Framing Methods, Exterior Wall Construction
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionReferences:Ching, F. D. K. & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (3rd ed.).New York: Wiley & Sons.Thallon, R. (1991). Graphic guide to frame construction: Details for buildersand designers. Newtown, CT: TauntonPress.Jefferis, A. & Madsen, D. A. (2005). Architectural drafting and design (5th ed.).Clifton Park, NY:Thomson.McGowan, M & Kruse, K. (2003). Interior graphic standards. New York: Wiley& Sons.Allen, E. & Iano, J. (1990). Fundmentals of building construction (2nd ed.).New York: Wiley & Sons.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionFRAMING METHODSThe most common framingsystems used with wood are:BalloonPlatformPost and beam
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionBALLOON FRAMING (EASTERN)Is not widely used except for gableend wallsThe exterior studs run from the topof the foundation to the top of thehighest levelBecause the wall members arecontinuous from foundation to roof,fewer horizontal members are used thus less shrinkage of wood as itdries.Brick veneer or stucco is oftenapplied to the exterior surface thusthe reduced shrinkage of theballoon system helps to keep thefinish from cracking.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionBALLOON FRAMING (EASTERN)A two-story structure is themaximum that can be built easilyusing balloon framingFloor framing at the midlevel issupported by a ledger set into thestudsSpaced at 12”, 16”, or 24” (305, 406,or 610 mm) on center (O.C)The major flaw with balloon framingis the danger of fire. ABlocking or smoke activateddampers are now required bybuilding codes at all levels to restthe spread of fire.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Most common framing systemnow in usePlatform created by each floor asthe building is being framedgrew out of the need for fireblocksin the balloon framing System
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Sub-flooringT&G pattern in the edge to helpminimize floor squeakingGluing the plywood to thesupporting members in addition tothe normal nailing also helpseliminate squeaks
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Walls are typically built flat on thefloor using a bottom plate, studs,and two top plates.Sheathing can be nailed to theexterior face of the wall, and thenthe wall tilted up into place.Studs are typically placed at 12”,16”, or 24” (305, 406, or 610 mm),with 16” (406 mm) O.C. the mostcommon spacing
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)IRC (International ResidentialCode) does not allow studs foreach level to be taller than 10’(3048 mm), 12’ (3658 mm) underspecial conditionsIRC does not allow a wood-frameresidence to be more than threestories above grade
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Energy-Efficient PlatformSince the early 1980s, many framershave substituted 2 X 6 (51 X 152)studs at 24” (610 mm) spacing toallow for additional insulation in thewall cavityAdvanced Framing Techniques(AFT) systems eliminatenonstructural wood from thebuilding shell and replace it withinsulationWood has an average resistivevalue for heat loss of R-1 per inch ofwood compared with 3.5 through R8.3 per inch of insulation
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Energy-Efficient PlatformAFT (Advanced Framing Techniques):24” stud spacingInsulated cornersInsulation of exterior walls behind partitionintersectionsInsulated headers
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Energy-Efficient PlatformEngineered Lumber FramingProducts are made by turningsmall pieces of wood into framingmembersMade from fast-growing treespecies grown on tree farmsspecifically for the purpose ofbeing used to make structuralmaterials.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Energy-Efficient PlatformCommonly engineered:laminated veneeredlumberoriented strand boardengineered studsI-joists,laminated beamsprovides efficient use of each logthat enters the mill
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Energy-Efficient PlatformLaminated Strand Lumber (LSL)Assembles small sections of woodapproximately 12” (305 mm) long intolarger members.Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)Created by stacking thin veneers of woodpealed from a log and cutting them intolumber-sized membersFraming members can also be created byusing small pieces of lumber that wouldhave been scraps, and joining themtogether with finger joints and adhesive
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Structural Engineered Panels (SIP)Composed of a continuous coreof rigid foam insulation, which islaminated between two layers ofstructural board with an adhesiveto form a single, solid panelTypically, expanded polystyrene(EPS) foam is used as theinsulation material, and orientedstrand board (OSB) is used as theouter shell of the panel.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Structural Engineered Panels (SIP)A very environmentally friendlyproduct suitable for wall, floor, androof constructionAlso available with a steel structuralframework with no OSB facingpanels can be shipped with ½”gypsum board preinstalled over theOSB panel – One or Two SidesR value of 4.35 per inch of EPS iscommon.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Structural Engineered Panels (SIP)Because the panels do not containstuds, the SIPs do not create athermal bridge from the exteriorface to the interior facePanels can be made in sizesranging from 4’ through 24’ (12197315 mm) long and 8’ (2438 mm)highSlPs can be precut and customfabricated for use on the mostelaborately shaped structures.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPLATFORM FRAMING (Western)Structural Engineered Panels (SIP)Door and window openings can beprecut during assembly or cut at thejob siteA chase is typically installed in thepanels to allow for electrical wiringNew to the SIP market is ahoneycomb panel core made ofpaper with OSB face panelsHoneycomb panels consist ofapproximately 5 percent paper and95 percent air and offer greatpotential for strong, energy-efficientSIPs
