EARTH LOGICFashion ActionResearch PlanKate Fletcher & Mathilda Tham
EARTH LOGICFashion ActionResearch PlanKate Fletcher and Mathilda ThamSeptember 2019Illustrations by Katelyn Toth-Fejel and Anna FitzpatrickCommissioned by:JJ Charitable Trust5 Wilton RdPimlicoLondonThis version of Earth Logic has been designed to be read on screen.A print version is also available.
PrefaceThis research plan comes from a place of deep frustration, fear andsorrow. Although the fashion sector today has understanding of itsecological impacts and the urgency of addressing climate change isnow globally and formally accepted, little is fundamentally shifting.The plan also comes from a place of deep knowledge. We have longworked in the remit of fashion and sustainability alongside a largecommunity of people who share our concerns as well as the notionof what is needed. We need to profoundly rethink fashion. Thissystemic change includes addressing the economic growth logicwhich currently drives the fashion sector. If the sector is seriousabout climate change, biodiversity loss and the interplaying socialand economic injustice - like many who work within it claim - thensystemic work is essential.This deep knowledge includes awareness of resistance to change,especially to paradigmatic change (for example it took Darwin 40years to pluck up the courage to launch his theory of evolutionbecause it clashed with the dominant Christian paradigm. But he didit). We are not naïve. Questioning the economic growth logic causesresistance, with a number of strategies kicking in, typically:ridiculing, the directing of attention elsewhere (whataboutism),discreditation of the messenger, and, of course, reverting to thedominant paradigm to find explanations, reasons to reject and soforth. We also know that questioning the growth logic meetsespecially strong reactions when combined with a feministstandpoint, such as offering care as a way forward.Yet, we think this time many of you will listen. At the time ofwriting, Greta Thunberg has mobilised young and old climate strikersall over the world. When asked by the US Congress about herrecommendations for change, she said: follow the science and takeaction. Here we are pushing for everybody: researchers, industry,policy makers, media, citizens, among others, to take urgent action
and to follow the persuasive science – which gives us just a decadeto avert catastrophic climate change. Whereas previously, ideas likethose presented in this plan were often termed illogical; today moreand more people are seeing that it is business-as-usual that isillogical. If we really want to save this beautiful planet, futuregenerations of all species including ourselves, our livelihoods andthose of future generations, we must place earth first. We must dareto take a leap out of the current paradigm.This is the time to be brave, to try what we have not yet rehearsed,to stretch our imagination. We see all parts of our society havingimportant roles in this future (a future which has to start now) andthis includes industry. We are eager for a major business to explorehow it could apply earth logic, how it could operate within achanged paradigm of earth first. This will benefit all of us on planetearth, including humans.This is what this plan invites you into. Welcome.
Summary6Introduction8Part I - Values-explicit context19Part II - Earth Logic research implications30Part III - Holistic Earth Logic landscapes for fashion actionresearch1. LESS: Grow out of growth2. LOCAL: Scaling, re-centring3. PLURAL: New centres for fashion4. LEARNING: New knowledge, skills, mindsets forfashion5. LANGUAGE: New communication for fashion6. GOVERNANCE: New ways of organising fashionReferences33354044485256605
SummaryThe Earth Logic Action Research Plan for fashion is a visionary andradical invitation to researchers, practitioners and decision makersto call out as fiction the idea that sustainability can be achievedwithin growth logic and instead to ‘stay with the trouble’ ofenvisioning fashion connected with nature, people and long termhealthy futures. The plan does this by placing earth first -- beforeprofit, before everything. This is both simple and changeseverything.The starting point of the Earth Logic Plan for fashion is theuncompromising deadline of a decade to avert catastrophic climatechange and recognition that the necessary shift in knowledge andbehaviour is dramatic. For materials, this is forecast to require areduction in the quantity of resource use of between Factor 4 andFactor 20, that is between a 75 percent and 95 percent reductionwhen compared with today’s levels.The scale and speed of change required means that genuinelysystemic efforts are needed. In the fashion context this meansaddressing not only the environmental impact of a fashion productand the processes of making it, but also the psychology behindfashion use, our systems of economics, finance and trade, how wefashion local and global infrastructures around clothing, how weconstruct meaningful lives and livelihoods. Rethinking fashionoutside the economic growth logic shifts power from multinationalcompanies to organisations, communities and citizens. It invitesfashion creativity to flourish far beyond the confines of a garment,into visions of new relationships between people, other species,artefacts and technologies.The plan comprises three parts to support Earth Logic actionresearch in fashion.Part I is a values-explicit context that also acts an evaluativeframework which can be used to plan and select research anddevelopment projects and for the continuous evaluation of research.6
