AUTHOR Godfrey, E. N. Technical And Vocational Training In Kenya And .

1y ago
5 Views
2 Downloads
2.14 MB
77 Pages
Last View : 1m ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Louie Bolen
Transcription

DOCUMENT RESUMEED 105 266AUTHORTITLEINSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTEEDES PRICEDESCRIPTORSIDENTIFIERSCE 003 573Godfrey, E. N.Technical and Vocational Training in Kenya and theHarambee Institutes of Technology. Discussion PaperNo. 169.Nairobi Univ. (Kenya). Inst. for DevelopmentStudies.Jun 7362p.MF-S0.76 HC-S3.32 PLUS POSTAGEEducational Adninistratiom; Educational Development;Educational Economics; Educational Finance;*Educational Planning; *Foreign Countries; *TechnicalEducation; *Vocational Education; *VocationalTraining Centers*KenyaABSTRACTThe paper is one of a series dealing with differentaspects of the fund-raising campaign, which began in mid-1971, forthe establishment throughout Kenya of a large nuaber of institutes oftechnology on a self-help basis. By March 1973, 17 such instituteshad been proposed. In the absence of coordination each institute'splanning committee is trying to draw up its own plan for curriculum,syllabus, enrollment, etc. It is an aim of this paper to bringtogether information which will be useful to this task and, it ishoped, will contribute to the public debate about the role that theseinstitutes night play in Kenya's technical and vocational trainingsystem. The paper concentrates, therefore, on such fairly narrow,economic questions as sources of staff and students, employmentprospects, and cost and financing. It starts with an analysis of theexisting system of training and of plans for its expansion, basedpartly on a survey carried out by the Ministry of Finance andEconomic Planning in 1971 and on a followup to that survey in 1972.The plans of the proposed harambee institutes are then reviewed and,in conclusion, some observations about their prospects are made.(Author/NH)

TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL TRAININGIN KENYA AND THE HARAMBEEINSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGYbyE.M. GodfreyDISCUSSION PAPER No. 169U s iscsootAsoist as MALTS.eaucassoesa AswanNATIONAL osstsTuts issoucasecosTHIS oocuAtimv Has INE0 REPROoucio anat'or AS OECEOPEO f0010VTf PERSON on oitoAsuiATross ORIGINATING IT POINTS Of inE* OE OPINIONS1TaTE0 00 NOT OPECESSAT0if *EPEESETA/ Of fit sat taaT1000e. INSTITUTE OPEDUCATION POSITION 00 POLCvINSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIESUNIVERSITY OF NAIROBIJUNE 1973Revised version of I D.S. Working Paper No. 40.CAAny views expressed in this paper are those of the authors.Theyshould not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Institute forDevelopment Studies or of the University of Nairobi.

I.D.S. DiscussionPaper No. 169.TECHNICAL AND VACATIONAL TRAINING IN KENYA AND THEHARAMBEE INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGYBYE.M. GodfreyABSTRACTThis paper is one of a series dialing with different aspects of thefund-raising campaign, which beganin mid-1971, for the establishment throughout Kenya of a large number of institutes of technology on a self-help basis.By March 1973 such institutes had been proposed.for Kiambu, Kirinyaga,Atrang'a, Nyeri, Eabu, Meru, Yatta, Mombasa, Nakuru, Kericho, Kihancha, Kisii,Kisumu, Kaimosi, Kakamega, Sang'alo and Kajiado.In the absence of coordination each institute's planning committee is trying to draw up its own planfor curriculum, syllabus, enrolment etc. It is an aim of this paper to bringtogether information which will be useful to this task and, it is hoped, tocontribute to the public debate about the role that these institutes mightplay in Kenya's technical and vocational training system.We concentrate,therefore, on such fairly narrow, economic questions as sources of staff andstudents, employment prospects and cost and financing. We start with ananalysis of the existing system of training and of plans for its expansion,based partly on a survey carried out by the Ministry of Finance and EconomicPlanning in 1971 and on our follow-up to that survey in 1972.The plans ofthe proposed harambee institutes are then reviewed and, in conclusion, someobservations about their prospects are made on the basis of a comparison ofthe first two sections.

