Disaster Risk Reduction An Orientation

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An Orientationto Disaster Risk ReductionPresented byUSAIDOffice of Foreign Disaster AssistanceToPAHO’s Meeting forHealth Disaster Coordinators12 June 2007

The DRR Course Three days duration Developed in collaboration with the CDB Available to sector specific or multi-sectoral groups Is available in English and Spanish Involves a number of exercises Will be conducted in Barbados, St. Luciaand Panama this year

What is Disaster Risk Reduction?

Risk Reduction Risk reduction is an evolving area ofdisaster risk management aimed at riskelimination or reduction by intervening inthe vulnerability – of a community, of anarea, of infrastructure, etc.

Disaster Risk Management The systematic management of administrative decisions,organization, operational skills and capacities toimplement policies, strategies and coping capacities ofthe society and communities to lessen the impacts ofnatural hazards and related environmental andtechnological disasters. This comprises all forms of activities, including structuraland non-structural measures to avoid (prevention) or tolimit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects ofhazards. (ISDR, 2004).

Framework forDisaster Risk ManagementComponents - Activities Risk Identification - Hazard and VulnerabilityStudies Risk Reduction - Prevention and Mitigation Risk Transfer - Insurance and Risk Financing Preparedness, Response - Forecasting,dissemination of warnings, implementingpreparedness measures Recovery - Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Target GroupWho must be involved?Multi-sectoral, multidisciplinary strategic userswhich include a broad range of Disaster RiskManagement stakeholders. Governmental and nongovernmentalorganizations at Community, National and Regional levels,National Disaster OrganisationsProfessional Associations.Lending InstitutionsInsurance Companies.

Basic Concept/DefinitionHazardA hazard is a potentially damagingphysical event, natural phenomenon orhuman activity that may cause the loss oflife or injury, property damage, social andeconomic disruption or environmentaldegradation (U N ISDR, 2004).

Origin of Natural Hazards Hazards may have different origins:Natural (geological, hydrometeorologicaland biological) or Induced by human processes(environmental degradation andtechnological hazards).

Categories of Natural HazardsThere are three categories of natural hazards: Hydro-meteorological, geological andbiological.1. Hydro-meteorological hazards are naturalprocesses or phenomena of an atmospheric,hydrological or oceanographic nature.2. Geological hazards are natural earthprocesses or phenomena that include internalearth processes of tectonic origin as well asexternal processes such as mass movements.

Hydro-meteorological Hazards Tropical waves and depressions Tropical Storms Hurricanes Storm surges Torrential rains Floods Tsunamis Droughts

Geological Volcanic eruptions Landslides Mud flows Earthquakes

Key TermsVulnerability The condition determined by physical,social, economic and environmentalfactors or processes, which increase thesusceptibility of a community to the impactof hazards (ISDR, 2004).

Key TermsResilience Resilience is the capacity of a system,community or society potentially exposedto hazards to adapt, by resisting orchanging in order to reach and maintainan acceptable level of functioning andstructure. (ISDR, 2004).

Key TermsRiskThe probability of harmful consequences,or expected losses (deaths, injuries,property, livelihoods, economic activitydisrupted or environment damage)resulting from interactions between naturalor human-induced hazards and vulnerableconditions (ISDR, 2004).

Key Terms“Acceptable Risk”Refers to the specific value of damage acommunity is willing to assume.

Key TermsDisasterA serious disruption of the functioning of acommunity or a society causingwidespread human, material, economic orenvironmental losses which exceed theability of the affected community or societyto cope using its own resources (ISDR,2004).

Disaster Risk ManagementComponentsRisk IdentificationActivitiesRisk ReductionHazard and VulnerabilityStudiesPrevention and MitigationRisk TransferInsurance /Risk FinancingPreparedness, Alert,ResponseForecasting, disseminationof warnings, implementingpreparedness measuresRecoveryRehabilitation andReconstruction

Risk IdentificationRisk identification is the systematic use ofavailable information to determine theprobability of certain adverse eventsoccurring and the related consequences.

Risk Identification - Examples Hazard data collection and mapping –identification, dimensioning, frequency of thehazardVulnerability assessments – identification of who(population) and what (infrastructure) arevulnerable to the hazardRisk assessments – determining the expectedloss from a hazardous eventPost-disaster assessments (30)

Risk Reduction Risk reduction is an evolving area ofdisaster risk management aimed at riskelimination or reduction by intervening inthe vulnerability. In other words, riskreduction involves clear and explicit effortto avoid the occurrence of disasters. Riskreduction comprises two components:Prevention and Mitigation.