EARTH LOGICSUMMARYThe values are: Multiple centres; Interdependency; Diverse ways ofknowing; Co-creation; Grounded imagination; Care of world; andCare of self.Part II is a checklist to keep action research on a radical track.Working in an earth logic (rather than growth logic) way can raisedifficult issues as well as feelings. It is important to plan for thisdimension of working for sustainability.Part III is made up of six holistic landscapes that set out progressiveareas for transformation of the fashion sector directed at the wholesystem of fashion. This includes reformulating industry towards careand maintenance and letting industry be but one of several sectorsand life spheres driving fashion. Each of the landscapes specifiespractices that can take place today and act as the grounding focusfor action research. They offer possible research questions andspeculate as to who can be involved, in which places andtimeframes. The first three landscapes concern the transformation offashion directly and the subsequent three, fashion’s supportingstructures and processes:1.2.3.4.5.6.LESS: Grow out of growthLOCAL: Scaling, re-centringPLURAL: New centres for fashionLEARNING: New knowledge, skills, mindsets for fashionLANGUAGE: New communication for fashionGOVERNANCE: New ways of organising fashion7
IntroductionAN ACTION RESEARCH PLAN RESPONDING TO AN UNCOMPROMISING DEADLINEThis document details a research plan for facilitating sustainabilitychange in the fashion sector as a precursor to shaping a programmeof fast action in the area. Corresponding to the JJ Charitable Trust’sambitious endeavour to initiate behaviour change in fashion towardssustainability goals, the plan sets out a progressive, sharp andpolitical programme of research.The plan starts from the simple but radical idea of putting the healthand survival of our planet earth and consequently the future securityand health of all species including humans, before industry, businessand economic growth. This approach of putting earth first is, wesuggest, essential if we are to strike out upon pathways thatgenuinely address both the scale and speed of change requiredwithin the climate emergency. It is now formally accepted that thetime frame for averting the devastating effects of climate change is adecade (IPCC, 2018) and that this will affect all sectors, includingfashion, in profound ways (Harrabin, 2019).We, this report’s authors, see it as imperative that all activity countstowards meeting this deadline. It is in this spirit – of comingtogether to foster urgent change by recognising the deep-rooted andsystemic nature of the challenges that are being faced in the fashionsector – that this action research plan has been created. We havecalled this report an ‘action research’ plan deliberately. Our interestis not with creating knowledge that sits on library shelves. Ourexplicit concern is with actionable change.8
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONFashion and sustainability contextThe fashion sector is shaped by economic and cultural processes anda market-driven cycle of consumer desire and demand. It is boundup tightly with systems of consumerism and economic growth basedon rapid product obsolescence and continually increasingthroughput of resources. These processes play out through thecreation, distribution, use, reuse and eventual disposal of physicalproducts, i.e. garments. Each stage within the lifecycle of fashion isassociated with environmental and social costs.Since work examining the environmental and social impacts offashion activity began in the early 1990s, understanding hassolidified about both the urgency of change and the fashion sector’sglobal impact (Fletcher, 2014 [2008]). This understanding chieflyfocuses within the supply chain, where for example, it is reportedthat 25 percent of chemicals produced worldwide are used fortextiles (AFIRM, 2014) and 20 percent of global industrial waterpollution caused by textile dyeing and finishing (Kant, 2012), factorswhich contribute to the environmental footprint of clothing beingrecorded as high in relation to other products (Chapman, 2010). Alsoa focus is levels of waste after purchase, where each year, clothing tothe value of over 500 billion is lost due to their underutilisation andlack of recycling (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Indeed in theUK, clothing of an estimated worth of 140 million goes to landfillevery year (WRAP, 2017). These challenges are set to increase asclothing consumption globally is projected to rise by 63 percent by2030, from 62 million tons today to 102 million tons, an equivalentof an additional 500 billion T-Shirts (Global Fashion Agenda andBoston Consulting Group, 2017).The picture gains more complexity with the implications of thefashion industry’s major relocation of production over the last 50years from the global North to the South and East in search of lowlabour costs. Fashion is typically manufactured from little valuedand indiscriminately sourced raw materials involving a process ofintensive commercialisation. Clothes are standardised and producedat scale in a business model of conspicuous over-production knownas ‘fast fashion’ in which low prices feed and enable overconsumption. Downwards pressure on prices is usually accompaniedby a downwards pressure on production standards resulting in a‘race to the bottom’. As mills and factories compete on price forcontracts, this impacts hard on workers, production facilities, their9
