring system with a chain-rope-chain setup and its primary elements.Buoyancy elements and clump weights are optional components that might be applied to improvethe restoring characteristic of the mooring system. Depending on the mooring configuration,seabed conditions and the required holding capacity different anchoring solutions are available likedrag-embedded, gravity, driven pile and suction pile anchors. Specific rules may apply for each system.3The transition piece is usually considered part of the substructure for fixed-bottom offshore wind.13
Floating Offshore Wind – Application of Standards, Regulations, Project Certification & Classification – Risks and OpportunitiesFOWTWinch or chain jackFairlead or bending shoeChainRope/chain connectorBuoyancyelementRopeTriplate orrope clampRope/chainconnectorAnchorAnchor chainclump weightsFigure 1-2: Schematic view of a catenary mooring system [source: Ramboll]Electrical Cable System: The electrical cable system typically comprises three elements, with thedynamic cable being specifically addressed in floating wind standards: I nter-array cables operate as a medium-voltage, electrical collection network to connect the individualturbines within an array and consists of a dynamic part from the connection at the floater to thetouchdown point on the seafloor and a following static part, see Figure 1 3. E xport cables are high-voltage, subsea transmission cables delivering power to shore; in larger windfarms they start from an offshore substation (which may be fixed or floating). O nshore cables connect to the subsea export cables at the onshore landing point and are used totransmit power to the onshore substation.Bend StiffenersBuoyancy ModulesDynamic Power CableTouchdown ProtectionIn-line Stress TerminationStatic Power CableBend RestrictorsFigure 1-3: Illustration of the general design and layout of inter-array electrical cables for floating wind turbines[source: NREL]14
ore.catapult.org.uk2.7 PROJECT PHASES OF FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND FARMSStandards not only address different technical components and systems, but also relate to activitiesin specific project phases. An offshore floating wind farm project is typically broken down into severalmain project phases: site selection and feasibility; consenting, permitting and EIA; design phase &certification; tendering & contracting; supply, procurement and fabrication; onshore facilities; T&I;O&M; decommissioning or repowering. The tasks commence sequentially but can run in parallel withother project tasks. Figure 1-4 shows a typical timeline of phases within the development of an offshorewind project. While certification can also address the manufacturing through to commissioning phases,the main focus in this report is on the design phase and the associated certification based on designstandards. T&I, O&M and decommissioning activities are addressed in this report regarding floatingwind specific aspects.Project PhaseTimeSite Selection, FeasibilityConsenting, Permitting, EIADesign Phase (Concept, FEED, DD) & CertificationTendering & ContractingSupply and Procurement, FabricationOnshore Facilities (Grid, Substation, Ports)Transport & Installation (T&I)Operation & Maintenance (O&M)Decommissioning, RepoweringNot considered in this reportMain focus of this reportFocus on floating wind specific aspectsFigure 1-4: Typical project phases of a floating wind farm assuming a contractual strategy15
Floating Offshore Wind – Application of Standards, Regulations, Project Certification & Classification – Risks and Opportunities3 OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDSFOR FLOATING WIND TURBINES3.1INTRODUCTIONThe following subsections provide overview charts showing standards, guidelines and recommendedpractices referenced within the governing standards listed in Table 1-1. The overviews are not to beunderstood as a complete set of standards for the classification of a FOWT or the certification of a project.Where not all of the project packages or components are covered, this means that no cross-references tointernal or external standards are provided in the respective governing standard, but applicable guidancemay exist e.g. in other offshore wind and/or O&G standards (out of scope of this review).The standards review, including a comparison and gap analysis yielded 18 main technical elements (alsocalled packages in this report) which are typically covered by standards. These provide guidance andregulations on the key components of an offshore floating wind turbine and associated activities andproject phases: (1) General, (2) Environmental and Soil Conditions, (3) Materials and Construction, (4)Safety Levels and Safety Concepts, (5) Design Methods and Loads, (6) Fatigue Limit State, (7) UltimateLimit State, (8) Serviceability and Accidental Limit State, (9) Stability, (10) Corrosion Protection andControl System, (11) Wind Turbine, (12) Mechanical and Electrical Equipment, (13) Power Cable, (14)Stationkeeping System and Anchor, (15) Transport and Installation, (16) Commissioning, Surveys andO&M, (17) Decommissioning and (18) Other. Descriptions of what standards typically cover in eachpackage is provided in Appendix C .3.2 STANDARDS FRAMEWORK BY IEC TS 614OO-3-2IEC is the internationally recognized main standardization body for wind energy, including offshorefloating wind. The IEC Technical Specification 61400-3-2 reference list is rather short compared tothe other governing standards. Most references are towards IEC and ISO standards. Related to designmethods and stationkeeping systems, API RPs are referred to. Figure 2-1 provides the IEC 61400-3-2framework to internal