Prevention Activities to provide outright avoidance ofthe adverse impact of hazards and themeans to minimize related environmental,technological and biological disasters(ISDR, 2004).

Mitigation Structural and non-structural measuresundertaken to limit the adverse impact ofnatural hazards, environmentaldegradation and technological hazards(ISDR, 2004).

Risk Reduction - examples Physical measures Socio-economic measures Environmental measures Post-disaster measures (31-33)

Preventable hazards and impactsthat can be mitigatedPreventable Hazards Oil Spill Toxic waste contamination Industrial pollution Landslide Flooding

Preventable hazards and impactsthat can be mitigatedHazards which can be mitigated Oil spill Toxic Waste Contamination Industrial pollution Landslide Flooding

Preventable hazards and impactsthat can be mitigatedHazards whose impacts can be mitigated Earthquake Hurricane Volcanic eruption Landslide Flooding

Risk Transfer Risk Transfer refers to instruments thatshare/hedge economic risks before lossesoccur.

Risk Transfer - Examples Budget self-insurance Market Insurance and Reinsurance Public asset coverage Risk pooling and diversification Risk financing (33-35)

Budget Self-insurance Budget self-insurance is the measuretaken by individual property owners toallocate a modest yearly budget forimprovement, maintenance and selectedretrofit investments for their property(buildings, land, infrastructure) which helpsto reduce future expected losses in theevent of a disaster.

Market Insurance Market insurance is the mechanism bywhich losses are stabilised through prepayment in the form of regular premiumpayments.

Public asset coverage Public asset coverage financing is theprocess by which governments seek tofinance the reconstruction of damagedcritical public assets. Usually this comesfrom annual budgets, but needs to beaugmented by outside sources.

Risk pooling & diversification Diversification of the risk pool is done bybanking with others from other geographicareas or industries which can help reduceinsurance premiums for all participants.

Catastrophe Bond A cat bond is a bond that is purchased byinvestors which transfers risks to theglobal capital market.

Risk Transfer Risk transfer ensures that funds arereadily available to rectify the damage orreplace the facility, should a loss occur. Itdoes not reduce actual vulnerability. As aresult, risk transfer mechanisms shouldalways be implemented in support of,rather than as a replacement for, broaddisaster risk reduction initiatives, such asimproved building practices and land useplanning.

Preparedness Activities and measures taken in advanceto ensure effective response to the impactof hazards, including the issuance oftimely and effective early warnings and thetemporary evacuation of people andproperty from threatened locations (ISDR,2004).

Alert A formal declaration of the near orimminent occurence of a hazard. Thisinformation should lead emergencyorganisations to activate previouslyestablished mechanisms, and thepopulation to take specific precautions

Response The provision of assistance or interventionduring or immediately after a disaster tomeet the life preservation and basicsubsistence needs of those peopleaffected. It can be of an immediate, shortterm, or protracted duration. (ISDR, 2004).

Recovery - Rehabilitation andReconstructionRecoveryDecisions and actions taken after adisaster with a view to restoring orimproving the pre-disaster living conditionsof the stricken “community”, whileencouraging and facilitating necessaryadjustments to reduce disaster risk (ISDR,2004).

RehabilitationRehabilitation This is the transition period that beginsduring response to re-establish temporarycritical basic services in the short-term.Reconstruction Reconstruction is the process ofinfrastructure repair, restoration of theproduction system, and resumption of thepopulation’s normal life pattern.

Phases of Disaster RiskManagementPre-Disaster Risk Identification Risk Reduction Prevention and Mitigation Risk Transfer Preparedness

Phases of Disaster RiskManagementPost-Disaster Response Recovery - Rehabilitation andReconstruction

Damage from natural hazardsDirect Damage: Direct damage is all damage sustained byimmovable assets and inventories offinished and semi-finished products, rawmaterials, other materials and spare parts(UNECLAC, 1991).

Indirect Damage This is damage to the flows of goods thatcease to be produced or the services thatcease to be provided during a period oftime beginning almost immediately afterthe disaster and possibly extending intothe rehabilitation and reconstruction phase(UNECLAC, 1991).