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONenvironments and communities. The collapse of the Rana Plazafactory in Bangladesh in 2013, with the appalling toll of death andinjury, and repercussions across families and communities, is butone example of the wide ranging social toll of the fashion industry.Yet at the same time, the fashion industry also contributes tolivelihoods and communities. The sector’s size and the manualdexterity of the work of fashioning garments means that theclothing industry employs of 25 million workers worldwide,especially women, and it contributes to their independence and cansupport the establishing of infrastructure in poorer countries. Whileits production is environmentally destructive, fashion can also beseen to constitute a vibrant and innovative economic andsociocultural field, offering values at individual, community,corporate and national levels. The omnipresence of fashion, itsalluring emotional language and its pivotal role in the expression ofidentity formation and communication position it, as well as adriver of consumption and production, as a potentially auspiciousagent of change (Fletcher and Tham, 2015).Change, certainly, is essential. The scale of shift that is widely seenas necessary to protect the resource base is, at a minimum, that ofFactor 4, i.e. a fourfold reduction in resource use and waste for allactivities (Weizsäcker et al, 1997) (Figure 1). Put differently, Factor 4is a reduction of 75 percent of resource consumptive actions, or theincrease in the resource efficiency of these actions by three quarters.Less conservative estimates than Factor 4, of which there are many,suggest that in order to avoid climate collapse, targets for changeshould be closer to Factor 10 (where resource impacts are reduced by90 percent) or even Factor 20 (a reduction of 95 percent, whereimpacts are one twentieth of today’s levels) (Ehrlich and Ehrlich,1990).While Factor 4 is a sharp reduction that would impact our livessubstantially; Factor 20 plainly is a massive constriction in access toresources. In the case of the typical British citizen, imaginerestricting all the possessions you would ever own to those that fitinto a small rowing boat. This would include everything for sleeping,dressing, washing, cooking, eating, entertainment, the tools ofproductive employment, the things we need for learning and fun.This is resource use change akin to Factor 20.10
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONFigure 1 – Factor 4 reduction11
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONThe limits of current strategies for changeDespite the significant increase in awareness, interest, knowledge,measures and technologies directed to fashion and sustainability inrecent decades; levels of environmental impact have shown no netreduction. In the Pulse of Fashion 2019 Update’s words: ‘Fashioncompanies are not implementing sustainable solutions fast enoughto counterbalance the negative environmental and social impacts ofthe rapidly growing fashion industry’ (Lehmann et al., 2019). Thispoints directly at the limits of tweaking parameters like materialsflows, where most efforts have been targeted historically, when theproblem is systemic. In systems thinker Donella Meadows’ words:‘Parameters are dead last on my list of powerful interventions.Diddling with the details, arranging the deck chairs on the Titanic.Probably 90, no 95, no 99% of our attention goes to parameters, butthere’s not a lot of leverage in them.’ (Meadows, 1997)Today there is awareness of impacts and opportunities for improvements across all the fashion lifecycle stages: conceptualisation,design, fibre cultivation/extraction, production, processing,transportation, sales, use, disposal, reuse, recycle or landfillincineration. The most comprehensive research programmes haveconnected the stages. These include Cambridge University’s reportWell Dressed (Allwood et al, 2006) and the Swedish funded MistraFuture Fashion’s work on design, supply chain, use and recycling(Mistra Future Fashion, 2019).Generally across the sector over the last five years, the preferredroute to address problems arising from the fashion sector is throughthe circular economy. The circular economy works to close materialsloops, recycling fibres and minimising waste. It incentivises resourceefficiency by monetizing it and drawing reuse and recyclingactivities, some of which have long existed in the informal economy,into the market. The circular economy has gained traction andsubstantial interest perhaps because it aligns with existingcommercial practices, suggesting that business-(almost)-as-usual ispossible. Indeed, circularity is treated as a lifeline by industry relianton a model of over-production and over-consumption of goods, aneffective endorsement of contemporary economic and politicalpractices. While the circular economy brings the promise of usefulcontributions to a more resource efficient industry (providing, thatis, that the many challenges associated with technology, workers,scale, logistics, communities and entropy are overcome) yet, in12