and external standards, guidelines and recommended practices related to thepackages defined in Section 2.1. TS61400-3-2 is currently in revision to become a full standard.3.3 STANDARDS FRAMEWORK BY ABS 195ABS is a US maritime classification society established in 1862. ABS is included in this review because itis the main American classification society for O&G and has a long track record in offshore wind. ABS 195includes references to various other ABS rules, guides and guidance notes. Additional references alsoinclude US standards from API, NACE, ACI and ASTM and international IEC and ISO standards relatedto environmental conditions and design methods and loads. Figure 2-2 provides the ABS 195 frameworkrelated to the packages defined in Section 2.1. Table A-1 in Appendix A provides the abbreviation list ofthe short names used in Figure 2-2.16
ore.catapult.org.ukIEC TS 61400-3-2GeneralIEC 61400-1IEC 61400-3-1CorrosionProtection andControl SystemIEC 61400-1 (CS)IEC 61400-3-1 (CS)ISO 19904-1 (CP)ISO 12944-9 (CP)Environmentaland SoilConditionsIEC 61400-1IEC 61400-3-1ISO 19900ISO 19901-1StabilityIMO res. MSC.267(85)Materials andConstructionISO 19901-7ISO 19905-1FatugueLimit StateIEC 61400-1IEC 61400-3-1ISO 19904-1Safety Levels andSafety ConceptsIEC 61400-3-1ISO 19904-1UltimateLimit StateIEC 61400-3-1ISO 19904-1Design Methodsand LoadsIEC 61400-1IEC 61400-3-1ISO 2394ISO 19900Transport andInstallationIEC 61400-3-1ISO 19904-6StationkeepingSystem andAnchorISO 1901-4ISO 19901-7ISO 19904-1APR RP 2TCommissioning,Surveys and O&MIEC 61400-3-1ISO 19901-6ISO 19904-1Mechanicaland ElectricalEquipmentIEC 61400-1IEC 61400-3-1Serviceabilityand AccidentalLimit StateISO 19904-1Wind TurbineIEC 61400-1ISO 19901-4ISO 19904-1ISO 19906API RP 2FPSISO 19901-2ISO 19901-4ISO 19901-7ISO 19904-1ISO 19906API RP 2FPSAPI RP 2TITTC Guid. 7.5-02-07-3.8Figure 2-1: IEC 61400-3-2 frameworkABS 195GeneralABS Class RulesABS FPI RulesABS MOU RulesABS RA NotesCorrosionProtection andControl SystemAPI PR 2SK (CP)API PR 2T (CP)NACE SP0176NACE SP0108Environmentaland SoilConditionsABS FPI RulesABS OWT GuideIEC 61400-1IEC 61400-3-1ISO 2533API RP 2METStabilityABS FPI RulesABS MOU RulesMaterials andConstructionABS FPI RulesABS MOU RulesABS OI RulesABS Mat RulesABS OWT GuideABS Chain GuideABS FA GuideABS Fibre NotesACI 213RACI 301ACI 318ACI 357ACI 395ASTM C31ASTM C39ASTM C94ASTM C172ASTM C330AISC St. Const. ManualFatugueLimit StateABS FA GuideABS PMS GuideABS Fiber NotesAPI RP 2TDesign Methodsand LoadsABS FPI RulesABS MOU RulesABS Mat RulesABS MV RulesABS LRFD GuideABS PMS GuideABS Semi NotesABS Fiber NotesABS Anchor NotesABS Pile
3 OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR FLOATING WIND TURBINES 16 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 Standards Framework by IEC TS 614OO-3-2 16 3.3 Standards Framework by ABS 195 16 3.4 Standards Framework by Bureau Veritas NI572 18 3.5 Standards Framework by DNVGL-ST-O119 19 3.6 Guidance Notes by LR 2O 3.7 Additional Relevant Standards and Suites 2O
Floating Offshore Wind Will be Developed Where Waters Are Too Deep for Current Fixed-Bottom Technology 80% of offshore wind resources are in waters greater than 60 meters Floating wind enables sites farther from shore, out of sight, with better winds! Floating wind technology is expected to be at deployed at utility scale by 2024.
Offshore wind farms are also not subject to the same planning constraints as onshore farms and, if sited sufficiently far offshore, have a lower visual impact " " Offshore Wind in the UK Wind energy resources are abundant and exploitable1, and supplied 9.4% of the UK's electricity needs in 20142. Offshore wind is
This implies a total share of 45% for wind energy, with 27% coming from onshore wind, 13% from fixed-bottom and 5% from floating wind technologies. For floating wind, this is projected to include an 80% reduction in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from its current value, compared to a 44% reduction in LCOE for fixed-bottom offshore wind.
The socio-economic impact of offshore wind energy in Greece 1. Introduction The offshore wind industry in Europe has been up-and-coming and is expected to grow more in the following decade. Although Greece has yet to exploit its sizeable offshore wind potential, floating offshore wind projects could be developed in Greek waters soon. Alma
Vertical axis wind turbines appear to be promising for the condition of high as well as low wind speeds. Offshore wind turbines have recently been substantiated efficacious for generating electricity due to high wind power. A detailed numerical analysis is conducted in this work on an offshore floating type Darrieus wind turbine at different .
Offshore wind farms — the verge of energy revolution 6 Electricity from offshore wind farms enjoys public confidence 8 Domestic electricity production in 2018 10 Wind farms — another milestone of the Polish maritime sector 13 Offshore wind — development and construction 14 Offshore wind — electricity production 16
The nascent floating wind energy project pipeline is growing slowly relative to the fixed- bottom pipeline, but floating pilot projects are advancing. The global pipeline for floating offshore wind energy reached 4,888 MW in 2018, with 38 announced projects and 46 MW of operating projects. Offshore Wind Pricing Trends
Offshore wind farm status GW 10.4 7.7 2.6 2.3 1.7 0.3 25.0 % 42% 31% 10% 9% 7% 1% 100% UK Germany Netherlands Belgium Denmark Rest of Europe Total Turbines 2,292 1,501 537 399 559 112 5,400 Triton Knoll west offshore substation and jackup vessel Neptune 04 Offshore wind operational report 2020 05 Offshore wind operational report 2020 Offshore .