Disaster Risk Managementand Development Natural events such as earthquakes,volcanoes, hurricanes and floods, withinthe context of expanding population andeconomic growth in the Caribbean Region,pose a growing threat to national andregional development strategies.

DRM & Development (cont’d) Natural hazards can delay futuredevelopment due to the loss of resources.They may also cause a shift of scarceresources earmarked for developmentprojects to emergency response andreconstruction following the events.

DRM & Development (cont’d) They can also depress the investmentclimate. Proactive Disaster RiskManagement, which involves priorityinvestment in mitigation and prevention,must be an essential strategy forsustainable development in the CaribbeanRegion.

Development -VulnerabilityDEVELOPMENT REALMcan increasevulnerabilityDisaster canset backdevelopmentDevelopmentcan reducevulnerabilityDisaster canprovidedevelopmentopportunitiesDISASTER REALMPOSITIVE REALMNEGATIVE REALMDevelopment

Disaster Risk ManagementComponentsRisk IdentificationActivitiesRisk ReductionHazard and VulnerabilityStudiesPrevention and MitigationRisk TransferInsurance /Risk FinancingPreparedness, Alert,ResponseForecasting, disseminationof warnings, implementingpreparedness measuresRecoveryRehabilitation andReconstruction

What isDisaster Risk Reduction? The conceptual framework of elementsconsidered with the possibilities to minimizevulnerabilities and disaster risks throughouta society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit(mitigation and preparedness) the adverseimpacts of hazards, within the broad contextof sustainable development (ISDR, 2004).

The Disaster Risk ReductionFramework Risk awareness and assessment including hazardanalysis and vulnerability/capacity analysis;Knowledge development including education, training,research and information;Public commitment and institutional frameworks,including organizational, policy, legislation andcommunity action;Application of measures including environmentalmanagement, land-use and urban planning, protection ofcritical facilities, application of science and technology,partnership and networking, and financial instruments;Early warning systems including forecasting,dissemination of warnings, preparedness measures andreaction capacities.

Disaster Risk ReductionMeasuresThere are five categories of Disaster RiskReduction measures: Physical Socio-economic Environmental Management and institutional and Post disaster.

Physical MeasuresPhysical Risk Reduction Measures Physical risk reduction measures arestructural and non- structural measuresthat are undertaken to help avoid oralleviate the damage and losses that resultfrom hazards.

Structural MeasuresStructural measures refer to any physicalconstruction to reduce or avoid possibleimpacts of hazards, which includeengineering measures and construction ofhazard-resistant and protective structuresand infrastructure (ISDR, 2004).ExamplesConstruction; Strengthening of facilities; Altering of the environment

Non-Structural Measures Non-structural measures refer to policies,awareness, knowledge development,public commitment, and methods andoperating practices, including participatorymechanisms and the provision ofinformation, which can reduce risk andrelated impacts (ISDR, 2004).

Non-Structural Measures Examples: Engineering design such as designing forvibration, lateral loads, wind loads, loadsurcharges, flood resistance; Physical development plans that identifyland use zones that are developable andthose that are hazard prone; Development regulations (designstandards, building codes);

Socio-economic measuresSocio-economic risk reduction measures arethose that are designed to address gapsand weaknesses in the systems wherebycommunities and society as a wholeprepare to respond to disaster events.

Socio-economic measures Examples:-Build awareness of hazards andvulnerabilities at the community levelCreate community mutual assistancenetworksDevelop employment protection programs

Environmental MeasuresEnvironmental Risk Reduction measures Environmental risk reduction measuresare those that are designed to protectexisting, or rehabilitate degraded,environmental systems that have thecapacity to reduce the impact of naturalhazards.

Environmental Measures Examples:Policies and programmes such as developmentcontrol or environmental impact assessmentsthat reduce or eliminate the effect of humanactivities on the environment;Physical measures that restore or fortifydamaged environmental systems such asmangrove replanting, coral reef protection,reforestation of critical watersheds or restorationof degraded river courses;

Management and InstitutionalMeasures Institutionalising disaster risk reduction requires:Education, training and professionalcompetence, access to information and politicalwill.The professional training of engineers, planners,economists, social scientists and othermanagers to include hazards and disaster riskreduction within their normal area ofcompetence.Information is a critical element in planning fordisaster risk reduction.

Post-disaster Measures Reconstruction and rehabilitation workduring the post-disaster period determinesthe capability of the system to weatherfuture hazards. The recovery period can be seen as awindow of opportunity for implementing acomprehensive disaster risk reductionprogramme.