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPOST-AND-BEAM FRAMINGFraming members are at greater distances apart than with platformmethodsUsually spaced at 48” (1200 mm) on centerBeams of 4” or 6” (102-152 mm) wide are typically used
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionPOST-AND-BEAM FRAMINGThe sub-flooring and roofing overthe beams are commonly 2 X 6, 2 X8, lumber or 1 1/8 (51 X 152, 51 X203 or 29) T&G plywoodPost-and-beam construction canoffer great savings in both lumberand nonstructural materialSavings result from careful planningof the locations of the posts, anddoors and windows that will belocated between them
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionTIMBER CONSTRUCTIONThe method of joining the beamsat joints affects the frame sizeSIPs with an EPS core and drywallskin are available for use withtimber-frame structures
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSTEEL FRAMINGLower energy cost, higherstrength, and insuranceconsiderationsSteel framing also has excellentproperties for resisting stressfrom snow, wind, and seismicforces, as well as termite and firedamage50 percent recycled metal
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSTEEL FRAMINGA disadvantage to steel framingmaterials is the amount of energyrequired in the initial manufacturingprocessSteel framing increases the risk ofthermal bridging through theexterior wallsThis conductivity can be overcomeby using insulated exteriorsheathing
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSTEEL FRAMINGConstruction techniques similarto western platform constructionmethodsSteel trusses are typically used toprovide design flexibility becausethey require no interior bearingwalls.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSHEATHINGOSB and plywood sheathing areprimarily used as an insulatoragainst the weather and also as abacking for the exterior sidingSheathing may be consideredoptional, depending on your areaof the countryWhen sheathing is used onexterior walls, it provides what iscalled double-wall construction
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSHEATHINGSingle-wallWall sheathing is not usedSiding is attached over a vaporbarrier such as Tyvek, Pinkwrap,Typar, or the traditional 15# feltplaced over the studsMany builders prefer to use ½” (13mm) OSB for sheathing in place ofplywoodAn alternative to plywood for shearpanels is to use let-in braces.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionCONCRETE MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONUsed primarily in warmer climates,from Florida to southern California,CMUs can be waterproofed withcement based paints and used asthe exterior finishWaterproof wood furring strips arenormally attached to the interiorside of the block to supportsheetrock
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionCONCRETE MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONFour Classifications:HollowLoad BearingSolid Load BearingNon-Load BearingSolid or HollowSolid - 75% material in anycross sectionWeightNormalMediumLightweightDetermined by aggregateUse of lightweight aggregate willproduce approximately 50%decrease in weight
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionCONCRETE MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONMany patterns and gths6,8,12,16,243/8” smaller to allow for mortar
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionCONCRETE MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONShapes allow for placement ofreinforcing steel bars or meshTypically required at 48” spacingSpecified on framing planShown on section and detail
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSOLID MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONThe position in which the brick isplaced will determine what it iscalledBricks can be placed in variouspositions to form a variety ofbonds and patternsA bond is the connecting of twowythes to form stability within thewallWythe - A single unit thickness ofa masonry wall
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSOLID MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONThe pattern is the arrangement ofthe bricks within one wytheThe Flemish and English bondsare the most common methods ofbonding two wythes or verticalsection of a wall that is one brickthickThe Flemish bond consists ofalternating headers andStretchers in every course
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSOLID MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONAn English bond consists ofalternating courses of headersand stretchersThe headers span between wythesto keep the wall from separating