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONterms of affecting change of the scale and to a timeframe madenecessary by the climate imperative, it has serious limitations.Perhaps most significantly, the circular economy is limited by beingsituated within the logic of economics and specifically growtheconomics. The circular economy is optimised to grow thecirculation of materials, irrespective of whether this goal supportstotal systems improvement and the ecological reality of genuinebiophysical limits. Situated within the paradigm that created theproblems, and in addition to circulating resources, circularity riskscirculating norms and worldviews detrimental to earth.The majority of the environmental issues caused by the fashionsector are endemic, not incidental. They are a consequence of howthe current model is structured. The better the sector performs, theworse the problems will get. To circumvent this, the Earth LogicAction Research Plan takes a different approach. While the impactsof the fashion sector are made manifest in the physical productionof clothing and the associated drawing down of resources; we tracethe roots of the crisis elsewhere - to the growth logic - and targetthis research plan at understanding and furthering a new context forfashion with changed values.The Earth Logic Action Research PlanThe Earth Logic plan offers advanced starting points for research inthe fashion context, working in areas already identified as well asthose that are challenging, uncharted and potentiallytransformative. The plan also works as an invitation to thoseworking in the sector to get closer to – and stay with – ‘the trouble’(Haraway, 2016); that is to commit to the difficult, uncompromisingtask of trying to live better together on a damaged planet. Theresearch plan draws upon extant research in the fashion disciplinealong with that from many other fields of study to create aprogressive programme of work, the explicit aim of which is totransform the fashion system in order to change the objectiveswhich the system pursues.In the Earth Logic plan, two highly related aspects are consideredthroughout: (1) the development of new understanding and practice;(2) the processes by which this knowledge and action is uncoveredand generated. This double focus on means and ends is, we suggest,critical to establishing changed practices that attempt to transcend13
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONthe paradigm in which the problems were created, in order (andfollowing Einstein and Kuhn) to avoid replicating this paradigm.Therefore, our plan sets out to challenge a dominant paradigm; bothin terms of where we direct research questions, and how we suggestknowledge and action is generated.Methodology and reference pointsThis document draws on the authors’ combined 50 years of workwithin fashion and sustainability; dialogue with the Union ofConcerned Researchers in Fashion, a global network of over 400researchers and practitioners in fashion and sustainability; the latestthinking conveyed at a wide range of events such as summits andconferences; recent fashion and sustainability reports commissionedby governments and industry bodies, as well as reports fromadjacent fields. The list of references details the sources.The Earth Logic plan draws on a series of key reference points. Theyhave in common the understanding of systems thinking and allspecies’ interdependence; the ‘intersectionality’ of colonialism,Western hegemony, patriarchy, human exceptionalism and growthlogic in creating and reinforcing the current environmentalpredicament. Further it builds from acknowledgment that we havenow entered a new geological epoch termed the Anthropocene, socalled because human activities are driving ecological shifts(Crutzen, 2006).This research plan does not elaborate some concepts andperspectives which dominate other reports. It does not review keyimpacts or survey generic areas for action within fashion andsustainability. We avoid approaches that are not systemic andholistic. In practice this means that technocentric responses, such asartificial intelligence, synthetic biology, genetic modification, thecircular economy and purely quantitative approaches, such asmaterial indices and lifecycle assessment are not included here. Usedwith care, such approaches do have value as part of systemic andholistic approaches, but they are not in themselves radical enough toachieve change of the order necessitated by the climate emergency.They are not key levers of change. Significantly, they pose the risk ofdeferring radical change by instilling a false sense of progress. Theresearch plan outlined in this document also excludes researchdirected to further illuminate and evidence the problems associated14