INTRODUCTIONThis paper is one of a series dealing with different aspects of thefund-raising campaign, which began in mid-1971, for the establishment throughout Kenya of a large number of institutes of technology on a self-help basis.By March 19'3 such institutes had been proposed for Kiambu, Kirinyaga,Murang'a, Nyeri, Embu, Meru, Yatta, Mombasa, Nakuru, Kericho, Kihancha, Kisii,Kisumu, (aimosi, Kakamega, Sang'alo and Ka]iado.In the absence of coordina-tion each institute's planning committee is trying to draw up its own planfor -urri:ulum, syllabus, enrolment etc.It is an aim of this paper to bringTogether information which will be useful to this task and, it is hoped,to contribute to the public debate about the role that these institutes mightplay in Kenya's technical and vocational training system.We concentrate,therefore, on such fairly narrow, economic questions as sources of staff andstudents, employment prospects and cost and financing.We start with ananalysis of the existing system of training and of plans for its expansion,based partly on a survey carried out by the Ministry of Finance and EconomicPlanning in 1971 and on our follow-up to that survey in 1972.The plans ofthe proposed harambee institutes are then reviewed and, in conclusion, someobservations about their prospects are made on the basis of a comparison ofthe first two sections.Readers in a hurry could refer directly to thediscussion of prospects in section C (p. 38).

2A.THE EXISTING SYSTEM OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND TRAININGThe standard diagram to describe the system of technical education1and training in Kenya, first devised by Kingand later reproduced inseveral official reports, is as l Education and Training in Kenya.Form IForm ISecondTechnical Bias aryTechniForm IIcal'Technical Bias SchoolForm III-CraftForm IIIPre-TechnicianForm IVgrip-CraftForm IVPre-Techniciantc3:14.7 IIIKabete SecondaryVocational School /Form IIIandTechnical BiasMombasa PolytechniconlyForm IVTechnical Bias'ThForm VAcademicForm SecondaryTechnicalSchoolonly1(Nairobi)onlyThis diagram is accurate as far as it goes2, but it describes only alimited part of the system - the part that is under the auspices of the Ministryof Education.The secondary vocational schools are eight in number and situatedat Kabete, Thika, Kisumu, Eldoret, Kaiboi, Mawego, Meru and Machakos; the foursecondary technical schools are at Mombasa, Nairobi, Nakuru and Sigalagala.Neither vocational nor technical schools aim at turning out finished craftsmenand technicians but rather at preparing their pupils for further training.1.C.D. King, Development of Secondary Vocational and Technical Schools andTraining of Technical Teachers, (mimeo), Ministry of Education, 1970.2.Although changes in the syllabus of the secondary vocational schools maysoon make it out of date.

With the upgrading of Mombasa Technical Institute there are now two polytechnics,while the University of Nairobi offers technologist-level courses in engineering(catering for all East African countries) and other technical subjects.However, there is a great deal of technical and vocational educationand training going on in Kenya which falls outside the responsibility of theMinistry of Education,The Ministry of Labour, for instance, is responsiblefor all industrial training below the level of the polytechnics and theuniversityIt is in the process of introducing a new industrial levy scheme(under the 1970 Industrial Training Act), but this is at present confined tothe building, sugar and motor vehicle industries and will not be fullyoperative for several years 3Its most important training institution isthe National Industrial and Vocational Training Centre (NIVTC) in Nairobiwhich undertakes craft training of apprentices sponsored by employers.AnotherNIVTC is being set up in Kisumu, and a third one for Mombasa is planned.In addition there is Egerton College in Njoro, offering three-yeardiploma courses in agriculture, as well as Embu Institute of Agricultureand the Animal Health and Industry Training Institute at Kabete (trainingtechnical assistants) and numerous farmer training centres under the controlof the Ministry of Agriculture,The Ministry of Cooperatives and SocialServices is in charge of the village polytechnic programme, and the Ministriesof Health, Commerce and Industry, Information lnd Broadcasting, NaturalResources and Works, the Directorate of Personnel, East African Railways,Harbours, Airways, Post and Telecommunications, religious and charitable4organisations and private firms, formal and informal,training schemesall have their ownFinally there are the private "colleges" offering mainlysecretarial courses.As far as is known, no attempt has so far been made to analyse theprovision of technical/vocational education and training in its entirety,largely because of lack of data about the smaller-scale institutions andactivitiesHowever, in 1971 the Ministry of Finance and EconomicPlanning took some steps to rectify this situation by carryingout asurvey of training institutionstraining activitiesThe survey did not attempt to cover allPolice and army training and, on the whole, institutions3For details and discussion of the new national industrial trainingscheme see Ministry of Labour: The National Industrial Training Scheme forthe Training of Craft Apprentices, 1972, and A P.M. Grima: Basic Requirementsfor the Develo ment of the National ArenticeshiTraining Scheme in Kenya.NIVT Project, June 19724,For a fascinating description of the training offered by the informalsector in Kenya see Kenneth King; Skill Acquisition in the Informal Sector ofthe eqya Case. (mimeo) Centre of African Studies,an African Economy,Edinburgh, January 1973.4i