Active and PassiveRisk Reduction MeasuresActive Risk Reduction Measures Active Measures are those used by theauthorities to promote desired actions byoffering incentives. These measures areoften associated with developmentprogrammes in areas of low income.

Examples of incentives are: Tax exemptions and other incentives for those who fulfillplanning regulations such as adoption of the buildingcode;Economic assistance (grants and preferential loans);Subsidies on safety equipment, safer building materials,etc;Provision of financial opportunities for the construction ofkey facilities: safer buildings, shelters, refuge points,storage;Training and education;Public information dissemination and awareness raising;Promotion of voluntary insurance; andCreation of community organizations.

Active RR Measures Advantages:- May produce better results because they:--Tend to promote a safety cultureDo not rely on the economic capacity of thecommunityDo not rely on enforcement by localauthorities

Active DRR measures Disadvantage:- More costly – require large budgets, skilledworkforce and extensive administration

Passive RiskReduction Measures Passive measures are those used by theauthorities to prevent undesired actions,as for example controls and penalties(as opposed to incentives). However,these actions are usually more appropriatefor well-established local authorities inareas with higher incomes.

Examples: Land use regulations;Requirements to conform with building designcodes;Checking compliance of controls on site;Not approving the construction of utilities andinfrastructure in areas where development isundesired;Imposing court proceedings, fines, closureorders on offenders; and Compulsory insurance.

DisasterRisk Reduction StakeholdersLocal organizationsE.G. Non-governmental Organizations andCommunity Based OrganisationsLocal Disaster CommitteesLocal GovernmentsNationalCentral GovernmentNational Disaster OfficesPrivate SectorSub-regional and RegionalOrganisation of Eastern Caribbean StatesCaribbean Disaster Emergency Relief AgencyCaribbean Development BankMulti-Lateral and Bi-Lateral Lending Institutions andDevelopment Partners

Summary Matrix of Roles andActivities of Stakeholders

What isDisaster Risk Reduction? The conceptual framework of elementsconsidered with the possibilities to minimizevulnerabilities and disaster risks throughouta society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit(mitigation and preparedness) the adverseimpacts of hazards, within the broad contextof sustainable development (ISDR, 2004).

Disaster Risk ManagementComponentsRisk IdentificationActivitiesRisk ReductionHazard and VulnerabilityStudiesPrevention and MitigationRisk TransferInsurance /Risk FinancingPreparedness, Alert,ResponseForecasting, disseminationof warnings, implementingpreparedness measuresRecoveryRehabilitation andReconstruction

The Disaster Risk ReductionFramework Risk awareness and assessment including hazardanalysis and vulnerability/capacity analysis;Knowledge development including education, training,research and information;Public commitment and institutional frameworks,including organizational, policy, legislation andcommunity action;Application of measures including environmentalmanagement, land-use and urban planning, protection ofcritical facilities, application of science and technology,partnership and networking, and financial instruments;Early warning systems including forecasting,dissemination of warnings, preparedness measures andreaction capacities.

Importance Risk reduction reduces vulnerability Reduced vulnerability reduces impact offuture hazardous events Reduced impact means quicker recovery Quicker recovery allows return todevelopment activities

THE ENDQUESTIONS?THANK YOU

Vulnerability Assessment Vulnerability assessments are systematicexaminations of population, buildings,infrastructure and selected geographicareas to identify who, what and where aresusceptible to damage from the effects ofnatural hazards.

Vulnerability AnalysisDetermine vulnerable elements Determine the elements that are vulnerable tothe hazard: population, neighborhoods, orenvironmental zones. Identify critical facilities such as:Shelters, schools, hospitals, clinics and firestations; Lifelines such as water, sewerage,telecommunications, energy and gas systems; Housing; Historical buildings and archaeological sites.

Vulnerability Analysis cont’d.Determining characteristics ofvulnerable population: number of residents; health condition; socio-economic characteristics.

Establish community’s responsecapability: level of knowledge on risk issues; resilience shown by the community; participation in the design, test andplanning execution.

Risk Reduction Risk reduction is an evolving area of disaster risk management aimed at risk elimination or reduction by intervening in the vulnerability. In other words, risk reduction involves clear and explicit effort to avoid the occurrence of disasters. Risk reduction comprises two components: Prevention and Mitigation.

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