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONwith fashion activity. Again, this falls outside the scope of systemic,holistic and urgent change. We have known about the problems forlong enough. Now is the time for action.The Earth Logic plan employs action research. Originating in theareas of health and education, action research is a well-establishedfield. We specify it because it involves synergistic research andchange making; as it researches with rather than on people; and alsobecause it draws on an extended epistemology, which means that itrecognises that relevant, holistic and systemic knowledge arises froma combination of theory, practice, experience and processes ofarticulation. Central to the employment of action research are cyclesof action and reflection. This results in an iterative grounding ofinsights in the local context as well as sense making in relation tothe larger purpose (Heron and Reason, 2001). Action research ismade robust because of these cycles and of continuous immersion incontext, as well as because of dialogue with the research community(ibid). A key question action research asks is, ‘is [this work] worthyof human endeavour?’ (ibid) – a continuous reminder of theprofound purpose of research. We regard the systemic approach andefficacy of action research - generating knowledge and changesynergistically whilst practicing thoughtfulness and questioningideas to be vital dimensions of conducting research with anuncompromising deadline in mind.How to use this documentThe Earth Logic plan is concerned with research that fosters changeand action; not research that sits on shelves gathering dust. Theurgency of the situation means that work cannot wait several yearsfor publication in a peer-reviewed journal, and then more time stillfor other scholars to read and pick up on it. Rather, this plan isfocused on generating new insights that are continuously andgenerously shared whilst information gathering is underway. Apriority for the Earth Logic plan is the including of stakeholders inthe research process so they can be part of making it relevant,communicating findings to key stakeholders as quickly as possibleand welcoming feedback and influence along the way. Our concern isfor the creation of an activist knowledge ecology, a platform for theparallel generation of knowledge, action, empowerment and change.This will include new models of working with multiple stakeholdersfrom across disciplines.15
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONThe Earth Logic plan is structured in three parts:Part I comprises a values explicit context for a plan of actionresearch. This also can be used as an evaluative framework to planand select research projects and for the continuous evaluation ofresearch, ideally in dialogue between the funders and action researchteams.Part II is an acute list of points on considerations for research forurgent change. This is a checklist to keep action research on a radicaltrack in, for many, an unfamiliar research territory. Working in anearth logic (rather than growth logic) way can raise difficult feelings.It is hard to leave a growth logic comfort zone. It can cause intraand inter-personal frictions. It is important to plan for thisdimension of working for sustainability.Part III is made up of six holistic landscapes that set out progressiveareas for work for transformation of the fashion sector. These aredirected at the whole system of fashion. This includes reformulatingindustry away from growth and physical accumulation towards careand maintenance, and drawing on many more sectors and lifespheres to shift fashion. Each of the landscapes specifies practicesthat can take place today and act as the grounding focus for actionresearch.We see dialogue around this material as crucial. Constant reflectionand feedback mechanisms are critical in order to determine whetherresearch is going in the right direction, achieving impact, reachingthe right audiences. We deem the setting up of simple structures tofacilitate both reflection and feedback as a first step in taking thiswork forward.Many of the areas for action research that are identified within theholistic research landscapes (Part III) cut across each other and havethe potential to corroborate, extend and develop each other. Weenvisage that by employing a generous and open approach todialogue and dissemination of work-in-progress that synergies can befound and leveraged. This will require mutual trust, good will andinvestment of time on behalf of those involved and the setting up ofappropriate forums where this can happen. Ideally roles would bededicated specifically to cross pollination. Again we suggest that firststeps to implement the Earth Logic plan should include the16
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONdevelopment of structures and processes to support this process. Weacknowledge that making sense of inchoate work-in-progress is notan easy task. We suggest using the values identified in Part I as anevaluative framework to guide assessment of the continuous‘rightness’ of work and its potential contribution to fashionsustainability change. These eight values are offered as a compass tohelp navigation through the work of step change in this area.In broad terms we view the first three landscapes as dealing withquestions of the ‘what’, ‘how much’, ‘where’ and ‘who’ of fashionand sustainability change. The second three largely examine ‘how’this change will unfold. Within each of the landscapes we have madesuggestions for practical and immediate actions implementable in arange of different contexts as well as those with a longer timehorizon. The area of work that matters most is the one which isactionable by you, in your context, today. Time is short. Everydecision counts. It is incumbent