4offering short courses of less than a few months, (such as the GovernmentTraining Institute, Maseno, the Kenya Institute of Management and theManagement Advisory and Training Centre) wale excluded.Steretarialcolleges, both government and private, were the subject of a separate enquiry, and training by private firms was given only patchy coverage.Thewhole area of trade-testing and on-the-job training, in fact, does notfit neatly into a survey of this kind and was found to require separatetreatment.Using the Ministry's survey (hereafter MFEP survey) as a base,we were able during 1972 to obtain furthevinformation5 from a widerow of training institutions on enrolment in each of their courses in1970, 1971 and 1972, their best guess as to likely enrolment in 1977 andtheir staffing position.Since our interest is primarily in the fieldsin which the proposed harambee institutes are intending to operate wefurther excluded from this follow-up survey legal, medical and academicteacher training, training which takes place in schools and at theuniversity, on-the-job and short-course farmer training and village polytechnics.This leaves us with data on the following rather mixed bag ofinstitutions:Ministry of Education:Kenya PolytechnicMombasa PaistedialeMinistry of Agriculture:Egerton CollegeEmbu Institute of AgricultureAnimal Health and Industry Training InstituteThomsons Falls Large Sca'e Farmers Training CentreEldoret Large Scale Fars3rs Training CentreNaivasha Dairy Training SchoolWater Development Training SchemeDirectorate of Personnel:Kenya Institute of AdministrationKenya Government Secretarial Training CentreGovernment Secretarial College, MombasaMinistry of Commerce and Industry:Kenya Industrial Training InstituteMinistry of Information and Broadcasting:Kenya Institute of MassCommunicationsInitially by questionnaire and subsequently by personal interview wherenecessary.5.

5Ministry of Cooperatives and Social Services:Ministry of Natural Resources:Ministry of Labour:Cooperative CollegeForest Training SchoolNational Youth Service Vocational Training Unit,Mombasa.East African Railways:Miscellaneous:Railway Training SchoolInstitute of Tailoring and Cutting.Christian Industrial Training Centre, NairobiChristian Industrial Training Centre, MombasaStarehe Boys' Centre, Technical DivisionYMCA Crafts Training CentreLimuru Boys' CentreStrathmore College - School of AccountancyYWCA Vocational Training Centre, MombasaSix private secretarial colleges recommended by theFederation of Kenya Employers.From these and other data we have extracted information about actualand planned enrolment, staff, intake of students, output of trainees andcost and financing, which are presented and discussed in the following paragraphs.1.Enrolment - the situation in 1972The enrolment in 1972 in each of the institutions listed above(excluding courses of less than three months) is shown at Appendix 1.There is insufficient space for comments on each individual institution,but one point is worth noting here.The number of students followingfull-time courses at Kenya Polytechnic is relatively small - 634 or 19per cent of total enrolment6- and most of these are in the businessstudies, catering and technical teacher training departments.Polytechnic the proportion is higher - 51 per centfall as it takes on full polytechnic status,At Mombasabut this is likely toSince the NIVTC mainly offerspart -time training to those already employed, this means that a very highproportion of formal training of a technical/industrial type at skilledlevel or above is given on a part-time basis to students already in jobs andsponsored by their employers.6,Of the remainder, 34 per cent are taking day-release courses, 33per cent'mixed' day-release/full-time courses, 12 per cent evening coursesand 2 per cent sandwich courses.