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSOLID MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONMasonry walls must be reinforcedusing methods similar to those usedwith concrete blocksJoists are usually required to bestrapped to the wall so that the walland floor will move together underlateral stressThe end of the joist must be cut onan angle, called a fire cut. If the floorjoist is damaged by fire, the fire cutwill allow the floor joist to fall out ofthe wall, without destroying the wall
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSOLID MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONBecause brick is very porous andabsorbs moisture easily, somemethod must be provided toprotect the end of the joist fromabsorbing moisture from themasonryWhen a roof framing system is tobe supported on masonry, apressure-treated plate is usuallybolted to the brick.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSOLID MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONAnother method of using brick is toform a cavity between each wythe ofbrickThe cavity is typically 2” (51 mm)wide and creates a wallapproximately 10” (254 mm) widewith masonry exposed on theexterior and interior surfacesThe airspace between wythesprovides an effective barrier tomoisture penetration to the interiorwall.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionSOLID MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONWeep holes in the lower course ofthe exterior wythe will allowmoisture that collects to escapeRigid insulation can be applied tothe interior wythe to increase theinsulation value of the airspace incold climatesMetal ties are typically embeddedin mortar joints at approximately16” (406 mm) to tie each wythetogether
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionMASONRY VENEERCare must be taken to protect thewood frame from moisture in themasonryTypically brick is installed over a1” (25.4 mm) airspace and a 15#layer of felt applied to the framingThe veneer is attached to theframing with 26-gage metal ties at24” (610 mm) O.C.
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionINSULATED CONCRETEFORM CONSTRUCTIONUsed to provide an energyefficient framing system foran entire structurePoured concrete is placed inexpanded polystyrene (EPS)forms that are left in place tocreate a super-insulatedconcrete wall systemForms 6 and 8” (152 and 203mm) wide X 16” (406 mm)high X 48” (1219 mm) longare available from mostmanufacturers
Framing Methods, Exterior Wall ConstructionINSULATED CONCRETE FORMCONSTRUCTIONVertical posts are created at 12”(305 mm) on center, andhorizontal beams are created at16” (406 mm) O.C.Total R-value can range from R-30to R-50.Reduces air leakage and airinfiltration into the structure
Fundmentals of building construction (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley & Sons. Framing Methods, Exterior Wall Construction FRAMING METHODS The most common framing systems used with wood are: Balloon Platform Post and beam . Framing Methods, Exterior Wall Construction BALLOON FRAMING (EASTERN) Is not widely used except for gable
The Steel Network, Inc. 032020 www.steelnetwork.com 1-888-474-4876 Exterior Wall Members & Accessories Page 2 Exterior Wall Framing & Accessories JamStud Solution 14' Wall Example: 600JAM350-54mil JamStud compared with (2) 600S162-43 and (1) 600T125-43 members. Refer to Jamb Design Example for design methodology. Assembly Comparison .
FRAMING Build efficiently, use less material, and save energy! Advanced framing refers to a variety of framing techniques designed to reduce the amount of lumber used and waste generated in the con struction of a wood-framed house. ADVANCED FRAMING These techniques include Designing homes on 2-foot mod ules to make
Exterior wall fire-resistance ratings –Exterior nonbearing walls shall comply with Table 602. –Exterior bearing walls shall comply with both Table 601 and 602. – Less than 10 feet the wall is rated against fire exposure from both the interior and exterior sides of the wall. – Greater than 10 feet wall is rated against
construction ( 62 ), Second-story framing ( 64 ), Window and door framing ( 64 ). 37 Chapter 3 FRAMING AND CLOSING IN . Framing and Closing In The sections contained in this chapter address the tasks
LGS framing system consist of structural frames fabricated using cold formed steel sections. They can be used throughout a structure, including load-bearing exterior wall, interior non load bearing walls, floor joists, curtain wall and roof trusses. LGS framing is becoming more of a common material used on construction worksites.
The major work that first distilled the idea of framing was Erving Goffman’s 1974 book Frame Analysis: An Essay On The Organization Of Experience. Goffman’s definition of a frame is: Framing Framing 2 “I assume that definitions of a situation are built up in accordance with principals of
3.1 Background on Framing Analyses While agenda-setting broadly refers to what topics a text covers, framing refers to which attributes of those topics are highlighted. Several aspects of framing make the concept difficult to analyze. First, just defining framing has been “notoriously slippery”(Boydstunetal.,2013).Framescanoccur
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