upon all of us to take action withinthe conditions of our own lives, to find ways to bring a sense ofurgency and responsibility into our daily decision-makingprocesses.We envisage the work of Earth Logic to be carried out in manyquarters; in communities, corporations, schools, university courses,non-governmental organisations, media groups and academia,among others. Most critically we see that this work happening whenthese stakeholders get together and participate collaboratively in thesetting of research agendas and the implementing and testing out ofideas and practices of change. We see the outcomes of Earth Logicresearch applied in industry settings and outside them, in school andcollege curricula, in policy programmes, in community activities, inmarket squares.Funding this work will involve securing finance from many sourcesand like the work itself, we imagine this will necessitate fundingbodies collaborating to enable work to take place across and betweenformal and informal groups, including those with varying levels ofdemonstrable research track records and those working at a range ofdifferent time frames. This means the role of funding bodies, likeother groups, will inevitably shift. In the case of this work’s funders,the JJ Charitable Trust, we see it also taking on a curatorial andmentorship role, keeping in dialogue with researchers andcommunities.17
EARTH LOGICINTRODUCTIONIt is in the nature of radical proposals to be met with someresistance. Perhaps some will find the direction of the Earth LogicPlan unrealistic and too far removed from business-as-usual. Thelenses of growth logic and earth logic certainly offer very differentexperiences of the world. In fact when looking earth logically,current industrial practices themselves appear unrealistic and too farremoved from life. We sincerely intend this plan as an invitation forall kinds of energy, knowledge and creativity to join in the work thatthe health of our planet demands.18
Part IValues-explicit contextThe Earth Logic fashion action research plan builds from a suite ofexplicit values that flow out of a paradigm where earth comes first.Paradigms, or the accepted models of how ideas relate to oneanother, constitute the purpose and meaning of systems. They arethe frames of reference, stories and exemplars that enable us tothink about a complex subject, work with it and achieve results thatwe can apply in useful ways. Often paradigms are invisible to us, asthey are, so to speak, the water we swim in. Yet they informeverything we think and do, both as individuals and communities.The Earth Logic plan values context is made up of one criticalcondition - the necessary speed and scale of change; and oneoverarching paradigm - earth logic; out of which eight values flow(Figure 2): Multiple centresInterdependencyDiverse ways of knowingCo-creationAction researchGrounded imaginationCare of worldCare of selfThis values-explicit context also acts as an evaluative framework thatcan be used to guide research and other initiatives intended tochange the sustainability of the fashion system and check theirappropriateness and relevance.19
EARTH LOGICVALUES-EXPLICIT CONTEXTFigure 2 – Eight Earth Logic values20
EARTH LOGICVALUES-EXPLICIT CONTEXTCondition: The necessary speed and scale of changeSaving our planet necessitates unprecedented a
PLURAL: New centres for fashion 44 4. LEARNING: New knowledge, skills, mindsets for fashion 48 5. LANGUAGE: New communication for fashion 52 6. GOVERNANCE: New ways of organising fashion 56 References 60 . 6 The Earth Logic Action Research Plan for fashion is a visionary and radical invitation to researchers, practitioners and decision makers .
Dynamic Logic Dynamic Circuits will be introduced and their performance in terms of power, area, delay, energy and AT2 will be reviewed. We will review the following logic families: Domino logic P-E logic NORA logic 2-phase logic Multiple O/P domino logic Cascode logic
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Digital Logic Fundamentals Unit 1 – Introduction to the Circuit Board 2 LOGIC STATES The output logic state (level) of a gate depends on the logic state of the input(s). There are two logic states: logic 1, or high, and logic 0, or low. The output of some gates can also be in a high-Z (high impedance) state, which is neither a high
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The University of Texas at Arlington Sequential Logic - Intro CSE 2340/2140 – Introduction to Digital Logic Dr. Gergely Záruba The Sequential Circuit Model x 1 Combinational z1 x n zm (a) y y Y Y Combinational logic logic x1 z1 x n z m Combinational logic with n inputs and m switching functions: Sequential logic with n inputs, m outputs, r .
2.2 Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy Logic is a form of multi-valued logic derived from fuzzy set theory to deal with reasoning that is approximate rather than precise. Fuzzy logic is not a vague logic system, but a system of logic for dealing with vague concepts. As in fuzzy set theory the set membership values can range (inclusively) between 0 and 1, in
The PLC logic programmable logic relay system consists of PLC-V8C logic modules, elec-tromechanical relays, solid-state relays or analog terminal blocks from the PLC-INTER-FACE series, and the LOGIC programming software. The PLC-V8C logic modul