The enrolment figures for the individual institutions areaggregated in Table 1, with specialisations grouped under the four broadheadings, agricultural, technical/industrial, business/administrative andother.The table is dominated by Kenya Polytechnic, whose enrolment accountsfor 39 per cent of the total.To get a fuller picture we need to takeaccount of activities not covered by our survey.Even irom the limited in-formation in the table, however, it can be seen that relatively few studentsare enrolled in courses of more than two years, which enables the systemto be fairly responsive to changes in the pattern of manpower demand.the system is expanding steadily.AlsoFrom our follow-up survey mdiatijragrad thatthe annual average rate of increase in aggregate enrolment between 1970 and1972 was about 8 per cent7.In general the lower the level of the trainingthe faster the rate of expansion, but the following categories showedparticularly fast rates of increase : semi-professional, civil engineering,catering and domestic science and education; skilled, other engineering,printing, design and handicrafts and agriculture; below skilled, mechanicalengineering and design and handicrafts.The most important institution not covered by the survey and relevantfrom our point of view is probably the NIVTC, Nairobi.trainees attended the centre.During 1972 677The courses varied in length but averaged 7weeks per trainee, giving a total of 4,590 man-weeks of training.Thebreakdown of NIVTC activities in 1972, with 1970 and 1971 included forcomparative purposes, is given in Table 2.The technical teacher training programme is run in conjunction withKenya Polytechnic, in whose enrolment statistics these students have alreadybeen counted.The change in .the role of NIVTC in recent years is readilyapparent, with 77 per cent of its teaching in 1972 being devoted toapprentice-training compared with only 29 per cent two years earlier.Thisreflects official efforts to boost the registered - apprentice system, whichOas been of little importance in Kenya in the past, particularly at craftlevel.For example, Grima8 points out that between May 1967 and December 1971only 778 contracts were registered for technician and craft apprentices and7.The rate of increase'slowed down in 1972 owing mainly to staffingproblems.Between 1970 and 1971 it had been 11 per cent; between 1971 and1972 it was only 5 per cent.8.Grima. op. cit.p.9

TABLE I:AGGREGATE ENROLMENT BY SPECIALISATION, QUALIF'ICATI3N AIMED AT AND YEAR OFTECHNI ALENGINEERINGMechPROFESSIONALFinal year2 years left3 years leftTOTALSEMI-PROFESS.Final year2 years left3 years left4 years leftTOTALSKILLEDFinal year2 years left3 years 71661268110183282138910122836605221328793519or more73302112BELOW SKILLEDCinal year; years 433026411115.3 years left0 years 'OTALOTHERFinal year2 years leftTOTALALL LEVELSFinal year2 years left3 years left4 years left5 or moreTOTALBUSINESSADMIN3831'TOTALAGRICULTURE1310I4 years 21550118CaterDom 1Follow-up Survey./C59427826913363304678611548208221328983

LMENT BY .PEC1ALLSATIUNu;LIFICATION AiMED AT AND YEAR OF STUDY, 1972OTHER.I N GilOtherPaintingDesign 8HanthrattAGRICULTUREBUSINESSADMINALL COURSESCateringEduc.Dom Sc 352519429660//474822981200347288621

TABLE 2:NIVTC, NAIROBI, ACTIVITIES, 1970-19721971j1170No. ks ofNealueeksTechnical TeachersB uilding281739 771516B uilding32ElectricalMechanicalMotor Vehicle RepairTotal?824623ElectricalMechamicalMotor Vehicle re-1SWIN963 2038002241683910669ITTraf3213Skill EaproseumatBut Ilia,ElectricalMechanicalMotor Vehicle RepairTotalAll CoursesBuildingElectricalMechanicalMotor Vehicle RepairTotalSource:riffDirectorate of Induatrial iNU

:NIVTCNAIROBIACTIVITIES1970-19721972No. 8931241361235--I222T3443re7-1844128WIVirks 41054624798DRlif715315675/3142741401355

949 for indentured learners, Moreover 630 of the 778 apprentices were accountedfor by three concerns, East African Railways (with 350) East African Airways(110) and East African Power and Lighting (170).The majority of EAR'S andEAA's apprentices would be non- Kenyans and the majority of EAA's and EAPL'swere technician - apprentices,The remaining 148 apprentices employed bycomerns other than these three, mainly private firms and governmentdepartments in the Nairobi area, represent an annual registration rate ofabout 321 114Incomparably more important so far has been the "unregistered"training imparted to many thousands in industry's own training schools orpurely on the jobFor instance, 5,50G people, very few of them formallyapprenticed or with any contact with a training in:titution, presented themselves for trade tests during 1971 at grades I, II and III, of whom 3,070passed9Moreover, this undoubtedly excludes a large number of 'learners'in the informal sector who do not2Enrolmenttake trade tests.Plans for Expansion:The principals or directors of the institutions covered by Table 1were askea, in our follow-up survey, for their 'best guess' as to likelyenrolment in each of their courses in 1977,answers is shown in Table 3,The aggregation of their10An overall rate of expansion in enrolment of 7 per cent p.a. isenvisaged, slightly lower than the rate achieved in 1970-1972.However,*his understates the likely increase in training provision since during thisperiod the two Polytechnics will be off-loading their skilled-and-belowcourses on to NIVTC in order to concentrate on higher-level training.Thisis reflected in The pattern of expansion in the table, with semi-professionaland professional enrolment showing the fastest rates of increase. 11Moreover,these are the prospects as seen by the individuals most closely concerned inJuly 1972They were guessing without knowledge of other institutions' plans,trends in governmeat policy etcestimationIn some cases this may have led to under-The projections for Mombasa Polytechnic, for instance, seem pessi-mistic in rela'ion to government plans for its development,The expanding cote of NIVTC is illustrated in Table 4:9A letallo,.d breakdown of trade tests completed is shown at appendix 2.10.Estimated enrolment in new projects such as the Technical Teac.hersTraining College, the Hotel Training Centre and Bukura Institute of Agricultureis also in'l.idedParticularly high rates of increase are projected for the followingcategories: professional, mechanical and civil engineering and business administration; aeml7prolessional education (i.e. technical teacher trainin 14

ut 327--r6E6mpara1 II-y more impo ansoCtraining imparted to many thousands in industry's own training schools orpurely on the jobFor instance, 5,50G people, very few of them formallyapprenticed cr with any contact with d training institution, presented themJui ing 1971 at grades I, II and III, of whom 3,070selves for t!duepassed9Mclvt,.er,ondoubtediy excludes a large number of 'learners'in the informdi ,,e:tr who do not2Enrolmenttake trade tests.Fidns for Expansion:The prin Ipais or directors of the institutions covered by Table 1were asked, in our follow-up survey, for their 'best, guess' as to likelyenrolment in each of their courses in 1977,answers is shown in Table 3,The aggregation of their10An overall rate cf expansion in enrolment of 7 per cent pa. isenvisaged, slightly lower than the rate achieved in 1970-1972.However,this understates the likely increase in training provision since during thisperiod the two Polytechnics will be off-loading their skilled-and-belowcourses on to NIVTC in order to concentrate on higher-level training.Thisis reflected in the pattern of expansion in the table, with semi-professionaland professional enrolment showing the fastest rates of increase.11Moreover,these are the prospects as seen by the individuals most closely concerned inJuly 1972They were guessing without knowledge of other institutions' plans,trends in government policy etc,estimationIn some cases this may have led to under-The projections for Mombasa Polytechnic, for instance, seem pessi-mistic in relation to government plans for its development.The expanding role of NIVTC is illustrated in Table 4:9,A detailed breakdown of trade tests completed is shown at appendix 2.10.Estimated enrolment in new projects such as the Technical TeachersTraining College, the Hotel Training Centre and Bukura Institute of Agricultureis also included11Particularly high rates of increase are projected for the followingcategories: professional, mechanical and civil engineering and business administration; semi-professional, education (i,e, technical teacher training); skilled,printing and catering and domestic science; below skilled, design and handicrafts.

AGGREGATE ENROLMENT BY SPECIALISATION, QUALIFICATION AIMED AT & YEAR OFTABLE 3:SCIENCE!PROFESSIONALFinal year2 years left3 years left4 years leftTOTALSEMI-PROFESSFinal year2 years left3 years left4 years leftTOTALSKILLEDFinaL year2 years left3 years left4 years left5 or moreTOTALBELOW SKILLEDFinal year2 years left3 years left4 years leftTOTALOTHERFinal year2 years leftTOTALALL LEVELSFinal year2 years left3 years left4 years left5 or moreTOTALSource:12313385341TECHNICAL/INDUSTRIALE N G I N E E R I N GElect !Mech-TeivilOtherPrintingDesign &HandicraftAGRICULTURE,BUSINESS 843525052436Follow-up Survey,262

NT BY SPECIALISATIONQUALIFICATION AIMED AT g YEAR OF STUDY, 1977wRIALOTHERG.OtherPrIntlligDesign JALL c

iSource:222530222221266,0001,0322,4602,1001,64413 7608642,1601,8001,440----12 2.--024Man6364336363636666666NAIROBIAverage Weeksof Training30180503040302010101010601203020302020No MUAverage raineesNoPROPOSED ACTIVITIES Of NIVTC NAIROBI AND KISUMU 1TC, 197')Directorate of Industrial Training200Building48Electrical110MechanicalMotor Vehicle Repair 10074Others532TOTAL;All r Vehicle Repair 3014Others102TotalSkill Improvement4 -to r Vehicle Repair or Vehicle Repair 2020Others100TotalTechnical TeachersNo ofTraineesTABLE 4:weeks262924242324998898-L.7,3201,8723,6602,9402 48418 I 2761,33236016830030020416,3442 /36Man40666666TOTALAverage WeeksTrainingof

-12-As can be seen, total man-weeks of training are expectedto reach13,236 at the Nairobi centre by 1975, which representsan annual average rateof increase over 1972 of 42 per cent, Apprentice training alone inNairobiis expected to increase at a rate of 50 per centper annum.Moreover, anew centre is due to open in Kisumu during 1973, concentratingon skillimprovement courses at first but, as shown in the table,building up a sizeable apprentice-training programme by 1975, bringing the totalrate ofincrease for such training to 66 per cent per annum.By then, also, a thirdcentre in Mombasa, with an annual throughput of some four hundred trainees,is likely to be coming into operation:All this reflects not only the takingover of lower-level courses from the Polytechnics but alsoa widening in thecoverage of the National Industrial Training Scheme, which is intendedeventually to cover all industries,3.StaffIn our follow-up survey we were able to obtain informationaboutteaching staff in 1970, 1971 and 1972 from virtually allthe institutions12surveyedLack of detail limits us to the rather crude classificationshownin Table 5.This does enable us, however, to assess the progress of Kenyanisation at different levels and in different broad subject-headings.In general,after slowing down in 1971, the pace seems to have increased in 1972,by whichtime 53 per cent of the teaching staff of these institutionswere Kenyan.The difficulty of recruiting local staff 'as teachers intechnical / industrialsubjects at a semi-professional level is shown,by the factthat only 35 per13cent Kenyanisation had been achieved in that category.In 1971, when 48per cent of the staff of the training institutions covered in Table4 werecitizens, the comparable percentages for secondary schoolsand teachers' collegeswere 59 and 57 respectively.12-The exceptions were AHITI (AgricultureSemi-Professional) and KIA(Business/Administration Semi-Professional) whose Kenyanisation rates in 1972were 57 per cent (of 28) and 76 per cent (of 54) respectively,13,The MFEP survey went into more detail and achieveu a much lowerresponse rate. Of the 261 teachers employed inthe two Polytechnics, EgertonCollege, Embu Institute, Strathmore College, Limuru Boys' Centre, thetwoCITCs, Starehe Technical Division, NIVTC and YMCA CTC in 197041 per centwere citizens. Citizens formed a slightly smallerproportion of those withvocational qualifications above the skilled level (32 per cent) than of thosewith university degrees (35 per cent). Not surprisingly at lowerlevels ofqualification the proportion of citizens was much higher. The numbers were toosmall for us to make much of the individual categories but it may be notedthatthe least Kenyanised specialisations were education, electrical engineering,science, arts (surprisingly) and business and administration,/9

TABLE 5:TYPE OF COURSES:TEACHING STAFF BY CITIZENSHIP AND BY TYPE AND LEVEL OF INSTITUTIONTECHNICAL / 70SKILLEDBELOW SKILLEDALL LEVELSSource:Follow-up Survey.1971971

F BY CITIZENSHIP AND BY TYPE AND LEVEL OF INSTITUTION, 1970, 1971, & 9701971ALL 5230252333941865240273266143627488976464525568I

-14-A few of the institutions gave information to the MFEP surv

Ministry of Education, The Ministry of Labour, for instance, is responsible for all industrial training below the level of the polytechnics and the university It is in the process of introducing a new industrial levy scheme (under the 1970 Industrial Training Act), but this is at present confined to the building, sugar and motor vehicle industries and will not be fully

Related Documents:

Laminate & Timber Hard Flooring 07 LVP & Vinyl Sheet Hard Flooring 09 Polyester & Polypropylene Carpets . Silver Haze Rustic Grey 70 35 Per LM Per LM Godfrey Hirst Vinyl Sheet Godfrey Hirst Vinyl Sheet Godfrey Hirst Vinyl Sheet . Light Brown Red Brown Panther 38 10 Per BLM Per m Godfrey Hirst Polypropylene Godfrey Hirst

Molly Farren—Drug-addicted, secret wife of Godfrey Cass, with whom she had the daughter later adopted by Silas. Eppie—Daughter of Godfrey Cass and Molly Farren. She was adopted and so named by Silas Marner. The Gentry Squire Cass—Holder of the highest position in Raveloe society, a solid, gruff man of “extravagant habits and bad husbandry,” generally lax in family matters. Godfrey .

Place of Interview: Grand Casino Building, Vineland, Minnesota Interviewer: Dr. Anthony Godfrey Begin Tape One, Side One Godfrey: Okay, let's see. I'm talking with Doug Sam, and we're at the Mille Lacs Grand Casino. I want to thank you for talking to me. Sam: Mm-hmm. Godfrey: First off, I'd like to start off and maybe you can tell me a little

LETTERING Osmane Garcia Filho baseado no original de Martina Flor REVISÃO Marina Nogueira e Ana Luiza Couto Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP ) (Câmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil) Godfrey, Durell Casa em cores / Durell Godfrey ; trad

Hilary Hubbard, Principal Hubbard Godfrey Architects, Inc. Professional Experience 3522 Geary Blvd. Suite 3 San Francisco, CA 94118 415.379.1700 tel 415.379.1701 fax Hilary@HubbardGodfrey.com _ Nardi Assoc

“Best Practices and Challenges for Operational Excellence in Healthcare” September 23, 2013 Blan Godfrey (Operational Excellence) Dean, College of Textiles, NC State University Godfrey’s presentation starting pointing was the fact that there are three reasons for being opti

*IKS QV \PM :WIZQVO » [ /WLNZMa IVL PQ[ ?ITLWZÅIV[ House Band put on the Best Show in Town as London learned to tango at the Waldorf. So Godfrey is the inspiration for this bar, in the heart of London’s vibrant Theatre Land. We’ve taken a quintessentially English phrase and paid h

The result of the impressive ride was that Godfrey ordered a ‘Bee to add to his collection. A DC-3 was the queen of his fleet. (DC-3 & RC-3!) You may remember an incident that made the news about Godfrey purposely buzzing the Teterboro tower in the DC-3 in a fit of pique. Mr Marchev,